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Generation of cyclopentadiene for Diels‐Alder reactions by visible‐light irradiation of iron sandwich complexes. Helv Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Beillard A, Bantreil X, Métro TX, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Alternative Technologies That Facilitate Access to Discrete Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7529-7609. [PMID: 31059243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic complexes: these two words jump to the mind of the chemist and are directly associated with their utility in catalysis or as a pharmaceutical. Nevertheless, to be able to use them, it is necessary to synthesize them, and it is not always a small matter. Typically, synthesis is via solution chemistry, using a round-bottom flask and a magnetic or mechanical stirrer. This review takes stock of alternative technologies currently available in laboratories that facilitate the synthesis of such complexes. We highlight five such technologies: mechanochemistry, also known as solvent-free chemistry, uses a mortar and pestle or a ball mill; microwave activation can drastically reduce reaction times; ultrasonic activation promotes chemical reactions because of cavitation phenomena; photochemistry, which uses light radiation to initiate reactions; and continuous flow chemistry, which is increasingly used to simplify scale-up. While facilitating the synthesis of organometallic compounds, these enabling technologies also allow access to compounds that cannot be obtained in any other way. This shows how the paradigm is changing and evolving toward new technologies, without necessarily abandoning the round-bottom flask. A bright future is ahead of the organometallic chemist, thanks to these novel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beillard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas-Xavier Métro
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Campus Triolet, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Turner J, Chilton NF, Kumar A, Colebatch AL, Whittell GR, Sparkes HA, Weller AS, Manners I. Iron Precatalysts with Bulky Tri(tert-butyl)cyclopentadienyl Ligands for the Dehydrocoupling of Dimethylamine-Borane. Chemistry 2018; 24:14127-14136. [PMID: 29573487 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to prepare new Fe catalysts for the dehydrocoupling of amine-boranes and to provide mechanistic insight, the paramagnetic FeII dimeric complex [Cp'FeI]2 (1) (Cp'=η5 -((1,2,4-tBu)3 C5 H2 )) was used as a precursor to a series of cyclopentadienyl FeII and FeIII mononuclear species. The complexes prepared were [Cp'Fe(η6 -Tol)][Cp'FeI2 ] (2) (Tol=C6 H5 Me), [Cp'Fe(η6 -Tol)][BArF4 ] (3) (BArF4 =[B(C6 H3 (m-CF3 )2 )4 ]- ), [N(nBu)4 ][Cp'FeI2 ] (4), Cp'FeI2 (5), and [Cp'Fe(MeCN)3 ][BArF4 ] (6). The electronic structure of the [Cp'FeI2 ]- anion in 2 and 4 was investigated by SQUID magnetometry, EPR spectroscopy and ab initio Complete Active Space Self Consistent Field-Spin Orbit (CASSCF-SO) calculations, and the studies revealed a strongly anisotropic S=2 ground state. Complexes 1-6 were investigated as catalysts for the dehydrocoupling of Me2 NH⋅BH3 (I) in THF at 20 °C to yield the cyclodiborazane product [Me2 N-BH2 ]2 (IV). Complexes 1-4 and 6 were active dehydrocoupling catalysts towards I (5 mol % loading), however 5 was inactive, and ultra-violet (UV) irradiation was required for the reaction mediated by 3. Complex 6 was found to be the most active precatalyst, reaching 80 % conversion to IV after 19 h at 22 °C. Dehydrocoupling of I by 1-4 proceeded via formation of the aminoborane Me2 N=BH2 (II) as the major intermediate, whereas for 6 the linear diborazane Me2 NH-BH2 -NMe2 -BH3 (III) could be detected, together with trace amounts of II. Reactions of 1 and 6 with Me3 N⋅BH3 were investigated in an attempt to identify Fe-based intermediates in the catalytic reactions. The σ-complex [Cp'Fe(MeCN)(κ2 -H2 BH⋅NMe2 H][BArF4 ] was proposed to initially form in dehydrocoupling reactions involving 6 based on ESI-MS (ESI=Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectroscopy) and NMR spectroscopic evidence. The latter also suggests that these complexes function as precursors to iron hydrides which may be the true catalytic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Nicholas F Chilton
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - George R Whittell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Hazel A Sparkes
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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(Tetramethylcyclobutadiene)cobalt complexes 10. Synthesis of arene complexes [(C4Me4)Co(arene)]+ and mechanism of the arene exchange reaction. Russ Chem Bull 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-014-0737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Perekalin DS, Babak MV, Karslyan EE, Nelyubina YV, Kudinov AR. Synthesis of iron complexes [(η5-indenyl)FeL3]+ from the readily available[(η5-indenyl)Fe(η6-indene)]+. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang Y, Diallo AK, Ornelas C, Ruiz J, Astruc D. Visible-Light Generation of the Naked 12-Electron Fragment C5H5Fe+: Alkyne-to-Vinylidene Isomerization and Synthesis of Polynuclear Iron Vinylidene and Alkynyl Complexes Including Hexairon Stars. Inorg Chem 2011; 51:119-27. [PMID: 22136194 DOI: 10.1021/ic201206e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Wang
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255,
33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Abdou K. Diallo
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255,
33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Cátia Ornelas
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255,
33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Jaime Ruiz
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255,
33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Didier Astruc
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255,
33405 Talence Cedex, France
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Astruc D, Ruiz J. Organo-iron mediated synthesis of functional dendrimers with 1 → 3 connectivity. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Humphrey BD, Castilo RE, Vega AH, Feliciano A, Squires ME. The synthesis and cyclic voltammetry of select ferrocene piano-stool isocyanide complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liang L, Ruiz J, Astruc D. “Click” Synthesis of a Heterobifunctional Ferrocenyl Dendrimer with Molecular Recognition Properties and Influence of the Ferrocenyl Redox Potential on the Formation of Gold Nanoparticles. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-010-9384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sander AC, Ruiz J, Astruc D. Activation of Mesitylene Involving Multiple Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation under Ambient Conditions with Regeneration of the Organoiron Precursor. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100168x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anett C. Sander
