1
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Chatterjee P, Mishra R, Chawla S, Sonkar AK, De AK, Patra AK. Dual Photoreactive Ternary Ruthenium(II) Terpyridyl Complexes: A Comparative Study on Visible-Light-Induced Single-Step Dissociation of Bidentate Ligands and Generation of Singlet Oxygen. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:14998-15015. [PMID: 39092885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The versatile and tunable ligand-exchange dynamics in ruthenium(II)-polypyridyl complexes imposed by the modulation of the steric and electronic effects of the coordinated ligands provide an unlimited scope for developing phototherapeutic agents. The photorelease of a bidentate ligand from the Ru-center is better suited for potent Ru(II)-based photocytotoxic agents with two available labile sites for cross-linking with biological targets augmented with possible phototriggered 1O2 generation. Herein, we introduced a phenyl-terpyridine (ptpy) ligand in the octahedral Ru(II) core of [Ru(ptpy)(L-L)Cl]+ to induce structural distortion for the possible photorelease of electronically distinct bidentate ligands (L-L). For a systematic study, we designed four Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: [Ru(ptpy)(L-L)Cl](PF6), ([1]-[4]), where L-L = 1,2-bis(phenylthio)ethane (SPH) [1], N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEN) [2], N1,N2-diphenylethane-1,2-diimine (BPEDI) [3], and bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether (DPE-Phos) [4]. The detailed photochemical studies suggest a single-step dissociation of L-L from the bis-thioether (SPH) complex [1] and diamine (TMEN) complex [2], while no photosubstitution was observed for [3] and [4]. Complex [1] and [2] demonstrated a dual role, involving both photosubstitution and 1O2 generation, while [3] and [4] solely exhibited poor to moderate 1O2 production. The interplay of excited states leading to these behaviors was rationalized from the lifetimes of the 3MLCT excited states by using transient absorption spectroscopy, suggesting intricate relaxation dynamics and 1O2 generation upon excitation. Therefore, the photolabile complexes [1] and [2] could potentially act as dual photoreactive agents via the phototriggered release of L-L (PACT) and/or 1O2-mediated PDT mechanisms, while [4] primarily can be utilized as a PDT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Ramranjan Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sakshi Chawla
- Condensed Phase Dynamics Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Avinash Kumar Sonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Arijit K De
- Condensed Phase Dynamics Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ashis K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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2
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Davidson RJ, Hsu YT, Yufit DS, Beeby A. Light Activated Release of Nitrile Ligands from trans-Ru(L)(PPh 3) 2(nitrile) Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:34098-34105. [PMID: 39130607 PMCID: PMC11307298 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
A series of trans-RuL(PPh3)2(nitrile) and {RuL(PPh3)2}.2-μ-(nitrile)-based complexes [where L = 2,2'-(3,4-diphenyl-pyrrole-2,5-diyl)dipyridine (dpp), di(pyridin-2-yl)isoindoline-1,3-diimine (bpi), or 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Pbpy); and nitrile = 1,4-dibenzontirile, 4-ethynylbenzonitrile, or dicyanamide] were synthesized and characterized, and their electrochemical and photochemical behaviors were investigated. Those complexes that contained a significant nitrile contribution to their 3MLLCT show a release of their nitrile ligand (when L = dpp or Pbpy and the nitrile ligand = 4-dibenzontirile, or 4-ethynylbenzonitrile) with dissociation constants up to 8.09 × 10-4 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J. Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Yu-Ting Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Dmitry S. Yufit
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Andrew Beeby
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
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3
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Goodwin MJ, Dickenson JC, Ripak A, Deetz AM, McCarthy JS, Meyer GJ, Troian-Gautier L. Factors that Impact Photochemical Cage Escape Yields. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7379-7464. [PMID: 38743869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of visible light to mediate chemical reactions in fluid solutions has applications that range from solar fuel production to medicine and organic synthesis. These reactions are typically initiated by electron transfer between a photoexcited dye molecule (a photosensitizer) and a redox-active quencher to yield radical pairs that are intimately associated within a solvent cage. Many of these radicals undergo rapid thermodynamically favored "geminate" recombination and do not diffuse out of the solvent cage that surrounds them. Those that do escape the cage are useful reagents that may undergo subsequent reactions important to the above-mentioned applications. The cage escape process and the factors that determine the yields remain poorly understood despite decades of research motivated by their practical and fundamental importance. Herein, state-of-the-art research on light-induced electron transfer and cage escape that has appeared since the seminal 1972 review by J. P. Lorand entitled "The Cage Effect" is reviewed. This review also provides some background for those new to the field and discusses the cage escape process of both homolytic bond photodissociation and bimolecular light induced electron transfer reactions. The review concludes with some key goals and directions for future research that promise to elevate this very vibrant field to even greater heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John C Dickenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexia Ripak
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jackson S McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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4
