1
|
Schulz J, Antala J, Císařová I, Štěpnička P. Beyond phosphorus: synthesis, reactivity, coordination behaviour and catalytic properties of 1,1'-bis(diphenylstibino)ferrocene. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1198-1211. [PMID: 36545831 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03770j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Compared to their widely studied phosphine counterparts, ferrocene stibines have received only marginal attention thus far. This paper describes the synthesis of 1,1'-bis(diphenylstibino)ferrocene (1*), which is an antimony analogue of the ubiquitous dppf, and our investigations into the reactivity and coordination behaviour of this compound. Thus, distibine 1 was oxidised to stiboranes fc(SbPh2X2)2 (X = Cl, 2*; F, 6*; fc = ferrocene-1,1'-diyl) and to stibine-stiborane Ph2SbfcSbPh2F2 (5*). Compounds 2 and 6 were easily hydrolysed to produce ferrocenophanes fc[SbPh2XOSbPh2X] (X = Cl, 3*; F, 7*). Removing the halogen from 3 with silver(I) salts afforded the corresponding ferrocenophanes with O-bound oxyanions, fc[SbPh2ZOSbPh2Z] (Z = NO3, 4a*; ClO4, 4b*), which were alternatively prepared from 2 and also converted back to 2 by adding a chloride source. Through investigations into the coordination behaviour of distibine 1, the following compounds were isolated and characterised: [(μ-ClO4)2{Ag(1-κ2Sb,Sb')}2] (8*), [Ag(1-κ2Sb,Sb')2]X (X = ClO4, 9a; SbF6, 9b*), [(μ(Sb,Sb')-1){(arene)MCl2}2] (10*, 11*) and [(arene)MCl(1-κ2Sb,Sb')][PF6] (12*, 13*; 10, 12: M/arene = Ru/η6-p-cymene, 11, 13; Rh/η5-C5Me5), [(η5-C5Me5)RuCl(1-κ2Sb,Sb')] (14), [MCl2(1-κ2Sb,Sb')] (M = Pd, 15*; Pt, 16*), [Pd(1-κ2Sb,Sb')2]X2 (X = BF4, 17a; SbF6, 17b*), [Pd(η2-ma)(1-κ2Sb,Sb')] (18*; ma = maleic anhydride), [(μ(Sb,Sb')-1)(AuCl)2] (19*), and [Au(1-κ2Sb,Sb')2]X (X = AuCl2, 20a*; SbF6, 20b*). Inspection of the structural parameters suggested that complexes featuring 1 exhibit less sterically strained structures than their dppf analogues due to longer M-Sb and Sb-C bonds, which reduce crowding around the ligated metal centre. Cyclic voltammetry and DFT calculations revealed that the primary electrochemical oxidation of 1 is reversible and occurs at the ferrocene unit. Based on preliminary catalytic tests in Suzuki-Miyaura biaryl coupling, Pd-1 complexes exhibited a lower efficiency than their respective Pd-dppf analogues. (An asterisk indicates that the crystal structure has been determined.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Schulz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Antala
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ji L, Song P, Zhou Y, Sun XL, Gao Y, Tang Y. A tridentate phenoxy-phosphine (POP) divalent chromium complex and its reactivities in olefin polymerization. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We reported the synthesis and characterization of a Cr(ii) complex based on a tridentate phenoxy-phosphine ligand and studied its reactivities in ethylene and norbornene homopolymerization and ethylene copolymerization with norbornene or 1-octene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ji
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Song
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Youyun Zhou
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-Li Sun
- State key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanshan Gao
- State key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
- State key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vosáhlo P, Císařová I, Štěpnička P. Synthesis, coordination behavior, and catalytic properties of dppf congeners with an inserted carbonyl moiety. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04270c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dppf-type ligands, desymmetrized by an inserted carbonyl group coordinate Pd(ii) and Pd(0). Among the air-stable Pd(0) complexes, the compound containing the least electron-donating ligand gives the best catalytic results in the Stille reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Vosáhlo
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Copolymerization of Ethylene and Vinyl Fluoride by Self-Assembled Multinuclear Palladium Catalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071609. [PMID: 32707738 PMCID: PMC7407146 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembled multinuclear PdII complexes {(Li-OPOOMe2)PdMe(4-5-nonyl-pyridine)}4Li2Cl2 (C, Li-OPOOMe2 = PPh(2-SO3Li-4,5-(OMe)2-Ph)(2-SO3−-4,5-(OMe)2-Me-Ph)), {(Zn-OP-P-SO)PdMe(L)}4 (D, L = pyridine or 4-tBu-pyridine, [OP-P-SO]3− = P(4-tBu-Ph)(2-PO32−-5-Me-Ph)(2-SO3−-5-Me-Ph)), and {(Zn-OP-P-SO)PdMe(pyridine)}3 (E) copolymerize ethylene and vinyl fluoride (VF) to linear copolymers. VF is incorporated at levels of 0.1–2.5 mol% primarily as in-chain -CH2CHFCH2- units. The molecular weight distributions of the copolymers produced by D and E are generally narrower than for catalyst C, which suggests that the Zn-phosphonate cores of D and E are more stable than the Li-sulfonate-chloride core of C under copolymerization conditions. The ethylene/VF copolymerization activities of C–E are over 100 times lower and the copolymer molecular weights (MWs) are reduced compared to the results for ethylene homopolymerization by these catalysts.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zirconium(IV)- and hafnium(IV)-containing polyoxometalates as oxidation precatalysts: Homogeneous catalytic epoxidation of cyclooctene by hydrogen peroxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
