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Winardi I, Han Z, Yu H, Surabhi P, Pei Q. Nanocomposite Scintillators Loaded With Hafnium Oxide and Phosphorescent Host and Guest for Gamma Spectroscopy. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:5257-5263. [PMID: 38828188 PMCID: PMC11137814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Gamma sensitive plastic scintillators are of critical importance in the fields of nuclear nonproliferation, medical imaging, and high energy physics. However, there is often a trade-off between high light yield and high loading of high-Z components, both of which play an essential role in gamma ray detection. This work takes advantage of triplet exciton harvesting to increase gamma light yield by utilizing 1,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzene and 9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluorene as triplet hosts to facilitate Dexter energy transfer to bis[2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-C2,N](picolinato)iridium(III) (FIrPic), a blue light emitting phosphorescent dye. A plastic scintillator containing 20 wt % MF, 10 wt % mCP, and 2 wt % FIrPic has a high gamma light yield of 14 800 Ph/MeV. Incorporating 20-35 wt % hafnium oxide nanoparticles into this organic matrix results in nanocomposites that demonstrate a gamma photopeak energy resolution of 6.4-9.7% at 662 keV while still retaining a high gamma light yield between 8800 and 10 800 Ph/MeV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hao Yu
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Prabhav Surabhi
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qibing Pei
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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2
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Benítez M, Buil ML, Esteruelas MA, Izquierdo S, Oñate E, Tsai JY. Acetylides for the Preparation of Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes: Iridaoxazoles and Their Transformation into Hydroxycarbenes and N,C(sp3),C(sp2),O-Tetradentate Ligands. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19597-19611. [PMID: 36416194 PMCID: PMC9949702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of three families of phosphorescent iridium(III) emitters, including iridaoxazole derivatives, hydroxycarbene compounds, and N,C(sp3),C(sp2),O-tetradentate containing complexes, has been performed starting from dimers cis-[Ir(μ2-η2-C≡CR){κ2-C,N-(MeC6H3-py)}2]2 (R = tBu (1a), Ph (1b)). Reactions of 1a with benzamide, acetamide, phenylacetamide, and trifluoroacetamide lead to the iridaoxazole derivatives Ir{κ2-C,O-[C(CH2tBu)NC(R)O]}{κ2-C,N-(MeC6H3-py)}2 (R = Ph (2), Me (3), CH2Ph (4), CF3 (5)) with a fac disposition of carbons and heteroatoms around the metal center. In 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and dichloromethane, water promotes the C-N rupture of the IrC-N bond of the iridaoxazole ring of 3-5 to form amidate-iridium(III)-hydroxycarbene derivatives Ir{κ1-N-[NHC(R)O]}{κ2-C,N-(MeC6H3-py)}2{═C(CH2tBu)OH} (R = Me (6), CH2Ph (7), CF3 (8)). In contrast to 1a, dimer 1b reacts with benzamide and acetamide to give Ir{κ4-N,C,C',O-[py-MeC6H3-C(CH2-C6H4)NHC(R)O]}{κ2-C,N-(MeC6H3-py)}(R = Ph (9), Me (10)), which bear a N,C(sp3),C(sp2),O-tetradentate ligand resulting from a triple coupling (an alkynyl ligand, an amide, and a coordinated aryl group) and a C-H bond activation at the metal coordination sphere. Complexes 2-4 and 6-10 are emissive upon photoexcitation, in orange (2-4), green (6-8), and yellow (9 and 10) regions, with quantum yields between low and moderate (0.01-0.50) and short lifetimes (0.2-9.0 μs).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Benítez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza−CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María L. Buil
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza−CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Esteruelas
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza−CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain,
| | - Susana Izquierdo
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza−CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Oñate
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza−CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jui-Yi Tsai
- Universal
Display Corporation, Ewing, New Jersey 08618, United States
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Wu Y, Yang C, Liu J, Zhang M, Liu W, Li W, Wu C, Cheng G, Yang Q, Wei G, Che CM. Phosphorescent [3 + 2 + 1] coordinated Ir(iii) cyano complexes for achieving efficient phosphors and their application in OLED devices. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10165-10178. [PMID: 34377406 PMCID: PMC8336439 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01426a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of neutral [3 + 2 + 1] coordinated iridium complexes bearing tridentate bis-NHC carbene chelates (2,6-bisimidazolylidene benzene), bidentate chelates (C^N ligands, e.g. derivatives of 2-phenylpridine), and monodentate ions (halides and pseudo-halides, such as Br, I, OCN and CN ions) have been systematically designed and synthesized. X-ray single crystal structure characterization revealed that the nitrogen atom in C^N ligands is located trans to the carbon atom in the benzene ring in tridentate chelates, while the coordinating carbon atom in C^N ligands is located trans to the monodentate ligands. Photophysical studies reveal that the C^N ligands play a vital role in tuning the UV absorption and emission properties, while the tridentate bis-NHC carbene chelates influence the lowest absorption band and emission energy when compared to heteroleptic Ir(ppy)2(acac) [i.e. molar absorptivities at ∼450 nm for ppy-OCN and Ir(ppy)2(acac) are 350 M-1 cm-1 and 1520 M-1 cm-1 and emission maximum peaks are at 465 nm and 515 nm respectively]. Among monodentate ligands that the complexes bear, the group containing the cyanide ligand displays higher emission energy, higher photophysical quantum yields, longer triplet lifetimes and better electrochemical and thermal stabilities than those of cyanate and bromide. Particularly, a blue organic light-emitting diode (OLED) based on dfppy-CN exhibited a maximum external quantum efficiency of 22.94% with CIE coordinates of (0.14, 0.24). Furthermore, a small efficiency roll-off of 5.7% was observed for this device at 1000 cd m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wu