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Eastham K, Kennedy ADW, Scottwell SØ, Bramham JE, Hardman S, Golovanov AP, Scattergood PA, Crowley JD, Elliott PIP. Photochemistry of Ru(II) Triazole Complexes with 6-Membered Chelate Ligands: Detection and Reactivity of Ligand-Loss Intermediates. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9084-9097. [PMID: 38701516 PMCID: PMC11110011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Photochemical ligand release from metal complexes may be exploited in the development of novel photoactivated chemotherapy agents for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Highly intriguing photochemical behavior is reported for two ruthenium(II) complexes bearing conformationally flexible 1,2,3-triazole-based ligands incorporating a methylene spacer to form 6-membered chelate rings. [Ru(bpy)2(pictz)]2+ (1) and [Ru(bpy)2(btzm)]2+ (2) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl; pictz = 1-(picolyl)-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole; btzm = bis(4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methane) exhibit coordination by the triazole ring through the less basic N2 atom as a consequence of chelation and readily undergo photochemical release of the pictz and btzm ligands (ϕ = 0.079 and 0.091, respectively) in acetonitrile solution to form cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NCMe)2]2+ (3) in both cases. Ligand-loss intermediates of the form [Ru(bpy)2(κ1-pictz or κ1-btzm)(NCCD3)]2+ are detected by 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Photolysis of 1 yields three ligand-loss intermediates with monodentate pictz ligands, two of which form through simple decoordination of either the pyridine or triazole donor with subsequent solvent coordination (4-tz(N2) and 4-py, respectively). The third intermediate, shown to be able to form photochemically directly from 1, arises through linkage isomerism in which the monodentate pictz ligand is coordinated by the triazole N3 atom (4-tz(N3)) with a comparable ligand-loss intermediate with an N3-bound κ1-btzm ligand also observed for 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Eastham
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.
| | - Aaron D. W. Kennedy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Synøve Ø. Scottwell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jack E. Bramham
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Samantha Hardman
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Alexander P. Golovanov
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Paul A. Scattergood
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Paul I. P. Elliott
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.
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5
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Robinette FN, Valentine NP, Sehler KM, Medeck AM, Reynolds KE, Lane SN, Price AN, Cavanaugh IG, Shell SM, Ashford DL. Modulating Excited State Properties and Ligand Ejection Kinetics in Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes Designed to Mimic Photochemotherapeutics. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8426-8439. [PMID: 38662617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes have gained significant interest as photochemotherapeutics (PCTs) due to their synthetic viability, strong light absorption, well understood excited state properties, and high phototoxicity indexes. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical, spectrochemical, and preliminary cytotoxicity analyses of three series of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes designed to mimic PCTs. The three series have the general structure of [Ru(bpy)2(N-N)]2+ (Series 1), [Ru(bpy)(dmb)(N-N)]2+ (Series 2), and [Ru(dmb)2(N-N)]2+ (Series 3, where N-N is a bidentate polypyridyl ligand, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, and dmb = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine). In the three series, the N-N ligand was systematically modified to incorporate increased conjugation and/or electronegative heteroatoms to increase dπ-π* backbonding, red-shifting the lowest energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorptions from λmax = 454 to λmax = 580 nm, nearing the therapeutic window for PCTs (600-1100 nm). In addition, steric bulk was systematically introduced through the series, distorting the Ru(II) octahedra, making the dissociative 3dd* state thermally accessible at room and body temperatures. This resulted in a 4 orders of magnitude increase in photoinduced ligand ejection kinetics, and demonstrates the ability to modulate both the MLCT* and dd* manifolds in the complexes, which is critical in PCT drug design. Preliminary cell viability assays suggest that the increased steric bulk to lower the 3dd* states may interfere with the cytotoxicity mechanism, limiting photoinitiated toxicity of the complexes. This work demonstrates the importance of understanding both the MLCT* and dd* manifolds and how they impact the ability of a complex to act as a PCT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith N Robinette
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Nathaniel P Valentine
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Konrad M Sehler
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Andrew M Medeck
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Keylon E Reynolds
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Skylar N Lane
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Averie N Price
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Ireland G Cavanaugh
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Steven M Shell
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia College at Wise, Wise, Virginia 24293, United States
| | - Dennis L Ashford
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
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6
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Sinha N, Wellauer J, Maisuradze T, Prescimone A, Kupfer S, Wenger OS. Reversible Photoinduced Ligand Substitution in a Luminescent Chromium(0) Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10418-10431. [PMID: 38588581 PMCID: PMC11027151 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Light-triggered dissociation of ligands forms the basis for many compounds of interest for photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), in which medicinally active substances are released or "uncaged" from metal complexes upon illumination. Photoinduced ligand dissociation is usually irreversible, and many recent studies performed in the context of PACT focused on ruthenium(II) polypyridines and related heavy metal complexes. Herein, we report a first-row transition metal complex, in which photoinduced dissociation and spontaneous recoordination of a ligand unit occurs. Two scorpionate-type tridentate chelates provide an overall six-coordinate arylisocyanide environment for chromium(0). Photoexcitation causes decoordination of one of these six ligating units and coordination of a solvent molecule, at least in tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane solvents, but far less in toluene, and below detection limit in cyclohexane. Transient UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemical simulations point to photoinduced ligand dissociation directly from an excited metal-to-ligand charge-transfer state. Owing to the tridentate chelate design and the substitution lability of the first-row transition metal, recoordination of the photodissociated arylisocyanide ligand unit can occur spontaneously on a millisecond time scale. This work provides insight into possible self-healing mechanisms counteracting unwanted photodegradation processes and seems furthermore relevant in the contexts of photoswitching and (photo)chemical information storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Sinha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of
