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Janssen M, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Kinetically Stabilized Diarylpnictogenium Ions. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200429. [PMID: 36670087 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The newly prepared and fully characterized stibenium and bismuthenium ions [Rind MesE]+ (E=Sb, Bi; Rind =dispiro[fluorene-9,3'-(1',1',7',7'-tetramethyl-s-hydrindacen-4'-yl)-5',9''-fluorene) were rigorously compared to the previously communicated phosphenium and arsenium ions (E=P, As) as well as the bis(m-terphenyl) pnictogenium ions [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 E]+ (E=Sb, Bi). It is demonstrated that the choice of the aryl substituents dramatically effects the molecular structures (e. g. the primary E-C bond lengths) and the electronic structures (e. g. the energy of the LUMOs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Janssen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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2
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Lee K, Kim N, Cho KB, Lee Y. Electronic Effect on Phenoxide Migration at a Nickel(II) Center Supported by a Tridentate Bis(phosphinophenyl)phosphido Ligand. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3007-3017. [PMID: 36753609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
A phosphide nickel(II) phenoxide pincer complex (2) reacts with CO(g) to give a pseudo-tetrahedral nickel(0) monocarbonyl complex (3) possessing a phosphinite moiety. This metal-ligand cooperative (MLC) transformation occurs with a (PPP)Ni scaffold (PPP- = P[2-PiPr2-C6H4]2-), which can accommodate both square planar and tetrahedral geometries. The 2-electron reduction of a nickel(II) species induced by CO coordination involves group transfer to generate a P-O bond. For better mechanistic understanding, a series of nickel(II) phenolate complexes (2a-2e, XC6H4O- (X = OMe, Me, H, and CF3) and pentafluorophenolate) were prepared. Kinetic experimental data reveal that a phenolate species with an electron-withdrawing group reacts faster than those with electron-donating groups. The reaction kinetic experiments were conducted in pseudo-first order conditions at room temperature monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy. A pentafluorophenolate nickel(II) complex (2e) reveals instantaneous reactions even at -40 °C to give a nickel(0) monocarbonyl species (3e) and the reverse reaction is also possible. According to kinetic experiments, the rate determining step (RDS) would be the formation of a 5-coordinate intermediate 4 with a negative entropy value (ΔS‡ < 0), and a positive ρ value based on the Hammett plot indicates that the electron-deficient phenolate leads to a faster CO association. Furthermore, scramble experiments suggest that phenolate de-coordinates from the intermediate 4, which gives a (PPP)Ni-CO species 6. The cationic nickel monocarbonyl intermediate can possess a P--Ni(II), P•-Ni(I), or even a P+-Ni(0) character. Such an inner-sphere electron transfer is suggested when a π-acidic ligand such as CO coordinates to a metal ion. Another possible reaction is homolysis of a Ni-O bond to give P--Ni(I) or P•-Ni(0), when a phenoxyl radical is liberated. Considering the P-O bond formation, closed-shell nucleophilic and open-shell radical pathways are suggested. A phenolate pathway reveals a lower energy state for 2e relative to other complexes (2c and 2d), while its radical pathway undergoes via a higher energy state. Therefore, the formation of a P-O bond may occur with the binding of a closed-shell phenolate to the electron-deficient P center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Bin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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3
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Oliemuller LK, Moore CE, Thomas CM. Electronic and Structural Variations of a Nickel(0) N-Heterocyclic Phosphenium Complex in Comparison to Group 10 Analogues. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19440-19451. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah K. Oliemuller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christine M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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4
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Synthetic protocols and applications of copper(I) phosphine and copper(I) phosphine/diimine complexes. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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5
