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Zanotti G, Palmeri F, Raglione V. Phthalocyanines Synthesis: A State-of-The-Art Review of Sustainable Approaches Through Green Chemistry Metrics. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400908. [PMID: 38837556 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Driven by escalating environmental concerns, synthetic chemistry faces an urgent need for a green revolution. Green chemistry, with its focus on low environmental impacting chemicals and minimized waste production, emerges as a powerful tool in addressing this challenge. Metrics such as the E-factor guide the design of environmentally friendly strategies for chemical processes by quantifying the waste generated in obtaining target products, thus enabling interventions to minimize it. Phthalocyanines (Pcs), versatile molecules with exceptional physical and chemical properties, hold immense potential for technological applications. This review aims to bridge the gap between green chemistry and phthalocyanine synthesis by collecting the main examples of environmentally sustainable syntheses documented in the literature. The calculation of the E-factor of a selection of them provides insights on how crucial it is to evaluate a synthetic process in its entirety. This approach allows for a better evaluation of the actual sustainability of the phthalocyanine synthetic process and indicates possible strategies to improve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Zanotti
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
| | - Federica Palmeri
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Venanzio Raglione
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
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Wang L, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Zhou M, Liang Q, Xu S, Li Z. Catalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol to Efficiently Synthesize Amide by (−CF
3
) Substituted Copper Phthalocyanine Based Composite Catalyst. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
| | - Xudong Zheng
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
| | - Yuzhe Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
| | - Man Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
| | - Qiang Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
| | - Song Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 PR China
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Mandal S, Mukherjee M, Hazra S. Evolution of Electronic Structures of Polar Phthalocyanine-Substrate Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45564-45573. [PMID: 32914952 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structures and core-level spectra of chlorogallium phthalocyanine (ClGaPc) molecules of different thicknesses (submonolayer to multilayer) adsorbed on a polycrystalline Au substrate and a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate, before and after thermal annealing, were investigated using photoelectron spectroscopic techniques for better understanding the charge-transfer properties. The energy-level diagrams (ELDs) of the ClGaPc thin films are found to evolve with film thickness, substrate nature, and thermal annealing. The interfacial dipole moment in the active Au substrate and the molecular dipole moment in the inactive HOPG substrate mainly dictate the ELD. Annealed monolayer films on both the substrates seem to adopt a similar well-ordered Cl-up orientated molecular organization, which is quite interesting, as it certainly indicates a substrate-nature-independent energy minimum configuration. The strong interaction of the active Au substrate gives rise to additional charge transfer and state transfer (of Ga) as evident from the formation of a former lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (F-LUMO) level in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) region and a low binding energy peak in the Ga 2p3/2 core level. The presence of strong F-LUMO and molecular-dipole-related HOMOd levels in the predicted monolayer of well-ordered Cl-up oriented molecules on the Au and HOPG substrates, respectively, creates the optimum energy-level alignment (ELA) for both the systems, while the opposite shift of the vacuum levels in two different substrates makes the ionization potential (IP) for such a monolayer either minimum (on the Au substrate) or maximum (on the HOPG substrate), which is useful information for tuning the charge injection across the interface in organic semiconductor-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Mandal
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | | | - Satyajit Hazra
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
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Şenocak A, Köksoy B, Demirbaş E, Durmuş M. Investigation of electrochemical properties and gas adsorption studies of novel sandwich core phthalocyanines. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Şenocak
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Technical University; Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Baybars Köksoy
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Technical University; Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Erhan Demirbaş
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Technical University; Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Mahmut Durmuş
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Technical University; Kocaeli Turkey