Technology Mandi, Mandi 175075, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Joël Wellauer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Maisuradze
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Cole HD, Vali A, Roque JA, Shi G, Kaur G, Hodges RO, Francés-Monerris A, Alberto ME, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Ru(II) Phenanthroline-Based Oligothienyl Complexes as Phototherapy Agents. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:21181-21200. [PMID: 38079387 PMCID: PMC10754219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes have gained widespread attention as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, we systematically investigate a series of the type [Ru(phen)2(IP-nT)]2+, featuring 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) coligands and imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligands tethered to n = 0-4 thiophene rings (IP-nT). The complexes were characterized and investigated for their electrochemical, spectroscopic, and (photo)biological properties. The electrochemical oxidation of the nT unit shifted by -350 mV as n = 1 → 4 (+920 mV for Ru-1T, +570 mV for Ru-4T); nT reductions were observed in complexes Ru-3T (-2530 mV) and Ru-4T (-2300 mV). Singlet oxygen quantum yields ranged from 0.53 to 0.88, with Ru-3T and Ru-4T being equally efficient (∼0.88). Time-resolved absorption spectra of Ru-0T-1T were dominated by metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) states (τTA = 0.40-0.85 μs), but long-lived intraligand charge-transfer (3ILCT) states were observed in Ru-2T-4T (τTA = 25-148 μs). The 3ILCT energies of Ru-3T and Ru-4T were computed to be 1.6 and 1.4 eV, respectively. The phototherapeutic efficacy against melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28) under broad-band visible light (400-700 nm) increases as n = 0 → 4: Ru-0T was inactive up to 300 μM, Ru-1T-2T were moderately active (EC50 ∼ 600 nM, PI = 200), and Ru-3T (EC50 = 57 nM, PI > 1100) and Ru-4T (EC50 = 740 pM, PI = 114,000) were the most phototoxic. The activity diminishes with longer wavelengths of light and is completely suppressed for all complexes except Ru-3T and Ru-4T in hypoxia. Ru-4T is the more potent and robust PS in 1% O2 over seven biological replicates (avg EC50 = 1.3 μM, avg PI = 985). Ru-3T exhibited hypoxic activity in five of seven replicates, underscoring the need for biological replicates in compound evaluation. Singlet oxygen sensitization is likely responsible for phototoxic effects of the compounds in normoxia, but the presence of redox-active excited states may facilitate additional photoactive pathways for complexes with three or more thienyl groups. The 3ILCT state with its extended lifetime (30-40× longer than the 3MLCT state for Ru-3T and Ru-4T) implicates its predominant role in photocytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - Abbas Vali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 USA
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - Rachel O. Hodges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 USA
| | | | - Marta E. Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Italy
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 USA
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8
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Body N, Bevernaegie R, Lefebvre C, Jabin I, Hermans S, Riant O, Troian-Gautier L. Photo-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Enol Acetate Using Recyclable Silica-Supported Heteroleptic and Homoleptic Copper(I) Photosensitizers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301212. [PMID: 37582678 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Earth-abundant photosensitizers are highly sought after for light-mediated applications, such as photoredox catalysis, depollution and energy conversion schemes. Homoleptic and heteroleptic copper(I) complexes are promising candidates in this field, as copper is abundant and the corresponding complexes are easily obtained in smooth conditions. However, some heteroleptic copper(I) complexes suffer from low (photo)stability that leads to the gradual formation of the corresponding homoleptic complex. Such degradation pathways are detrimental, especially when recyclability is desired. This study reports a novel approach for the heterogenization of homoleptic and heteroleptic Cu complexes on silica nanoparticles. In both cases, the photophysical properties upon surface immobilization were only slightly affected. Excited-state quenching with aryl diazonium derivatives occurred efficiently (108 -1010 M-1 s-1 ) with heterogeneous and homogeneous photosensitizers. Moderate but almost identical yields were obtained for the α-arylation of enol acetate using the homoleptic complex in homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions. Importantly, the silica-supported photocatalysts were recycled with moderate loss in photoactivity over multiple experiments. Transient absorption spectroscopy confirmed that excited-state electron transfer occurred from the homogeneous and heterogeneous homoleptic copper(I) complexes to aryl diazonium derivatives, generating the corresponding copper(II) center that persisted for several hundreds of microseconds, compatible with photoredox catalysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Body
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Robin Bevernaegie
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques (CPCO), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (LCO), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Corentin Lefebvre
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ivan Jabin
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques (CPCO), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (LCO), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hermans
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Riant
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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9