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Zhou DY, Miura-Akagi PM, McCarty SM, Guiles CH, O'Donnell TJ, Yoshida WY, Krause CE, Rheingold AL, Hughes RP, Cain MF. P-Alkynyl functionalized benzazaphospholes as transmetalating agents. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:599-611. [PMID: 33403375 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01367f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of 10π-electron benzazaphosphole 1 to HCl, followed by nucleophilic substitution with the Grignard reagent BrMgCCPh afforded alkynyl functionalized 3 featuring an exocyclic -C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-Ph group with an elongated P-C bond (1.7932(19) Å). Stoichiometric experiments revealed that treatment of trans-Pd(PEt3)2(Ar)(i) (Ar = p-Me (C) or p-F (D)) with 3 generated trans-Pd(PEt3)2(Ar)(CCPh) (Ar = p-Me (E) or p-F (F)), 5, which is the result of ligand exchange between P-I byproduct 4 and C/D, and the reductively eliminated product (Ar-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-Ph). Cyclic voltammetry studies showed and independent investigations confirmed 4 is also susceptible to redox processes including bimetallic oxidative addition to Pd(0) to give Pd(i) dimer 6-Pd2-(P(t-Bu)3)2 and reduction to diphosphine 7. During catalysis, we hypothesized that this unwanted reactivity could be circumvented by employing a source of fluoride as an additive. This was demonstrated by conducting a Sonogashira-type reaction between 1-iodotoluene and 3 in the presence of 10 mol% Na2PdCl4, 20 mol% P(t-Bu)Cy2, and 5 equiv. of tetramethylammonium fluoride (TMAF), resulting in turnover and the isolation of Ph-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-(o-Tol) as the major product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Preston M Miura-Akagi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Sierra M McCarty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Celeste H Guiles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Timothy J O'Donnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Wesley Y Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Colleen E Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Avenue, West Hartford, Connecticut 06117, USA
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Russell P Hughes
- 6128 Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Matthew F Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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6
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Li Y, Fan W, Zhang Z, Xie X, Xiang S, Huang D. Copper(II)-hydroxide facilitated C-C bond formation: the carboxamido pyridine system versus the methylimino pyridine system. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12189-12196. [PMID: 32930687 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02288h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A copper(ii)-hydroxide-induced carbon-carbon bond formation reaction is explored with the synthesis of an asymmetric carboxamido-methylimino pyridine Cu(i) complex of [CuI(py(N-C[double bond, length as m-dash]O)(N[double bond, length as m-dash]C-C)ph2Me2)2]- (12). Two imine-methyl groups are coupled to form a bridged C-C bond (N[double bond, length as m-dash]C-C-C-C[double bond, length as m-dash]N) at the methyl positions with the reduction of two Cu2+ center ions to Cu+. The reaction is checked with three dicarboxamido pyridine [CuII-OH] complexes, with which dinuclear Cu(i) complexes of [Cu2(py(N-C[double bond, length as m-dash]O)2ph2R2)2]2- (R = methyl (3), methyl and allyl (6)) and trinuclear [CuII-CuI-CuII] complex of [Cu3(⊂20-py(N-C[double bond, length as m-dash]O)2ph2dienMe3)2]+ (9) are obtained. The reactivities of the [CuII-L] (L = DMF, OH-) complexes in dicarboxamido pyridine, carboxamido-methylimino pyridine and dimethylimino pyridine systems are discussed in terms of the electron delocalization properties of ligands. A cooperative metal-ligand (Cu2+ and enamide ligand) interaction is proposed based on the characterization of ligated Cu(ii) intermediates with the techniques of X-ray crystallography, UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammogram, EPR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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Pizarro JD, Molina F, Fructos MR, Pérez PJ. Alkoxydiaminophosphine Ligands as Surrogates of NHCs in Copper Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:10330-10335. [PMID: 32329536 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A family of phosphine ligands containing a five-membered ring similar to the popular N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and an alkoxy third substituent has been developed. These alkoxydiaminophosphine ligands (ADAP) can be generated in one pot and reacted with a copper(I) source leading to the high yield isolation of complexes [(ADAP)CuX]2 (X=Cl, Br). The dinuclear nature of these compounds has been established by means of X-ray studies and DOSY experiments. A screening of the catalytic properties of these complexes toward carbene-transfer reactions from diazocompounds to C-H bonds (alkane, arene), olefins or N-H bonds, as well as in CuAAC or nitrene transfer reactions have shown a performance at least similar, if not better, than their (NHC)CuCl analogues, opening a new window in copper catalysis with these readily tunable ADAP ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Pizarro
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC CIQSO-Centro de, Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Francisco Molina
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC CIQSO-Centro de, Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Manuel R Fructos
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC CIQSO-Centro de, Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Pedro J Pérez
- Laboratorio de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC CIQSO-Centro de, Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
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8