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS No. 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Jaime Ruiz
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS No. 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Didier Astruc
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS No. 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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Kudinov AR, Zanello P, Herber RH, Loginov DA, Vinogradov MM, Vologzhanina AV, Starikova ZA, Corsini M, Giorgi G, Nowik I. Ferracarborane Benzene Complexes [(η-9-L-7,8-C2B9H10)Fe(η-C6H6)]+ (L = SMe2, NMe3): Synthesis, Reactivity, Electrochemistry, Mössbauer Effect Studies, and Bonding. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om901085y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R. Kudinov
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Piero Zanello
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rolfe H. Herber
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dmitry A. Loginov
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail M. Vinogradov
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna V. Vologzhanina
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Zoya A. Starikova
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Israel Nowik
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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Diallo AK, Ruiz J, Astruc D. New, Simple Synthetic Route to Functional Mono- and Biferrocenes. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:1913-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ic902332q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Khadri Diallo
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS N° 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Jaime Ruiz
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS N° 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Didier Astruc
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS N° 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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Astruc D, Ornelas C, Ruiz J. Dendritic molecular electrochromic batteries based on redox-robust metallocenes. Chemistry 2009; 15:8936-44. [PMID: 19685538 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this Concept article, we summarize and discuss recent reports on dendritic molecular electrochromic batteries. Giant dendrimers containing 3(n+2) terminal tethers (n = generation number) and terminated by first-raw late-transition-metal metallocenes, permethyl metallocenes and other sandwich complexes were shown to be redox robust. Indeed, they can be oxidized and reduced without decomposition and exist under two stable oxidation states (Fe(III/II), Co(III/II)). Thus, a pre-determined number of electrons (up to 14,000) per dendrimer can be exchanged. Cyclic voltammetry showed a remarkable complete reversibility even up to 14,000 Fe and Co termini in metallodendrimers, indicating fast electron hoping among the redox sites and between dendrimers on a carbon surface covered by arylcarboxylate groups. The dendrimer sizes were measured by dynamic light scattering in solution and by AFM (subsequent to flattening in the condensed state also indicating that these metallodendrimers aggregate to form discrete nanoparticles of dendrimers, as atoms do). The metallodendrimer size varies considerably between the two redox forms due to tether extension of the cationic dendrimers upon oxidation, and a breathing mechanism was shown by atomic and electric force microscopy (AFM and EFM). When the redox potential is very negative, the reduced form is an electron-reservoir system that can deliver a large number of electrons per dendrimer to various reducible substrates. These systems are thus potential dendritic molecular batteries with two different colors for the two redox forms (electrochromic behavior).
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Astruc
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS No 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France.
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Diallo AK, Ruiz J, Astruc D. A New, Facile, and General Synthesis of Functional and Heterodifunctional Ferrocenes. Org Lett 2009; 11:2635-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900524t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdou K. Diallo
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS No. 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Jaime Ruiz
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS No. 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Didier Astruc
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS No. 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Ornelas
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS No. 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Jaime Ruiz
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS No. 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Didier Astruc
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS No. 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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Visible-light photolysis of [FeCp(η6-toluene)][PF6] as a clean, convenient and general route to iron-vinylidene and iron-acetylide complexes. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Synthesis, structure, electrochemistry, and Mössbauer effect studies of (ring)Fe complexes (ring=Cp, Cp∗, and C6H7). Photochemical replacement of benzene in the cyclohexadienyl complex [(η5-C6H7)Fe(η-C6H6)]+. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Astruc D. Electron-reservoir complexes and other redox-robust reagents: functions and applications. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b903188j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ornelas C, Ruiz J, Belin C, Astruc D. Giant Dendritic Molecular Electrochrome Batteries with Ferrocenyl and Pentamethylferrocenyl Termini. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 131:590-601. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8062343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catia Ornelas
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Jaime Ruiz
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Colette Belin
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Didier Astruc
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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