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De Rouck S, İnak E, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. A review of the molecular mechanisms of acaricide resistance in mites and ticks. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 159:103981. [PMID: 37391089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The Arachnida subclass of Acari comprises many harmful pests that threaten agriculture as well as animal health, including herbivorous spider mites, the bee parasite Varroa, the poultry mite Dermanyssus and several species of ticks. Especially in agriculture, acaricides are often used intensively to minimize the damage they inflict, promoting the development of resistance. Beneficial predatory mites used in biological control are also subjected to acaricide selection in the field. The development and use of new genetic and genomic tools such as genome and transcriptome sequencing, bulked segregant analysis (QTL mapping), and reverse genetics via RNAi or CRISPR/Cas9, have greatly increased our understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms of resistance in Acari, especially in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae which emerged as a model species. These new techniques allowed to uncover and validate new resistance mutations in a larger range of species. In addition, they provided an impetus to start elucidating more challenging questions on mechanisms of gene regulation of detoxification associated with resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander De Rouck
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emre İnak
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Dıskapı, 06110, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Kader S, Hernandez RA, Khatri K, O’Malley A, Grbic V, Grbic M, Chruszcz M. Current status of structural studies of proteins originating from Arachnida. SYSTEMATIC AND APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 28:298-308. [PMID: 38464458 PMCID: PMC10922773 DOI: 10.11158/saa.28.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Arthropods from class Arachnida constitute a large and diverse group with over 100,000 described species, and they are sources of many proteins that have a direct impact on human health. Despite the importance of Arachnida, few proteins originating from these organisms have been characterized in terms of their structure. Here we present a detailed analysis of Arachnida proteins that have their experimental structures determined and deposited to the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Our results indicate that proteins represented in the PDB are derived from a small number of Arachnida families, and two-thirds of Arachnida proteins with experimental structures determined are derived from organisms belonging to Buthidae, Ixodidae, and Theraphosidae families. Moreover, 90% of the deposits come from just a dozen of Arachnida families, and almost half of the deposits represent proteins originating from only fifteen different species. In summary, our analysis shows that the structural analysis of proteins originating from Arachnida is not only limited to a small number of the source species, but also proteins from this group of animals are not extensively studied. However, the interest in Arachnida proteins seems to be increasing, which is reflected by a significant increase in the related PDB deposits during the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Kader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Al-Nahrain, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ricardo A. Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kriti Khatri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Andrea O’Malley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
- University of La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Njiru C, Xue W, De Rouck S, Alba JM, Kant MR, Chruszcz M, Vanholme B, Dermauw W, Wybouw N, Van Leeuwen T. Intradiol ring cleavage dioxygenases from herbivorous spider mites as a new detoxification enzyme family in animals. BMC Biol 2022; 20:131. [PMID: 35658860 PMCID: PMC9167512 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Generalist herbivores such as the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae thrive on a wide variety of plants and can rapidly adapt to novel hosts. What traits enable polyphagous herbivores to cope with the diversity of secondary metabolites in their variable plant diet is unclear. Genome sequencing of T. urticae revealed the presence of 17 genes that code for secreted proteins with strong homology to “intradiol ring cleavage dioxygenases (DOGs)” from bacteria and fungi, and phylogenetic analyses show that they have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from fungi. In bacteria and fungi, DOGs have been well characterized and cleave aromatic rings in catecholic compounds between adjacent hydroxyl groups. Such compounds are found in high amounts in solanaceous plants like tomato, where they protect against herbivory. To better understand the role of this gene family in spider mites, we used a multi-disciplinary approach to functionally characterize the various T. urticae DOG genes. Results We confirmed that DOG genes were present in the T. urticae genome and performed a phylogenetic reconstruction using transcriptomic and genomic data to advance our understanding of the evolutionary history of spider mite DOG genes. We found that DOG expression differed between mites from different plant hosts and was induced in response to jasmonic acid defense signaling. In consonance with a presumed role in detoxification, expression was localized in the mite’s gut region. Silencing selected DOGs expression by dsRNA injection reduced the mites’ survival rate on tomato, further supporting a role in mitigating the plant defense response. Recombinant purified DOGs displayed a broad substrate promiscuity, cleaving a surprisingly wide array of aromatic plant metabolites, greatly exceeding the metabolic capacity of previously characterized microbial DOGs. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the laterally acquired spider mite DOGs function as detoxification enzymes in the gut, disarming plant metabolites before they reach toxic levels. We provide experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that this proliferated gene family in T. urticae is causally linked to its ability to feed on an extremely wide range of host plants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01323-1.