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Carrión EN, Loas A, Patel HH, Pelmuş M, Ramji K, Gorun SM. Fluoroalkyl phthalocyanines: Bioinspired catalytic materials. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The design of self oxidation-resistant catalytic materials based on organic molecules, although advantageous due to the ability to control their structures, is limited by the presence of labile C–H bonds. This mini review summarizes recent work aimed at first-row transition metal complexes of a new class of coordinating ligands, fluoroalkyl-substituted fluorophthalocyanines, R[Formula: see text]Pcs, ligands in which all, or the majority of their C–H bonds are replaced by a combination of fluoro- and perfluoroalkyl groups yielding porphyrin-bioinspired catalyst models. In the case of homogeneous systems, cobalt(II) complexes catalyze the aerobic oxidation of thiols to disulfides, a reaction of both biological significance and industrial importance. Zinc(II) complexes photo-generate excited state singlet oxygen, [Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text], resulting in both the incorporation of O[Formula: see text] in C–H bonds or, depending on the reaction parameters, oxidation of dyes, model pollutants. Catalyst heterogenization using oxidic and other supports yields stable, active hybrid materials. Functionalized R[Formula: see text]Pcs with acidic (–COOH) or basic (–NH[Formula: see text]R[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] 2) groups exhibit scaffolds that afford both conjugation with biological vectors for theranostic applications as well as solid-supported materials with superior stability. Electrodes modified with hybrid R[Formula: see text]Pc-containing supports have also been used in photo-oxidations, replacing enzymes and H[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] associated reagents with a combination of light and air. An analytical device employed for the nano-level detection of environmentally deleterious antibiotics has been constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik N. Carrión
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hemantbhai H. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Hager Biosciences, 116 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Marius Pelmuş
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Karpagavalli Ramji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Sergiu M. Gorun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
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Ağırtaş MS, Cabir B, Özdemir S, Okumus V, Arslantas A. Synthesis, Aggregation, Antioxidant and DNA-Binding Properties of Metallophthalocyanines Bearing 5-Tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenoxy Groups. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Salih Ağırtaş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Van Yüzüncü Yıl University; 65080 Van Turkey
| | - Beyza Cabir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Van Yüzüncü Yıl University; 65080 Van Turkey
| | - Sadin Özdemir
- Food Processing Programme, Technical Science Vocational School; Mersin University, TR-; 33343 Yenisehir, Mersin Turkey
| | - Veysi Okumus
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science; Siirt University; 56100 Siirt Turkey
| | - Ali Arslantas
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Engineering; Karabuk University; 78050 Karabuk Turkey
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Chemo-/regio-selective synthesis of 2-aryl-3-acetyl-2,4-dihydro-1H-5H-1,5-benzodiazepines using Lewis acid, CeCl3·7H2O. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shaabani A, Sepahvand H, Hooshmand SE, Borjian Boroujeni M. Design, preparation and characterization of Cu/GA/Fe3O4@SiO2nanoparticles as a catalyst for the synthesis of benzodiazepines and imidazoles. Appl Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Shaabani
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; PO Box 19396-4716 Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Heshmatollah Sepahvand
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; PO Box 19396-4716 Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Seyyed Emad Hooshmand
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; PO Box 19396-4716 Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
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Le TD, Nguyen KD, Nguyen VT, Truong T, Phan NT. 1,5-Benzodiazepine synthesis via cyclocondensation of 1,2-diamines with ketones using iron-based metal–organic framework MOF-235 as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wan Y, Liang Q, Li Z, Xu S, Hu X, Liu Q, Lu D. Significant improvement of styrene oxidation over zinc phthalocyanine supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang T, Zhang XF, Lu X. Metal-free phthalocyanine aggregation and binding with amines: Specific and general solvent effects on absorption and fluorescence properties. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Singh G, Rani S, Saroa A, Girdhar S, Singh J, Arora A, Aulakh D, Wriedt M. Organosilatranes with thioester-anchored heterocyclic ring assembly: Cu2+ ion binding and fabrication of hybrid silica nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioester allied organosilatranes were synthesized by the CDI mediated coupling of carboxylic acids with mercaptopropylsilatrane. One of the silatrane was further immobilized onto silica nanospheres, characterized and tested for copper ion binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunita Rani
- Department of Chemistry
- Panjab University
- India
| | | | | | | | | | - Darpandeep Aulakh
- Functional Materials Design & X-ray Diffraction Lab
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
| | - Mario Wriedt
- Functional Materials Design & X-ray Diffraction Lab
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
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Aktaş A, Bıyıklıoğlu Z. Synthesis and electrochemistry of non-aggregated silicon phthalocyanines bearing unsaturated functional groups. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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