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Zuccolo M, Arrighetti N, Perego P, Colombo D. Recent Progresses in Conjugation with Bioactive Ligands to Improve the Anticancer Activity of Platinum Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2566-2601. [PMID: 34365939 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210806110857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platinum (Pt) drugs, including cisplatin, are widely used for the treatment of solid tumors. Despite the clinical success, side effects and occurrence of resistance represent major limitations to the use of clinically available Pt drugs. To overcome these problems, a variety of derivatives have been designed and synthetized. Here, we summarize the recent progress in the development of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) complexes with bioactive ligands. The development of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) complexes with targeting molecules, clinically available agents, and other bioactive molecules is an active field of research. Even if none of the reported Pt derivatives has been yet approved for clinical use, many of these compounds exhibit promising anticancer activities with an improved pharmacological profile. Thus, planning hybrid compounds can be considered as a promising approach to improve the available Pt-based anticancer agents and to obtain new molecular tools to deepen the knowledge of cancer progression and drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zuccolo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan. Italy
| | - Noemi Arrighetti
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan. Italy
| | - Paola Perego
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan. Italy
| | - Diego Colombo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan. Italy
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Yao H, Xu Z, Li C, Tse MK, Tong Z, Zhu G. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Study of a Platinum(IV) Anticancer Prodrug with Selectivity toward Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) Receptor-Positive Cancer Cells. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:11076-11084. [PMID: 31393117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Platinum drugs including cisplatin are widely used in clinics to treat various types of cancer. However, the lack of cancer-cell selectivity is one of the major problems that lead to side effects in normal tissues. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) receptors are overexpressed in many types of cancer cells but rarely presented in normal cells, making LHRH receptor a good candidate for cancer targeting. In this study, we report the synthesis and cytotoxic study of a novel platinum(IV) anticancer prodrug functionalized with LHRH peptide. This LHRH-platinum(IV) conjugate is highly soluble in water and quite stable in a PBS buffer. Cytotoxic study reveals that the prodrug selectively targets LHRH receptor-positive cancer cell lines with the cytotoxicities 5-8 times higher than those in LHRH receptor-negative cell lines. In addition, the introduction of LHRH peptide enhances the cellular accumulation in a manner of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Moreover, the LHRH-platinum(IV) prodrug is proved to kill cancer cells by binding to the genomic DNA, inducing apoptosis, and arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. In summary, we report a novel LHRH-platinum(IV) anticancer prodrug having largely improved selectivity toward LHRH receptor-positive cancer cells, relative to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houzong Yao
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , People's Republic of China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zoufeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , People's Republic of China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , People's Republic of China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Kit Tse
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Tong
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Hong Kong SAR 999077 , People's Republic of China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen 518057 , People's Republic of China
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Kenny RG, Marmion CJ. Toward Multi-Targeted Platinum and Ruthenium Drugs-A New Paradigm in Cancer Drug Treatment Regimens? Chem Rev 2019; 119:1058-1137. [PMID: 30640441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While medicinal inorganic chemistry has been practised for over 5000 years, it was not until the late 1800s when Alfred Werner published his ground-breaking research on coordination chemistry that we began to truly understand the nature of the coordination bond and the structures and stereochemistries of metal complexes. We can now readily manipulate and fine-tune their properties. This had led to a multitude of complexes with wide-ranging biomedical applications. This review will focus on the use and potential of metal complexes as important therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. With major advances in technologies and a deeper understanding of the human genome, we are now in a strong position to more fully understand carcinogenesis at a molecular level. We can now also rationally design and develop drug molecules