6
|
Yamamoto H, Ohkubo K, Akimoto S, Fukuzumi S, Tsuda A. Control of reaction pathways in the photochemical reaction of a quinone with tetramethylethylene by metal binding. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7004-17. [PMID: 24947667 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00659c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports a novel supramolecular photochemical reaction that focuses on the direct electronic interactions between a host reaction substrate and guest metal salts. The reaction pathways in the photochemical reactions of quinone derivatives bearing a methoxy group and a long oligoether sidearm QEn (n = 0 and 3) with tetramethylethylene (TME) are changed upon noncovalent complexations of the host reactant with alkali and alkaline earth metal ions and a transition metal salt. The photochemical reaction of QEn with TME provides a mixture of [2 + 2] cycloadducts 1aEn and 1bEn, hydroquinone H2QEn, and monoallyl ether adducts of hydroquinones 2aEn and 2bEn. The photochemical reaction proceeds by the photoinduced electron transfer mechanism, where photoirradiation brings about formation of a radical ion pair [QEn˙(-), TME˙(+)] as the primary intermediate. We found that the yields and selectivity of these photoproducts are changed upon electronic interactions of QEn˙(-) with the metal salts. The photochemical reaction in the absence of metal salts provides H2QEn as its major product, whereas QE3, having the long sidearm, dominantly produces 2aE3 at the expense of 1aE3, 1bE3, and H2QE3 when it forms a size-favorable host-guest complex with divalent Ca(2+). In contrast, QEn selectively provides oxetanes 1aEn and 1bEn in the presence of Pd(OAc)2, which can form complexes with the quinone through metal-olefin and coordination interactions in the ground and photoexcited states of the quinone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thenraj M, Samuelson AG. Computational Study of the Migration of Rhenium from One Enantioface of an Olefin to the Other Facilitated by (C–H)···Re Interactions. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400857n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Thenraj
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ashoka G. Samuelson
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gioria E, Martínez-Ilarduya JM, García-Cuadrado D, Miguel JA, Genov M, Espinet P. Phosphines with Tethered Electron-Withdrawing Olefins as Ligands for Efficient Pd-Catalyzed Aryl-Alkyl Coupling. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4004303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Gioria
- IU CINQUIMA/Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Martínez-Ilarduya
- IU CINQUIMA/Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Domingo García-Cuadrado
- IU CINQUIMA/Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús A. Miguel
- IU CINQUIMA/Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miroslav Genov
- IU CINQUIMA/Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pablo Espinet
- IU CINQUIMA/Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang X, Wang J, Zhao H, Zhao H, Wang J. Rhodium-Catalyzed [6 + 2] Cycloaddition of Internal Alkynes with Cycloheptatriene: Catalytic Study and DFT Calculations of the Reaction Mechanism. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4003736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin
300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin
300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin
300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin
300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College
of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin
300072, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kapdi AR, Whitwood AC, Williamson DC, Lynam JM, Burns MJ, Williams TJ, Reay AJ, Holmes J, Fairlamb IJS. The elusive structure of Pd2(dba)3. Examination by isotopic labeling, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis: synthesis and characterization of Pd2(dba-Z)3 complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8388-99. [PMID: 23701049 DOI: 10.1021/ja403259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pd(0)2(dba)3 (dba = E,E-dibenzylidene acetone) is the most widely used Pd(0) source in Pd-mediated transformations. Pd(0)2(dba-Z)3 (Z = dba aryl substituents) complexes exhibit remarkable and differential catalytic performance in an eclectic array of cross-coupling reactions. The precise structure of these types of complexes has been confounding, since early studies in 1970s to the present day. In this study the solution and solid-state structures of Pd(0)2(dba)3 and Pd(0)2(dba-Z)3 have been determined. Isotopic labeling ((2)H and (13)C) has allowed the solution structures of the freely exchanging major and minor isomers of Pd(0)2(dba)3 to be determined at high field (700 MHz). DFT calculations support the experimentally determined major and minor isomeric structures, which show that the major isomer of Pd(0)2(dba)3 possesses bridging dba ligands found exclusively in a s-cis,s-trans conformation. For the minor isomer one of the dba ligands is found exclusively in a s-trans,s-trans conformation. