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Hasan N, Bhuyan MM, Jeong JH. Single/Multi-Network Conductive Hydrogels-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2030. [PMID: 39065347 PMCID: PMC11281081 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels made from conductive organic materials have gained significant interest in recent years due to their wide range of uses, such as electrical conductors, freezing resistors, biosensors, actuators, biomedical engineering materials, drug carrier, artificial organs, flexible electronics, battery solar cells, soft robotics, and self-healers. Nevertheless, the insufficient level of effectiveness in electroconductive hydrogels serves as a driving force for researchers to intensify their endeavors in this domain. This article provides a concise overview of the recent advancements in creating self-healing single- or multi-network (double or triple) conductive hydrogels (CHs) using a range of natural and synthetic polymers and monomers. We deliberated on the efficacy, benefits, and drawbacks of several conductive hydrogels. This paper emphasizes the use of natural polymers and innovative 3D printing CHs-based technology to create self-healing conductive gels for flexible electronics. In conclusion, advantages and disadvantages have been noted, and some potential opportunities for self-healing single- or multi-network hydrogels have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Murshed Bhuyan
- Department of Mechanical, Smart and Industrial Engineering (Mechanical Engineering Major), Gachon University 1342, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Mechanical, Smart and Industrial Engineering (Mechanical Engineering Major), Gachon University 1342, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea;
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Šterbinská S, Holub M, Čižmár E, Černák J, Falvello LR, Tomás M. An Old Crystallization Technique as a Fast, Facile, and Adaptable Method for Obtaining Single Crystals of Unstable "Li 2TCNQF 4" and New Compounds of TCNQ or TCNQF 4: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:4357-4369. [PMID: 37304399 PMCID: PMC10251768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Detailed structural information is essential for understanding the properties of TCNQ and TCNQF4 compounds (TCNQ = 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane; TCNQF4 = 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane). The ineludible requirement of obtaining crystals of a size and quality sufficient to yield a successful X-ray diffraction analysis has been challenging to satisfy because of the instability of many of these compounds in solution. Crystals of two new complexes of TCNQ, [trans-M(2ampy)2(TCNQ)2] [M = Ni (1), Zn (2); 2ampy = 2-aminomethylpyridine], as well as unstable [Li2(TCNQF4)(CH3CN)4]·CH3CN (3), can be prepared in minutes by a horizontal diffusion technique and can be harvested easily for X-ray structural studies. Compound 3, previously described as "Li2TCNQF4," forms a one-dimensional (1D) ribbon. Compounds 1 and 2 can also be obtained as microcrystalline solids from methanolic solutions of MCl2/LiTCNQ/2ampy. Their variable-temperature magnetic studies confirmed a contribution of strongly antiferromagnetically coupled pairs of TCNQ•- anion radicals at higher temperatures with exchange coupling J/kB = -1206 K and J/kB = -1369 K for 1 and 2, respectively, estimated using a spin dimer model. The presence of magnetically active anisotropic Ni(II) atoms with S = 1 in 1 was confirmed, and the magnetic behavior of 1, representing an infinite chain of alternating S = 1 sites and S = 1/2 dimers, was described by a spin-ring model suggesting ferromagnetic exchange coupling between Ni(II) sites and anion radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavomíra Šterbinská
- Faculty
of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA) and Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, CSIC-Universidad
de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Mariia Holub
- Faculty
of Sciences, Institute of Physics, P. J.
Šafárik University in Košice, Park Angelinum 9, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Erik Čižmár
- Faculty
of Sciences, Institute of Physics, P. J.
Šafárik University in Košice, Park Angelinum 9, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Černák
- Faculty
of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Lawrence Rocco Falvello
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA) and Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, CSIC-Universidad
de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Milagros Tomás
- Instituto
de Síntesis Quimica y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH),
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Pedro Cerbuna 12, University of Zaragoza−CSIC, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Nimax P, Sünkel K. Coordination chemistry of polynitriles, part VII. The crystal structures of barium (II) and lead (II) pentacyanocyclopentadienide. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sünkel K, Reimann D, Nimax P. Synthesis, molecular, and crystal structures of 3d transition metal cyanocyclopentadienides [M(MeOH)
n
(H2O)4–
n
{C5(CN)4X}2] (M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn; X=H, CN, NH2, NO2). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2018-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The reaction of the 3d transition metal dichlorides MCl2 (M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) with the silver salts of substituted tetracyanocyclopentadienides Ag+ [C5(CN)4X]− (X=CN, H, NH2 NO2) gives the complexes [M(MeOH/H2O)4{C5(CN)4)X}2]. Nine of these complexes were characterized by X-ray diffraction and it shows that they all are mononuclear with an octahedral M(N)2(O)4 coordination sphere. In the structures, extensive hydrogen bonding leads to dense three-dimensional network structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlheinz Sünkel
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich , Butenandtstrase 9 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Dietmar Reimann
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich , Butenandtstrase 9 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Patrick Nimax
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich , Butenandtstrase 9 , 81377 Munich , Germany
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Abrahams BF, Elliott RW, Hudson TA, Robson R, Sutton AL. X4TCNQ2− dianions: versatile building blocks for supramolecular systems. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic approach has led to the incorporation of TCNQ and F4TCNQ dianions into a wide variety of structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard Robson
- School of Chemistry
- University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
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Tai XS, Liu LL, Yin J. Synthesis, Crystal Structure of Tetra-Nuclear Macrocyclic Cu(II) Complex Material and Its Application as Catalysts for A3 Coupling Reaction. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-014-0077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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