that can either selectively enhance or disrupt key biological processes and, in doing so, optimize their therapeutic potential. This has heralded a new era in drug design in which we are moving from a single- toward a multitargeted approach. This approach lies at the very heart of medicinal inorganic chemistry. In this review, we have endeavored to showcase how a "multitargeted" approach to drug design has led to new families of metallodrugs which may not only reduce systemic toxicities associated with modern day chemotherapeutics but also address resistance issues that are plaguing many chemotherapeutic regimens. We have focused our attention on metallodrugs incorporating platinum and ruthenium ions given that complexes containing these metal ions are already in clinical use or have advanced to clinical trials as anticancer agents. The "multitargeted" complexes described herein not only target DNA but also contain either vectors to enable them to target cancer cells selectively and/or moieties that target enzymes, peptides, and intracellular proteins. Multitargeted complexes which have been designed to target the mitochondria or complexes inspired by natural product activity are also described. A summary of advances in this field over the past decade or so will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece G Kenny
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Celine J Marmion
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin 2 , Ireland
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Xiao H, Yan L, Dempsey EM, Song W, Qi R, Li W, Huang Y, Jing X, Zhou D, Ding J, Chen X. Recent progress in polymer-based platinum drug delivery systems. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Cisplatin Loaded Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Induce Resistance in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040228. [PMID: 30428555 PMCID: PMC6321179 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we developed a method for multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) use as carriers for a drug based on platinum in breast cancer therapy. The method of functionalization involves the carboxyl functionalization of nanotubes and encapsulation of cisplatin (CDDP) into MWCNTs. The biological properties of MWCNTs loaded with CDDP (MWCNT-COOH-CDDP) and of individual components MWCNT-COOH and free CDDP were evaluated on MDA-MB-231 cells. Various concentrations of CDDP (0.316–2.52 µg/mL) and MWCNTs (0.5–4 µg/mL) were applied on cells for 24 and 48 h. Only at high doses of CDDP (1.26 and 2.52 µg/mL) and MWCNT-COOH-CDDP (2 and 4 µg/mL) cell morphological changes were observed. The cellular viability decreased only with approx. 40% after 48 h of exposure to 2.52 µg/mL CDDP and 4 µg/mL MWCNT-COOH-CDDP despite the high reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by MWCNTs starting with 24 h. After 48 h, ROS level dropped as a result of the antioxidant defence activation. We also found a significant decrease of caspase-3 and p53 expression after 48 h, accompanied by a down-regulation of NF-κB in cells exposed to MWCNT-COOH-CDDP system which promotes apoptosis escape and thus failing to overcome the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells resistance.
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Gupta A, Kaur CD, Saraf S, Saraf S. Targeting of herbal bioactives through folate receptors: a novel concept to enhance intracellular drug delivery in cancer therapy. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:314-323. [PMID: 28095746 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2016.1147581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery through folate receptor (FR) has emerged as a most biocompatible, target oriented, and non-immunogenic cargoes for the delivery of anticancer drugs. FRs are highly overexpressed in many tumor cells (like ovarian, lung, breast, kidney, brain, endometrial, and colon cancer), and targeting them through conjugates bearing specific ligand with encapsulated nanodrug moiety is undoubtedly, a promising approach toward tumor targeting. Folate, being an endogenous ligand, can be exploited well to affect various cellular events occurring during the progress of tumor, in a more natural and definite way. Thus, the aim of the review lies in summarizing the advancements taken place in the drug delivery system of different therapeutics through FRs and to refine its role as an endogenous ligand, in targeting of synthetic as well as natural bioactives. The review also provides an update on the patents received on the folate-based drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshita Gupta
- a University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , Chhattisgarh , India
| | - Chanchal Deep Kaur
- a University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , Chhattisgarh , India
| | - Shailendra Saraf
- a University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , Chhattisgarh , India
| | - Swarnlata Saraf
- a University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , Chhattisgarh , India