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of Pd(0)2(dba)3·CHCl3 (high-quality data) shows that all three dba ligands are found over two positions. NMR spectroscopic analysis of Pd(0)2(dba-Z)3 reveals that the aryl substituent has a profound effect on the rate of Pd-olefin exchange and the global stability of the complexes in solution. Complexes containing the aryl substituents, 4-CF3, 4-F, 4-t-Bu, 4-hexoxy, 4-OMe, exhibit well-resolved (1)H NMR spectra at 298 K, whereas those containing 3,5-OMe and 3,4,5-OMe exhibit broad spectra. The solid-state structures of three Pd(0)2(dba-Z)3 complexes (4-F, 4-OMe, 3,5-OMe) have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods, which have been compared with Goodson's X-ray structure of Pd(0)2(dba-4-OH)3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anant R Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hasanayn F, Achord P, Braunstein P, Magnier HJ, Krogh-Jespersen K, Goldman AS. Theoretical Structure–Reactivity Study of Ethylene Insertion into Nickel–Alkyl Bonds. A Kinetically Significant and Unanticipated Role of trans Influence in Determining Agostic Bond Strengths. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300001n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faraj Hasanayn
- Department
of Chemistry, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Patrick Achord
- Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick,
New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, F-67081
Strasbourg Cédex, France
| | | | - Karsten Krogh-Jespersen
- Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick,
New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick,
New Jersey 08903, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hasanayn F, El-Makkaoui MS. DFT Study of the Transition States and Products of Methyl Radical Addition to Olefins Coordinated in an Asymmetrical Mode to [Cp2Zr(OtBu)]+: Predictions of Reversed Regioselectivities Compared to the Noncoordinated Reactions. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900656t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hasanayn F, Gozem S. Calculations on the Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Selectivity of Methyl Radical Addition to Olefins Coordinated to d8 and d0 Transition-Metal Fragments: Two Distinct and Opposite anti-Evans−Polanyi Effects with Potential Practical Implications. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om8007212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samer Gozem
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fairlamb IJS. pi-Acidic alkene ligand effects in Pd-catalysed cross-coupling processes: exploiting the interaction of dibenzylidene acetone (dba) and related ligands with Pd(0) and Pd(II). Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3645-56. [PMID: 18843391 DOI: 10.1039/b811772a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
pi-Acidic alkene (olefin) ligands positively influence Pd-catalysed cross-coupling processes, interacting with both palladium(0) and palladium(ii) species, in some cases stabilising key catalytic intermediates. Rates of oxidative addition and reductive elimination are both affected. In certain cases, beta-hydrogen elimination can be slowed down by pi-acidic alkenes, which opens up new reaction pathways (e.g. interception of sigma-alkylpalladium(ii) species by appropriate nucleophiles). pi-Acidic alkene ligands can act independently or in a synergistic fashion with another two-electron donor ligand (e.g. amine, phosphine or N-heterocyclic carbene). The purpose of this perspective article is to highlight the impressive results that can be obtained using pi-acidic alkene ligands, with a particular focus on dibenzylidene acetone (dba) derivatives. Other types of alkene ligands, e.g. macrocyclic alkenes, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lam KC, Lin Z, Marder TB. DFT Studies of β-Boryl Elimination Processes: Potential Role in Catalyzed Borylation Reactions of Alkenes. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om0700314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- King Chung Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ariafard A, Lin Z, Fairlamb IJS. Effect of the Leaving Ligand X on Transmetalation of Organostannanes (vinylSnR3) with LnPd(Ar)(X) in Stille Cross-Coupling Reactions. A Density Functional Theory Study. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om0607705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Felestin Square, Tehran, Iran, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, and Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Felestin Square, Tehran, Iran, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, and Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Felestin Square, Tehran, Iran, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, and Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|