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Frank P, Carlson RMK, Carlson EJ, Hedman B, Hodgson KO. Biological sulfur in the blood cells of Ascidia ceratodes: XAS spectroscopy and a cellular-enzymatic hypothesis for vanadium reduction in the ascidians. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 205:110991. [PMID: 31945647 PMCID: PMC7033024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two samples of living blood cells and of cleared blood plasma from the Phlebobranch tunicate Ascidia ceratodes from Bodega Bay, California, and one of fresh Henze solution from A. ceratodes of Monterey Bay, California, have been examined using sulfur K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Biological sulfur included sulfate esters, sulfate and bisulfate ions, benzothiazole, thianthrene, epi-sulfide, thiol and disulfide. Glutathione dominated reduced sulfur, from which an average intracellular Voltage of -0.21 V was calculated. Sulfate-bisulfate ratios yielded blood cell pH values of 2.0 and 2.8. Total blood cell [sulfur] was 373±9 mM or 296±73 mM from BaSO4 gravimetry. Two plasma samples (pH 6.9 or 7.0; [S] = 33±6 mM or 26±4 mM) were dominated by sulfate and disulfide. Fresh Henze solution evidenced a sulfur inventory similar to blood cells, with calculated pH = 2.7. A V(III)-sulfonate fraction varied systematically with intracellular pH across six independent blood cell samples, implying a vanadium mobilization pathway. Bodega Bay and Monterey Bay A. ceratodes appear to maintain alternative suites of low-valent sulfur. The significance of the vanabins to vanadium metabolism is critically examined in terms of known protein - V(IV) biochemistry. Finally, a detailed hypothesis for the reduction of [VO4]3- to V(III) in ascidians is introduced. A vanadium oxido-reductase is proposed to span the signet ring membrane and to release V(III) into the inner acidic vacuole. The V(V) to V(III) reduction is predicted require an inner-sphere mechanism, a thiol reductant, 7-coordinate V(III), a biologically accessible Voltage, and proton-facilitated release of V(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Frank
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation laboratory, SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America.
| | - Robert M K Carlson
- Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America
| | - Elaine J Carlson
- University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States of America
| | - Britt Hedman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation laboratory, SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America
| | - Keith O Hodgson
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation laboratory, SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
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Yan JA, Chen YS, Chang YH, Tsai CY, Lyu CL, Luo CG, Lee GH, Hsu HF. Redox Interconversion of Non-Oxido Vanadium Complexes Accompanied by Acid–Base Chemistry of Thiol and Thiolate. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:9055-9063. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-An Yan
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ho Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yun Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Ling Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Gang Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Fen Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Rehder D. Implications of vanadium in technical applications and pharmaceutical issues. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ueki T, Yamaguchi N, Romaidi, Isago Y, Tanahashi H. Vanadium accumulation in ascidians: A system overview. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Levina A, McLeod AI, Gasparini SJ, Nguyen A, De Silva WGM, Aitken JB, Harris HH, Glover C, Johannessen B, Lay PA. Reactivity and Speciation of Anti-Diabetic Vanadium Complexes in Whole Blood and Its Components: The Important Role of Red Blood Cells. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:7753-66. [PMID: 26230577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactions with blood components are crucial for controlling the antidiabetic, anticancer, and other biological activities of V(V) and V(IV) complexes. Despite extensive studies of V(V) and V(IV) reactions with the major blood proteins (albumin and transferrin), reactions with whole blood and red blood cells (RBC) have been studied rarely. A detailed speciation study of Na3[V(V)O4] (A), K4[V(IV)2O2(citr)2]·6H2O (B; citr = citrato(4-)); [V(IV)O(ma)2] (C; ma = maltolato(-)), and (NH4)[V(V)(O)2(dipic)] (D; dipic = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato(2-)) in whole rat blood, freshly isolated rat plasma, and commercial bovine serum using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy is reported. The latter two compounds are potential oral antidiabetic drugs, and the former two are likely to represent their typical decomposition products in gastrointestinal media. XANES spectral speciation was performed by principal component analysis and multiple linear regression techniques, and the distribution of V between RBC and plasma fractions was measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. Reactions of A, C, or D with whole blood (1.0 mM V, 1-6 h at 310 K) led to accumulation of ∼50% of total V in the RBC fraction (∼10% in the case of B), which indicated that RBC act as V carriers to peripheral organs. The spectra of V products in RBC were independent of the initial V complex, and were best fitted by a combination of V(IV)-carbohydrate (2-hydroxyacid moieties) and/or citrate (65-85%) and V(V)-protein (15-35%) models. The presence of RBC created a more reducing environment in the plasma fraction of whole blood compared with those in isolated plasma or serum, as shown by the differences in distribution of V(IV) and V(V) species in the reaction products of A-D in these media. At physiologically relevant V concentrations (<50 μM), this role of RBC may promote the formation of V(III)-transferrin as a major V carrier in the blood plasma. The results reported herein have broad implications for the roles of RBC in the transport and speciation of metal pro-drugs that have broad applications across medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- †School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew I McLeod