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Johnstone TC, Suntharalingam K, Lippard SJ. The Next Generation of Platinum Drugs: Targeted Pt(II) Agents, Nanoparticle Delivery, and Pt(IV) Prodrugs. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3436-86. [PMID: 26865551 PMCID: PMC4792284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1659] [Impact Index Per Article: 207.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The platinum drugs, cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, prevail in the treatment of cancer, but new platinum agents have been very slow to enter the clinic. Recently, however, there has been a surge of activity, based on a great deal of mechanistic information, aimed at developing nonclassical platinum complexes that operate via mechanisms of action distinct from those of the approved drugs. The use of nanodelivery devices has also grown, and many different strategies have been explored to incorporate platinum warheads into nanomedicine constructs. In this Review, we discuss these efforts to create the next generation of platinum anticancer drugs. The introduction provides the reader with a brief overview of the use, development, and mechanism of action of the approved platinum drugs to provide the context in which more recent research has flourished. We then describe approaches that explore nonclassical platinum(II) complexes with trans geometry or with a monofunctional coordination mode, polynuclear platinum(II) compounds, platinum(IV) prodrugs, dual-threat agents, and photoactivatable platinum(IV) complexes. Nanoparticles designed to deliver platinum(IV) complexes will also be discussed, including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, upconversion nanoparticles, and polymeric micelles. Additional nanoformulations, including supramolecular self-assembled structures, proteins, peptides, metal-organic frameworks, and coordination polymers, will then be described. Finally, the significant clinical progress made by nanoparticle formulations of platinum(II) agents will be reviewed. We anticipate that such a synthesis of disparate research efforts will not only help to generate new drug development ideas and strategies, but also will reflect our optimism that the next generation of approved platinum cancer drugs is about to arrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Stephen J Lippard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Campos BB, Oliva MM, Contreras-Cáceres R, Rodriguez-Castellón E, Jiménez-Jiménez J, da Silva JCE, Algarra M. Carbon dots on based folic acid coated with PAMAM dendrimer as platform for Pt(IV) detection. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 465:165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Trastuzumab-mediated selective delivery for platinum drug to HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:957-63. [PMID: 26186063 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is used widely as an anticancer drug for clinical treatment. However, its applications are limited because of its poor selectivity. In this work, we described the design, synthesis, and characterization of conjugates combining trastuzumab with a platinum (IV) analog of oxaliplatin, in which the trastuzumab acted as an active targeting agent for HER2-positive cancer cells. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence study indicated the platinum (IV)-trastuzumab conjugates retained specific binding activity to HER2 overexpressed SK-BR-3 cells. In the presence of ascorbic acid, platinum (IV)-trastuzumab conjugates were reduced to platinum (II) analogs, which could bind to and unwind PUC19 DNA in a manner similar to oxaliplatin. The cytotoxic study was tested on three breast cell lines: SK-BR-3, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231. Platinum (IV)-trastuzumab conjugates showed promising antiproliferative activity against SK-BR-3 cells, but significantly decreased the inhibition to MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. The flow cytometric analysis showed that the conjugates arrested the cell cycle mainly at the G2/M phase and killed the cells through an apoptotic pathway.
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Homayoni H, Jiang K, Zou X, Hossu M, Rashidi LH, Chen W. Enhancement of protoporphyrin IX performance in aqueous solutions for photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:258-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Oxaliplatin analogues with carboxy derivatives of boldine with enhanced antioxidant activity. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2015; 2015:920143. [PMID: 25814916 PMCID: PMC4359857 DOI: 10.1155/2015/920143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new oxaliplatin analog [Pt(dach)(L5)] (1) was synthesized and characterized as a continuation of a study of the previously reported [Pt(dach)(L6)] (2), where dach = (1R,2R)-diaminocyclohexane, L5 = 3-carboxyboldine, and L6 = 3-carboxypredicentrine. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited a substantially enhanced antioxidant activity compared to oxaliplatin (130 and 30 times for 1 and 13 and 4 times for 2 using the DPPH and FRAP assays, resp.). In addition, 1 and 2 exhibited cytotoxic activity in the same range as oxaliplatin toward the two human tumor cell lines (MCF-7 and HT-29) studied and two to four times lower activity in the human colon nontumor cell line (CCD-841). Preadministration of L5 or L6 to the colon tumor (HT-29) and the colon nontumor (CCD-841) cell lines prior to oxaliplatin addition increased the viability of the nontumor cell line to a greater extent than that of the tumor cell line.