- PURI Materials 6F, Block A, Jiazhaoye Xindong Kechuang Park, 71st Zone Xindong, Baoan District Shenzhen 518133 China
| | - Chen Yang
- PURI Materials 6F, Block A, Jiazhaoye Xindong Kechuang Park, 71st Zone Xindong, Baoan District Shenzhen 518133 China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Weiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Wansi Li
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chengcheng Wu
- PURI Materials 6F, Block A, Jiazhaoye Xindong Kechuang Park, 71st Zone Xindong, Baoan District Shenzhen 518133 China
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen 518053 China
| | - Qingdan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Guodan Wei
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen 518053 China
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Synthesis, crystal structure, photophysical properties, DFT studies and Hirshfeld surface analysis of a phosphorescent 1,2,4-triazole-based iridium(III) complex. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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5
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Sanner RD, Cherepy NJ, Pham HQ, Young VG. Phosphorescent heteroleptic iridium(III) cyclometallates: Improved syntheses of acetylacetonate complexes and quantum chemical studies of their excited state properties. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Highly efficient phosphorescence from cyclometallated iridium(III) compounds: Improved syntheses of picolinate complexes and quantum chemical studies of their electronic structures. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Kinzhalov MA, Eremina AA, Smirnov AS, Suslonov VV, Kukushkin VY, Luzyanin KV. Cleavage of acyclic diaminocarbene ligands at an iridium(iii) center. Recognition of a new reactivity mode for carbene ligands. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7571-7582. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01138b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new reactivity mode for acyclic diaminocarbene ligands, viz. competitive cleavage of either C–NH2 or C–NHR bonds in the aminocarbene fragment, is recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Konstantin V. Luzyanin
- Saint Petersburg State University
- Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
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8
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Sanner RD, Young VG. The crystal structure of bis-{3,5-di-fluoro-2-[4-(2,4,6-tri-methyl-phen-yl)pyridin-2-yl]phen-yl}(picolinato)iridium(III) and its 4- tert-butyl-pyridin-2-yl analogue. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2018; 74:1467-1470. [PMID: 30319803 PMCID: PMC6176426 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989018012409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of bis-{3,5-di-fluoro-2-[4-(2,4,6-tri-methyl-phen-yl)pyridin-2-yl]phenyl-κ2 N,C 1}(picolinato-κ2 N,O)iridium(III), [Ir(C20H16F2N)2(C6H4NO2)], 1, and bis-[2-(4-tert-butyl-pyridin-2-yl)-3,5-di-fluoro-phenyl-κ2 N,C 1](picolinato-κ2 N,O)iridium(III), [Ir(C15H14F2N)2(C6H4NO2)], 2, are presented herein. These phospho-rescent cyclo-metallated iridium(III) compounds have been structurally investigated in order to better understand the nature of their blue-shifted emssions while maintaining high quantum yields. Compound 1 exhibits substantial twisting of the mesitylene rings out of the plane of the attached pyridine ring, with dihedral angles of 67.0 (1) and 78.7 (1)° between the best mean planes. For both compounds, the contribution of disordered solvent mol-ecule(s) was removed using the SQUEEZE [Spek (2015 ▸). Acta Cryst. C71, 9-18] routine in PLATON [Spek (2015 ▸). Acta Cryst. C71, 9-18]. These solvent mol-ecules are not considered in the given chemical formula and other crystal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Sanner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Victor G. Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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9
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Esteruelas MA, Oñate E, Palacios AU. Selective Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Phosphorescent Heteroleptic Iridium(III) Complexes with Two Different Bidentate Groups and Two Different Monodentate Ligands. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Esteruelas
- Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis
Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química
Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Oñate
- Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis
Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química
Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adrián U. Palacios
- Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis
Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química
Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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10
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Sun P, Wang K, Zhao B, Yang T, Xu H, Miao Y, Wang H, Xu B. Blue-emitting Ir(III) complexes using fluorinated bipyridyl as main ligand and 1,2,4-triazol as ancillary ligand: syntheses, photophysical properties and performances in devices. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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