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Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes form a vast family of molecules characterized by their finely tuned photochemical and photophysical properties. Their ability to undergo excited-state deactivation via photosubstitution reactions makes them quite unique in inorganic photochemistry. As a consequence, they have been used, in general, for building dynamic molecular systems responsive to light but, more particularly, in the field of oncology, as prodrugs for a new cancer treatment modality called photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). Indeed, the ability of a coordination bond to be selectively broken under visible light irradiation offers fascinating perspectives in oncology: it is possible to make poorly toxic agents in the dark that become activated toward cancer cell killing by simple visible light irradiation of the compound inside a tumor. In this Perspective, we review the most important concepts behind the PACT idea, the relationship between ruthenium compounds used for PACT and those used for a related phototherapeutic approach called photodynamic therapy (PDT), and we discuss important questions about real-life applications of PACT in the clinic. We conclude this Perspective with important challenges in the field and an outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Maeda A, Tokumoto JY, Kojima S, Fujimori K, Moriuchi-Kawakami T, Hirahara M. Binding of Stimuli-Responsive Ruthenium Aqua Complexes with 9-Ethylguanine. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37391-37401. [PMID: 37841177 PMCID: PMC10569010 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive ruthenium complexes proximal- and distal-[Ru(C10tpy)(C10pyqu) OH2]2+ (proximal-1 and distal-1; C10tpy = 4'-decyloxy-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine and C10pyqu = 2-[2'-(6'-decyloxy)-pyridyl]quinoline) were experimentally studied for adduct formation with a model DNA base. At 303 K, proximal-1 exhibited 1:1 adduct formation with 9-ethylguanine (9-EtG) to yield proximal-[Ru(C10tpy)(C10pyqu)(9-EtG)]2+ (proximal-RuEtG). Rotation of the guanine ligand on the ruthenium center was sterically hindered by the presence of an adjacent quinoline moiety at 303 K. Results from 1H NMR measurements indicated that photoirradiation of a proximal-RuEtG solution caused photoisomerization to distal-RuEtG, whereas heating of proximal-RuEtG caused ligand substitution to proximal-1. The distal isomer of the aqua complex, distal-1, was observed to slowly revert to proximal-1 at 303 K. In the presence of 9-EtG, distal-1 underwent thermal back-isomerization to proximal-1 and adduct formation to distal-RuEtG. Kinetic analysis of 1H NMR measurements showed that adduct formation between proximal-1 and 9-EtG was 8-fold faster than that between distal-1 and 9-EtG. This difference may be attributed to intramolecular hydrogen bonding and steric repulsion between the aqua ligand and the pendant moiety of the bidentate ligand..
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Jun-ya Tokumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujimori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Takayo Moriuchi-Kawakami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Masanari Hirahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
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11
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Rapp TL, DeForest CA. Tricolor visible wavelength-selective photodegradable hydrogel biomaterials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5250. [PMID: 37640707 PMCID: PMC10462736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic hydrogel biomaterials have demonstrated great potential for user-triggered therapeutic release, patterned organoid development, and four-dimensional control over advanced cell fates in vitro. Current photosensitive materials are constrained by their reliance on high-energy ultraviolet light (<400 nm) that offers poor tissue penetrance and limits access to the broader visible spectrum. Here, we report a family of three photolabile material crosslinkers that respond rapidly and with unique tricolor wavelength-selectivity to low-energy visible light (400-617 nm). We show that when mixed with multifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) macromolecular precursors, ruthenium polypyridyl- and ortho-nitrobenzyl (oNB)-based crosslinkers yield cytocompatible biomaterials that can undergo spatiotemporally patterned, uniform bulk softening, and multiplexed degradation several centimeters deep through complex tissue. We demonstrate that encapsulated living cells within these photoresponsive gels show high viability and can be successfully recovered from the hydrogels following photodegradation. Moving forward, we anticipate that these advanced material platforms will enable new studies in 3D mechanobiology, controlled drug delivery, and next-generation tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Rapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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12
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Del Pino JMV, Scalambra F, Bermejo-Casadesús C, Massaguer A, García-Maroto F, Romerosa A. Study of the biological activity of photoactive bipyridyl-Ru(II) complexes containing 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA). J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112291. [PMID: 37352655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble ruthenium complex cis-[Ru(dcbpyH)2(PTAH)2]Cl2·3H2O (1) (dcbpy = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine; PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) has been synthesized and characterised by NMR, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The optical properties of 1 were studied, including photoactivation under visible light, as well as its biological properties, together with those of the previously published Ru complexes cis-[Ru(bpy)2(PTA)2]Cl2 (2), trans-[Ru(bpy)2(PTA)2](CF3SO3)2 (3) and cis-[Ru(bpy)2(H2O)(PTA)](CF3SO3)2 (4) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). Anticancer activities of the complexes against human lung (A549), cervical (HeLa) and prostate (PC3) carcinoma cells were evaluated under dark conditions and upon photoactivation with visible light. None of the complexes exhibited cytotoxic activity in the absence of light irradiation (IC50 > 100 μM). However, after photoactivation, the cytotoxicity of complexes 1, 2 and 3 against the three cell lines markedly increased, resulting in IC50 values between 25.3 μM and 9.3 μM. Notably, these complexes did not show toxicity against red blood cells. These findings show the potential of complexes 1, 2 and, particularly, 3 for selective and controlled cancer photochemotherapy. The reactivity of the Ru complexes against DNA under UV-Vis irradiation was studied by analysing plasmid mobility. Experimental data shows that 4 unfolds supercoiled DNA (SC DNA) both in the dark and under visible irradiation, while 1 and 3 are only active under light, being 2 inactive in either case. The unfolding activities of complexes 3 and 4 were dependent on the air present in the reaction. The measured intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon irradiation with complexes 1, 2 and 3 suggest that their mechanism of action is related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franco Scalambra
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Anna Massaguer
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain.