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Metal-Ligand Cooperativity of Phosphorus-Containing Pincer Systems. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Bestgen S, Rees NH, Goicoechea JM. Flexible and Versatile Pincer-Type PGeP and PSnP Ligand Frameworks. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bestgen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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10
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Graham CME, Valjus J, Pritchard TE, Boyle PD, Tuononen HM, Ragogna PJ. Phosphorus-Chalcogen Ring Expansion and Metal Coordination. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:13500-13509. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M. E. Graham
- Department of Chemistry
and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Juuso Valjus
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä, FI 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taylor E. Pritchard
- Department of Chemistry
and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry
and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä, FI 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paul J. Ragogna
- Department of Chemistry
and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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11
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Evers-McGregor DA, Bezpalko MW, Foxman BM, Thomas CM. Exploring the coordination chemistry of N-heterocyclic phosphenium/phosphido ligands using nickelocene as a synthon. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Oh S, Kim S, Lee D, Gwak J, Lee Y. Alkoxide Migration at a Nickel(II) Center Induced by a π-Acidic Ligand: Migratory Insertion versus Metal–Ligand Cooperation. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:12863-12871. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seohee Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseong Gwak
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Jayaraman A, Sterenberg BT. Phosphorus–Carbon Bond Forming Reactions of Diphenylphosphenium and Diphenylphosphine Triflate Complexes of Tungsten. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Jayaraman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Brian T. Sterenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
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Ziegler MS, Levine DS, Lakshmi KV, Tilley TD. Aryl Group Transfer from Tetraarylborato Anions to an Electrophilic Dicopper(I) Center and Mixed-Valence μ-Aryl Dicopper(I,II) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6484-91. [PMID: 27176131 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of discrete, cationic binuclear μ-aryl dicopper complexes [Cu2(μ-η(1):η(1)-Ar)DPFN]X (Ar = C6H5, 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3, and C6F5; DPFN = 2,7-bis(fluoro-di(2-pyridyl)methyl)-1,8-naphthyridine; X = BAr4(-) and NTf2(-); Tf = SO2CF3) was achieved by treatment of a dicopper complex [Cu2(μ-η(1):η(1)-NCCH3)DPFN]X2 (X = PF6(-) and NTf2(-)) with tetraarylborates. Structural characterization revealed symmetrically bridging aryl groups, and (1)H NMR spectroscopy evidenced the same structure in solution at 24 °C. Electrochemical investigation of the resulting arylcopper complexes uncovered reversible redox events that led to the synthesis and isolation of a rare mixed-valence organocopper complex [Cu2(μ-η(1):η(1)-Ph)DPFN](NTf2)2 in high yield. The solid-state structure of the mixed-valence μ-phenyl complex exhibits inequivalent copper centers, despite a short Cu···Cu distance. Electronic and variable-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of the mixed-valence μ-phenyl complex suggest that the degree of spin localization is temperature-dependent, with a high degree of spin localization observed at lower temperatures. Electronic structure calculations agree with the experimental results and suggest that the spin is localized almost entirely on one metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah S Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel S Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - K V Lakshmi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch '60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Kim YE, Oh S, Kim S, Kim O, Kim J, Han SW, Lee Y. Phosphinite-Ni(0) mediated formation of a phosphide-Ni(II)-OCOOMe species via uncommon metal-ligand cooperation. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4280-3. [PMID: 25798737 DOI: 10.1021/ja513112r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Reversible transformations are observed between a phosphide-nickel(II) alkoxide and a phosphinite-nickel(0) species via a P-O bond formation coupled with a 2-e(-) redox change at the nickel center. In the forward reaction, the nickel(0) dinitrogen species (PP(OMe)P)Ni(N2) (2) and {(PP(OMe)P)Ni}2(μ-N2) (3) were formed from the reaction of (PPP)NiCl (1) with a methoxy anion. In the backward reaction, a (PPP)Ni(II) moiety was regenerated from the CO2 reaction of 3 with the concomitant formation of a methyl carbonate ligand in (PPP)Ni(OCOOMe) (7). Thus, unanticipated metal-ligand cooperation involving a phosphide based ligand is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Eun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohee Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Onnuri Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Han
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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