- †School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sylvia J Gasparini
- †School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Annie Nguyen
- †School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Jade B Aitken
- †School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.,‡Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Hugh H Harris
- †School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chris Glover
- ‡Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Bernt Johannessen
- ‡Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- †School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
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Levina A, McLeod AI, Pulte A, Aitken JB, Lay PA. Biotransformations of Antidiabetic Vanadium Prodrugs in Mammalian Cells and Cell Culture Media: A XANES Spectroscopic Study. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:6707-18. [PMID: 25906315 PMCID: PMC4511291 DOI: 10.1021/ic5028948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
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The antidiabetic activities of vanadium(V)
and -(IV) prodrugs are determined by their ability to release active
species upon interactions with components of biological media. The
first X-ray absorption spectroscopic study of the reactivity of typical
vanadium (V) antidiabetics, vanadate ([VVO4]3–, A) and a vanadium(IV) bis(maltolato)
complex (B), with mammalian cell cultures has been performed
using HepG2 (human hepatoma), A549 (human lung carcinoma), and 3T3-L1
(mouse adipocytes and preadipocytes) cell lines, as well as the corresponding
cell culture media. X-ray absorption near-edge structure data were
analyzed using empirical correlations with a library of model vanadium(V),
-(IV), and -(III) complexes. Both A and B ([V] = 1.0 mM) gradually converged into similar mixtures of predominantly
five- and six-coordinate VV species (∼75% total
V) in a cell culture medium within 24 h at 310 K. Speciation of V
in intact HepG2 cells also changed with the incubation time (from
∼20% to ∼70% VIV of total V), but it was
largely independent of the prodrug used (A or B) or of the predominant V oxidation state in the medium. Subcellular
fractionation of A549 cells suggested that VV reduction
to VIV occurred predominantly in the cytoplasm, while accumulation
of VV in the nucleus was likely to have been facilitated
by noncovalent bonding to histone proteins. The nuclear VV is likely to modulate the transcription process and to be ultimately
related to cell death at high concentrations of V, which may be important
in anticancer activities. Mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes (unlike for preadipocytes)
showed a higher propensity to form VIV species, despite
the prevalence of VV in the medium. The distinct V biochemistry
in these cells is consistent with their crucial role in insulin-dependent
glucose and fat metabolism and may also point to an endogenous role
of V in adipocytes. The first detailed
speciation study of typical antidiabetic vanadium(V/IV) complexes
in mammalian cell culture systems showed that the complexes decomposed
rapidly in cell culture media and were further metabolized by the
cells, which included interconversions of VV and VIV species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew I McLeod
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Anna Pulte
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jade B Aitken
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Abstract
Vanadium is special in at least two respects: on the one hand, the tetrahedral anion vanadate(v) is similar to the phosphate anion; vanadate can thus interact with various physiological substrates that are otherwise functionalized by phosphate. On the other hand, the transition metal vanadium can easily expand its sphere beyond tetrahedral coordination, and switch between the oxidation states +v, +iv and +iii in a physiological environment. The similarity between vanadate and phosphate may account for the antidiabetic potential of vanadium compounds with carrier ligands such as maltolate and picolinate, and also for vanadium's mediation in cardiovascular and neuronal defects. Other potential medicinal applications of more complex vanadium coordination compounds, for example in the treatment of parasitic tropical diseases, may also be rooted in the specific properties of the ligand sphere. The ease of the change in the oxidation state of vanadium is employed by prokarya (bacteria and cyanobacteria) as well as by eukarya (algae and fungi) in respiratory and enzymatic functions. Macroalgae (seaweeds), fungi, lichens and Streptomyces bacteria have available haloperoxidases, and hence enzymes that enable the 2-electron oxidation of halide X(-) with peroxide, catalyzed by a Lewis-acidic V(V) center. The X(+) species thus formed can be employed to oxidatively halogenate organic substrates, a fact with implications also for the chemical processes in the atmosphere. Vanadium-dependent nitrogenases in bacteria (Azotobacter) and cyanobacteria (Anabaena) convert N2 + H(+) to NH4(+) + H2, but are also receptive for alternative substrates such as CO and C2H2. Among the enigmas to be solved with respect to the utilization of vanadium in nature is the accumulation of V(III) by some sea squirts and fan worms, as well as the purport of the nonoxido V(IV) compound amavadin in the fly agaric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Rehder
- Chemistry Department, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Ueki T, Uwagaki M, Yamamoto S, Michibata H. Participation of thioredoxin in the V(V)-reduction reaction by Vanabin2. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3238-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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