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13
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Martin MI, Pham TN, Ward KN, Rice AT, Hertler PR, Yap GPA, Gilmartin PH, Rosenthal J. Mapping the influence of ligand electronics on the spectroscopic and 1O 2 sensitization characteristics of Pd(II) biladiene complexes bearing phenyl-alkynyl groups at the 2- and 18-positions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:7512-7523. [PMID: 37199710 PMCID: PMC10263192 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00691c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment for certain cancers that proceeds via sensitization of ground state 3O2 to generate reactive 1O2. Classic macrocyclic tetrapyrrole ligand scaffolds, such as porphyrins and phthalocyanines, have been studied in detail for their 1O2 photosensitization capabilities. Despite their compelling photophysics, these systems have been limited in PDT applications because of adverse biological side effects. Conversely, the development of non-traditional oligotetrapyrrole ligands metalated with palladium (Pd[DMBil1]) have established new candidates for PDT that display excellent biocompatibility. Herein, the synthesis, electrochemical, and photophysical characterization of a new family of 2,18-bis(phenylalkynyl)-substituted PdII 10,10-dimethyl-5,15-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-biladiene (Pd[DMBil2-R]) complexes is presented. These second generation biladienes feature extended conjugation relative to previously characterized PdII biladiene scaffolds (Pd[DMBil1]). We show that these new derivatives can be prepared in good yield and, that the electronic nature of the phenylalkynyl appendages dramatically influence the PdII biladiene photophysics. Extending the conjugation of the Pd[DMBil1] core through installation of phenylacetylene resulted in a ∼75 nm red-shift of the biladiene absorption spectrum into the phototherapeutic window (600-900 nm), while maintaining the PdII biladiene's steady-state spectroscopic 1O2 sensitization characteristics. Varying the electronics of the phenylalkyne groups via installation of electron donating or withdrawing groups dramatically influences the steady-state spectroscopic and photophysical properties of the resulting Pd[DMBil2-R] family of complexes. The most electron rich variants (Pd[DMBil2-N(CH3)2]) can absorb light as far red as ∼700 nm but suffer from significantly reduced ability to sensitize formation of 1O2. By contrast, Pd[DMBil2-R] derivatives bearing electron withdrawing functionalities (Pd[DMBil2-CN] and Pd[DMBil2-CF3]) display 1O2 quantum yields above 90%. The collection of results we report suggest that excited state charge transfer from more electron-rich phenyl-alkyne appendages to the electron deficient biladiene core circumvents triplet sensitization. The spectral and redox properties, as well as the triplet sensitization efficiency of each Pd[DMBil2-R] derivative is considered in relation to the Hammett value (σp) for each biladiene's R-group. More broadly, the results reported in this study clearly demonstrate that biladiene redox properties, spectral properties, and photophysics can be perturbed greatly by relatively minor alterations to biladiene structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell I Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Trong-Nhan Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Kaytlin N Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Anthony T Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Phoebe R Hertler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Philip H Gilmartin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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14
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Herrera-Ramírez P, Berger SA, Josa D, Aguilà D, Caballero AB, Fontova P, Soto-Cerrato V, Martínez M, Gamez P. Steric hindrance, ligand ejection and associated photocytotoxic properties of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:403-420. [PMID: 37059909 PMCID: PMC10149480 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-01998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Two ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes were prepared with the {Ru(phen)2}2+ moiety and a third sterically non-hindering bidentate ligand, namely 2,2'-dipyridylamine (dpa) and N-benzyl-2,2'-dipyridylamine (Bndpa). Hence, complexes [Ru(phen)2(dpa)](PF6)2 (1) and [Ru(phen)2(Bndpa)](PF6)2 (2) were characterized and their photochemical behaviour in solution (acetonitrile and water) was subsequently investigated. Compounds 1 and 2, which do not exhibit notably distorted octahedral coordination environments, contrarily to the homoleptic "parent" compound [Ru(phen)3](PF6)2, experience two-step photoejection of the dpa and Bndpa ligand upon irradiation (1050-430 nm) for several hours. DNA-binding studies revealed that compounds 1 and 2 affect the biomolecule differently upon irradiation; while 2 solely modifies its electrophoretic mobility, complex 1 is also capable of cleaving it. In vitro cytotoxicity studies with two cancer-cell lines, namely A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and A375 (melanoma), showed that both 1 and 2 are not toxic in the dark, while only 1 is significantly cytotoxic if irradiated, 2 remaining non-toxic under these conditions. Light irradiation of the complex cation [Ru(phen)2(dpa)]2+ leads to the generation of transient Ru species that is present in the solution medium for several hours, and that is significantly cytotoxic, ultimately producing non-toxic free dpa and [Ru(phen)(OH2)2]2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piedad Herrera-Ramírez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Alina Berger
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dana Josa
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Aguilà
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Caballero
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Fontova
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Vanessa Soto-Cerrato