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Neumann W, Crews BC, Sárosi MB, Daniel CM, Ghebreselasie K, Scholz MS, Marnett LJ, Hey-Hawkins E. Conjugation of cisplatin analogues and cyclooxygenase inhibitors to overcome cisplatin resistance. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:183-92. [PMID: 25318459 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme involved in tumorigenesis and is associated with tumor cell resistance against platinum-based antitumor drugs. Cisplatin analogues were conjugated with COX inhibitors (indomethacin, ibuprofen) to study the synergistic effects that were previously observed in combination treatments. The conjugates ensure concerted transport of both drugs into cells, and subsequent intracellular cleavage enables a dual-action mode. Whereas the platinum(II) complexes showed cytotoxicities similar to those of cisplatin, the platinum(IV) conjugates revealed highly increased cytotoxic activities and were able to completely overcome cisplatin-related resistance. Although some of the complexes are potent COX inhibitors, the conjugates appear to execute their cytotoxic action via COX-independent mechanisms. Instead, the increased lipophilicity and kinetic inertness of the conjugates seem to facilitate cellular accumulation of the platinum drugs and thus improve the efficacy of the antitumor agents. These conjugates are important tools for the elucidation of the direct influence of COX inhibitors on platinum-based anticancer drugs in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Neumann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig (Germany)
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Pt-rotaxanes as cytotoxic agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6880-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Consoli GML, Granata G, Geraci C. Design, synthesis, and drug solubilising properties of the first folate–calix[4]arene conjugate. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6491-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06032e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Bhirde AA, Patel S, Sousa AA, Patel V, Molinolo AA, Ji Y, Leapman RD, Gutkind JS, Rusling JF. Distribution and clearance of PEG-single-walled carbon nanotube cancer drug delivery vehicles in mice. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:1535-46. [PMID: 21143032 PMCID: PMC3175610 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To study the distribution and clearance of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-ylated single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNTs) as drug delivery vehicles for the anticancer drug cisplatin in mice. MATERIALS & METHODS PEG layers were attached to SWCNTs and dispersed in aqueous media and characterized using dynamic light scattering, scanning transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity was assessed in vitro using Annexin-V assay, and the distribution and clearance pathways in mice were studied by histological staining and Raman spectroscopy. Efficacy of PEG-SWCNT-cisplatin for tumor growth inhibition was studied in mice. RESULTS & DISCUSSION PEG-SWCNTs were efficiently dispersed in aqueous media compared with controls, and did not induce apoptosis in vitro. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, and Raman bands for SWCNTs in tissues from several vital organs from mice injected intravenously with nanotube bioconjugates revealed that control SWCNTs were lodged in lung tissue as large aggregates compared with the PEG-SWCNTs, which showed little or no accumulation. Characteristic SWCNT Raman bands in feces revealed the presence of bilary or renal excretion routes. Attachment of cisplatin on bioconjugates was visualized with Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy. PEG-SWCNT-cisplatin with the attached targeting ligand EGF successfully inhibited growth of head and neck tumor xenografts in mice. CONCLUSIONS PEG-SWCNTs, as opposed to control SWCNTs, form more highly dispersed delivery vehicles that, when loaded with both cisplatin and EGF, inhibit growth of squamous cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin A Bhirde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alioscka A Sousa
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging & Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging & Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Youngmi Ji
- Clinical & Experimental Orthopedics, National Institute of Arthritis, & Musculoskeletal & Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard D Leapman
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging & Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging & Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Bhirde AA, Sousa AA, Patel V, Azari AA, Gutkind JS, Leapman RD, Rusling JF. Imaging the distribution of individual platinum-based anticancer drug molecules attached to single-wall carbon nanotubes. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 4:763-72. [PMID: 19839812 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To image the distribution of drug molecules attached to single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). MATERIALS & METHODS Herein we report the use of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) for atomic scale visualization and quantitation of single platinum-based drug molecules attached to SWNTs designed for targeted drug delivery. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy were used for characterization of the SWNT drug conjugates. RESULTS Z-contrast STEM imaging enabled visualization of the first-line anticancer drug cisplatin on the nanotubes at single molecule level. The identity and presence of cisplatin on the nanotubes was confirmed using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. STEM tomography was also used to provide additional insights concerning the nanotube conjugates. Finally, our observations provide a rationale for exploring the use of SWNT bioconjugates to selectively target and kill squamous cancer cells. CONCLUSION Z-contrast STEM imaging provides a means for direct visualization of heavy metal containing molecules (i.e., cisplatin) attached to surfaces of carbon SWNTs along with distribution and quantitation.
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Caron G, Ermondi G, Gariboldi M, Monti E, Gabano E, Ravera M, Osella D. The Relevance of Polar Surface Area (PSA) in Rationalizing Biological Properties of Severalcis-Diamminemalonatoplatinum(II) Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1677-85. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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