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Daneshian L, Renggli I, Hanaway R, Offermann LR, Schlachter CR, Hernandez Arriaza R, Henry S, Prakash R, Wybouw N, Dermauw W, Shimizu LS, Van Leeuwen T, Makris TM, Grbic V, Grbic M, Chruszcz M. Structural and functional characterization of β-cyanoalanine synthase from Tetranychus urticae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 142:103722. [PMID: 35063675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae is a polyphagous spider mite that can feed on more than 1100 plant species including cyanogenic plants. The herbivore genome contains a horizontally acquired gene tetur10g01570 (TuCAS) that was previously shown to participate in cyanide detoxification. To understand the structure and determine the function of TuCAS in T. urticae, crystal structures of the protein with lysine conjugated pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) were determined. These structures reveal extensive TuCAS homology with the β-substituted alanine synthase family, and they show that this enzyme utilizes a similar chemical mechanism involving a stable α-aminoacrylate intermediate in β-cyanoalanine and cysteine synthesis. We demonstrate that TuCAS is more efficient in the synthesis of β-cyanoalanine, which is a product of the detoxification reaction between cysteine and cyanide, than in the biosynthesis of cysteine. Also, the enzyme carries additional enzymatic activities that were not previously described. We show that TuCAS can detoxify cyanide using O-acetyl-L-serine as a substrate, leading to the direct formation of β-cyanoalanine. Moreover, it catalyzes the reaction between the TuCAS-bound α-aminoacrylate intermediate and aromatic compounds with a thiol group. In addition, we have tested several compounds as TuCAS inhibitors. Overall, this study identifies additional functions for TuCAS and provides new molecular insight into the xenobiotic metabolism of T. urticae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leily Daneshian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Isabella Renggli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ryan Hanaway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Lesa R Offermann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Caleb R Schlachter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | | | - Shannon Henry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rahul Prakash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium; Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Linda S Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | | | - Thomas M Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada; University of La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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Guo L, Xie W, Yang Z, Xu J, Zhang Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Udp-Glucuronosyltransferases in the Whitefly Bemisia Tabaci (Gennadius) (HemipterA: Aleyrodidae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228492. [PMID: 33187355 PMCID: PMC7697561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is an important agricultural pest worldwide. Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are one of the largest and most ubiquitous groups of proteins. Because of their role in detoxification, insect UGTs are attracting increasing attention. In this study, we identified and analyzed UGT genes in B. tabaci MEAM1 to investigate their potential roles in host adaptation and reproductive capacity. Based on phylogenetic and structural analyses, we identified 76 UGT genes in the B. tabaci MEAM1 genome. RNA-seq and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed differential expression patterns of these genes at different developmental stages and in association with four host plants (cabbage, cucumber, cotton and tomato). RNA interference results of selected UGTs showed that, when UGT352A1, UGT352B1, and UGT354A1 were respectively silenced by feeding on dsRNA, the fecundity of B. tabaci MEAM1 was reduced, suggesting that the expressions of these three UGT genes in this species may be associated with host-related fecundity. Together, our results provide detailed UGTs data in B.tabaci and help guide future studies on the mechanisms of host adaptation by B.tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Guo
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China;
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (W.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (W.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zezhong Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (W.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Jianping Xu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China;
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (W.X.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (Y.Z.)
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Dermauw W, Jonckheere W, Riga M, Livadaras I, Vontas J, Van Leeuwen T. Targeted mutagenesis using CRISPR-Cas9 in the chelicerate herbivore Tetranychus urticae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 120:103347. [PMID: 32114158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized functional genetic work in many organisms, including more and more insect species. However, successful gene editing or genetic transformation has not yet been reported for chelicerates, the second largest group of terrestrial animals. Within this group, some mite and tick species are economically very important for agriculture and human health, and the availability of a gene-editing tool would be a significant advancement for the field. Here, we report on the use of CRISPR-Cas9 in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. The ovary of virgin adult females was injected with a mix of Cas9 and sgRNAs targeting the phytoene desaturase gene. Natural mutants of this laterally transferred gene have previously shown an easy-to-score albino phenotype. Albino sons of injected virgin females were mated with wild-type females, and two independent transformed lines where created and further characterized. Albinism inherited as a recessive monogenic trait. Sequencing of the complete target-gene of both lines revealed two different lesions at expected locations near the PAM site in the target-gene. Both lines did not genetically complement each other in dedicated crosses, nor when crossed to a reference albino strain with a known genetic defect in the same gene. In conclusion, two independent mutagenesis events were induced in the spider mite T. urticae using CRISPR-Cas9, hereby providing proof-of-concept that CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to create gene knockouts in mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Wim Jonckheere
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Riga
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Livadaras
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Molecular Entomology Lab, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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