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Patrick Gamez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Wei X, Cui WB, Qin GY, Zhang XE, Sun FY, Li H, Guo JF, Ren AM. Theoretical Investigation of Ru(II) Complexes with Long Lifetime and a Large Two-Photon Absorption Cross-Section in Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4167-4178. [PMID: 36884221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon photodynamic therapy (TP-PDT), as a new method for cancer, has shown unique advantages in tumors. A low two-photon absorption cross-section (δ) in the biologic spectral window and a short triplet state lifetime are the important issues faced by the current photosensitizers (PSs) in TP-PDT. In this paper, the photophysical properties of a series of Ru(II) complexes were studied by density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory methods. The electronic structure, one- and two-photon absorption properties, type I/II mechanisms, triplet state lifetime, and solvation free energy were calculated. The results showed that the substitution of methoxyls by pyrene groups greatly improved the lifetime of the complex. Furthermore, the addition of acetylenyl groups subtly enhanced δ. Overall, complex 3b possess a large δ(1376 GM), a long lifetime (136 μs), and better solvation free energy. It is hoped that it can provide valuable theoretical guidance for the design and synthesis of efficient two-photon PSs in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wei
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Liutiao Road #2, Changchun 130061, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Bo Cui
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Liutiao Road #2, Changchun 130061, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Ya Qin
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Liutiao Road #2, Changchun 130061, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-E Zhang
- School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Yi Sun
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Liutiao Road #2, Changchun 130061, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Liutiao Road #2, Changchun 130061, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Fu Guo
- School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Min Ren
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Liutiao Road #2, Changchun 130061, P. R. China
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16
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Oladipupo OE, Prescott MC, Blevins ER, Gray JL, Cameron CG, Qu F, Ward NA, Pierce AL, Collinson ER, Hall JF, Park S, Kim Y, McFarland SA, Fedin I, Papish ET. Ruthenium Complexes with Protic Ligands: Influence of the Position of OH Groups and π Expansion on Luminescence and Photocytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065980. [PMID: 36983054 PMCID: PMC10053956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protic ruthenium complexes using the dihydroxybipyridine (dhbp) ligand combined with a spectator ligand (N,N = bpy, phen, dop, Bphen) have been studied for their potential activity vs. cancer cells and their photophysical luminescent properties. These complexes vary in the extent of π expansion and the use of proximal (6,6'-dhbp) or distal (4,4'-dhbp) hydroxy groups. Eight complexes are studied herein as the acidic (OH bearing) form, [(N,N)2Ru(n,n'-dhbp)]Cl2, or as the doubly deprotonated (O- bearing) form. Thus, the presence of these two protonation states gives 16 complexes that have been isolated and studied. Complex 7A, [(dop)2Ru(4,4'-dhbp)]Cl2, has been recently synthesized and characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray crystallography. The deprotonated forms of three complexes are also reported herein for the first time. The other complexes studied have been synthesized previously. Three complexes are light-activated and exhibit photocytotoxicity. The log(Do/w) values of the complexes are used herein to correlate photocytotoxicity with improved cellular uptake. For Ru complexes 1-4 bearing the 6,6'-dhbp ligand, photoluminescence studies (all in deaerated acetonitrile) have revealed that steric strain leads to photodissociation which tends to reduce photoluminescent lifetimes and quantum yields in both protonation states. For Ru complexes 5-8 bearing the 4,4'-dhbp ligand, the deprotonated Ru complexes (5B-8B) have low photoluminescent lifetimes and quantum yields due to quenching that is proposed to involve the 3LLCT excited state and charge transfer from the [O2-bpy]2- ligand to the N,N spectator ligand. The protonated OH bearing 4,4'-dhbp Ru complexes (5A-8A) have long luminescence lifetimes which increase with increasing π expansion on the N,N spectator ligand. The Bphen complex, 8A, has the longest lifetime of the series at 3.45 μs and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 18.7%. This Ru complex also exhibits the best photocytotoxicity of the series. A long luminescence lifetime is correlated with greater singlet oxygen quantum yields because the triplet excited state is presumably long-lived enough to interact with 3O2 to yield 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan E Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Meredith C Prescott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Emily R Blevins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Jessica L Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Nicholas A Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Abigail L Pierce
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Collinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - James Fletcher Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Seungjo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Igor Fedin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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17
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Synthesis and photobiological evaluation of Ru(II) complexes with expanded chelate polypyridyl ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 238:112031. [PMID: 36327501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Photoreactive Ru(II) complexes capable of ejecting ligands have been used extensively for photocaging applications and for the creation of "photocisplatin" reagents. The incorporation of distortion into the structure of the coordination complex lowers the energy of dissociative excited states, increasing the yield of the photosubstitution reaction. While steric clash between ligands induced by adding substituents at the coordinating face of the ligand has been extensively utilized, a lesser known, more subtle approach is to distort the coordination sphere by altering the chelate ring size. Here a systematic study was performed to alter metal-ligand bond lengths, angles, and to cause intraligand distortion by introducing a "linker" atom or group between two pyridine rings. The synthesis, photochemistry, and photobiology of five Ru(II) complexes containing CH2, NH, O, and S-linked dipyridine ligands was investigated. All systems where stable in the dark, and three of the five were photochemically active in buffer. While a clear periodic trend was not observed, this study lays the foundation for the creation of photoactive systems utilizing an alternative type of distortion to facilitate photosubstitution reactions.
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18
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Eastham K, Scattergood PA, Chu D, Boota RZ, Soupart A, Alary F, Dixon IM, Rice CR, Hardman SJO, Elliott PIP. Not All 3MC States Are the Same: The Role of 3MC cis States in the Photochemical N ∧N Ligand Release from [Ru(bpy) 2(N ∧N)] 2+ Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19907-19924. [PMID: 36450138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) complexes feature prominently in the development of agents for photoactivated chemotherapy; however, the excited-state mechanisms by which photochemical ligand release operates remain unclear. We report here a systematic experimental and computational study of a series of complexes [Ru(bpy)2(N∧N)]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl; N∧N = bpy (1), 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (2), 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (3), 1-benzyl-4-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (4), 1-benzyl-4-(6-methylpyrid-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (5), 1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl (6)), in which we probe the contribution to the promotion of photochemical N∧N ligand release of the introduction of sterically encumbering methyl substituents and the electronic effect of replacement of pyridine by 1,2,3-triazole donors in the N∧N ligand. Complexes 2 to 6 all release the ligand N∧N on irradiation in acetonitrile solution to yield cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NCMe)2]2+, with resultant photorelease quantum yields that at first seem counter-intuitive and span a broad range. The data show that incorporation of a single sterically encumbering methyl substituent on the N∧N ligand (2 and 5) leads to a significantly enhanced rate of triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) state deactivation but with little promotion of photoreactivity, whereas replacement of pyridine by triazole donors (4 and 6) leads to a similar rate of 3MLCT deactivation but with much greater photochemical reactivity. The data reported here, discussed in conjunction with previously reported data on related complexes, suggest that monomethylation in 2 and 5 sterically inhibits the formation of a 3MCcis state but promotes the population of 3MCtrans states which rapidly deactivate 3MLCT states and are prone to mediating ground-state recovery. On the other hand, increased photochemical reactivity in 4 and 6 seems to stem from the accessibility of 3MCcis states. The data provide important insights into the excited-state mechanism of photochemical ligand release by Ru(II) tris-bidentate complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Eastham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.,Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Danny Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Rayhaan Z Boota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.,Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Adrien Soupart
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, UMR 5626 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3─Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Fabienne Alary
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, UMR 5626 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3─Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Isabelle M Dixon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, UMR 5626 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3─Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Craig R Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Samantha J O Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.,Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
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19
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Steinke SJ, Piechota EJ, Loftus LM, Turro C. Acetonitrile Ligand Photosubstitution in Ru(II) Complexes Directly from the 3MLCT State. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20177-20182. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Eric J. Piechota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Lauren M. Loftus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
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20
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Teeuwen PCP, Melissari Z, Senge MO, Williams RM. Metal Coordination Effects on the Photophysics of Dipyrrinato Photosensitizers. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206967. [PMID: 36296559 PMCID: PMC9610856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within this work, we review the metal coordination effect on the photophysics of metal dipyrrinato complexes. Dipyrrinato complexes are promising candidates in the search for alternative transition metal photosensitizers for application in photodynamic therapy (PDT). These complexes can be activated by irradiation with light of a specific wavelength, after which, cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated. The metal coordination allows for the use of the heavy atom effect, which can enhance the triplet generation necessary for generation of ROS. Additionally, the flexibility of these complexes for metal ions, substitutions and ligands allows the possibility to tune their photophysical properties. A general overview of the mechanism of photodynamic therapy and the properties of the triplet photosensitizers is given, followed by further details of dipyrrinato complexes described in the literature that show relevance as photosensitizers for PDT. In particular, the photophysical properties of Re(I), Ru(II), Rh(III), Ir(III), Zn(II), Pd(II), Pt(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Ga(III), In(III) and Al(III) dipyrrinato complexes are discussed. The potential for future development in the field of (dipyrrinato)metal complexes is addressed, and several new research topics are suggested throughout this work. We propose that significant advances could be made for heteroleptic bis(dipyrrinato)zinc(II) and homoleptic bis(dipyrrinato)palladium(II) complexes and their application as photosensitizers for PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C. P. Teeuwen
- Molecular Photonics Group, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zoi Melissari
- Molecular Photonics Group, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin St James’s Hospital, D08 RX0X Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin St James’s Hospital, D08 RX0X Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenberg-Str. 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.O.S.); (R.M.W.)
| | - René M. Williams
- Molecular Photonics Group, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.O.S.); (R.M.W.)
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21
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Combination of light and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: Recent advances in the development of new anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Li P, Deetz AM, Hu J, Meyer GJ, Hu K. Chloride Oxidation by One- or Two-Photon Excitation of N-Phenylphenothiazine. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17604-17610. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Alexander M. Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jiaming Hu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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23
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McCullough AB, Chen J, Valentine NP, Franklin TM, Cantrell AP, Darnell VM, Qureshi Q, Hanson K, Shell SM, Ashford DL. Balancing the interplay between ligand ejection and therapeutic window light absorption in ruthenium polypyridyl complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10186-10197. [PMID: 35735218 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01237e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes have gained significant interest as photochemotherapies (PCTs) where their excited-state properties play a critical role in the photo-cytotoxicity mechanism and efficacy. Herein we report a systematic electrochemical, spectrochemical, and photophysical analysis of a series of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes of the type [Ru(bpy)2(N-N)]2+ (where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; N-N is a bidentate polypyridyl ligand) designed to mimic PCTs. In this series, the N-N ligand was modified through increased conjugation and/or incorporation of electronegative heteroatoms to shift the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorptions near the therapeutic window for PCTs (600-1100 nm) while incorporating steric bulk to trigger photoinduced ligand dissociation. The lowest energy MLCT absorptions were red-shifted from λmax = 454 nm to 564 nm, with emission energies decreasing from λmax = 620 nm to 850 nm. Photoinduced ligand ejection and temperature-dependent emission studies revealed an important interplay between red-shifting MLCT absorptions and accessing the dissociative 3dd* states, with energy barriers between the 3MLCT* and 3dd* states ranging from 850 cm-1 to 2580 cm-1 for the complexes measured. This work demonstrates the importance of understanding both the MLCT manifold and 3dd* state energy levels in the future design of ligands and complexes for PCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie B McCullough
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Nathaniel P Valentine
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Toney M Franklin
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Andrew P Cantrell
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Vayda M Darnell
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
| | - Qasim Qureshi
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia's College at Wise, Wise, Virginia, 24293, USA
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Steven M Shell
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia's College at Wise, Wise, Virginia, 24293, USA
| | - Dennis L Ashford
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Tennessee, 37745, USA.
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24
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Metal Peptide Conjugates in Cell and Tissue Imaging and Biosensing. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:30. [PMID: 35701677 PMCID: PMC9197911 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Metal complex luminophores have seen dramatic expansion in application as imaging probes over the past decade. This has been enabled by growing understanding of methods to promote their cell permeation and intracellular targeting. Amongst the successful approaches that have been applied in this regard is peptide-facilitated delivery. Cell-permeating or signal peptides can be readily conjugated to metal complex luminophores and have shown excellent response in carrying such cargo through the cell membrane. In this article, we describe the rationale behind applying metal complexes as probes and sensors in cell imaging and outline the advantages to be gained by applying peptides as the carrier for complex luminophores. We describe some of the progress that has been made in applying peptides in metal complex peptide-driven conjugates as a strategy for cell permeation and targeting of transition metal luminophores. Finally, we provide key examples of their application and outline areas for future progress.
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25
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Chen Q, Cuello-Garibo JA, Bretin L, Zhang L, Ramu V, Aydar Y, Batsiun Y, Bronkhorst S, Husiev Y, Beztsinna N, Chen L, Zhou XQ, Schmidt C, Ott I, Jager MJ, Brouwer AM, Snaar-Jagalska BE, Bonnet S. Photosubstitution in a trisheteroleptic ruthenium complex inhibits conjunctival melanoma growth in a zebrafish orthotopic xenograft model. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6899-6919. [PMID: 35774173 PMCID: PMC9200134 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01646j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo data are rare but essential for establishing the clinical potential of ruthenium-based photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) compounds, a new family of phototherapeutic drugs that are activated via ligand photosubstitution. Here a novel trisheteroleptic ruthenium complex [Ru(dpp)(bpy)(mtmp)](PF6)2 ([2](PF6)2, dpp = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, mtmp = 2-methylthiomethylpyridine) was synthesized and its light-activated anticancer properties were validated in cancer cell monolayers, 3D tumor spheroids, and in embryonic zebrafish cancer models. Upon green light irradiation, the non-toxic mtmp ligand is selectively cleaved off, thereby releasing a phototoxic ruthenium-based photoproduct capable notably of binding to nuclear DNA and triggering DNA damage and apoptosis within 24–48 h. In vitro, fifteen minutes of green light irradiation (21 mW cm−2, 19 J cm−2, 520 nm) were sufficient to generate high phototherapeutic indexes (PI) for this compound in a range of cancer cell lines including lung (A549), prostate (PC3Pro4), conjunctival melanoma (CRMM1, CRMM2, CM2005.1) and uveal melanoma (OMM1, OMM2.5, Mel270) cancer cell lines. The therapeutic potential of [2](PF6)2 was further evaluated in zebrafish embryo ectopic (PC3Pro4) or orthotopic (CRMM1, CRMM2) tumour models. The ectopic model consisted of red fluorescent PC3Pro4-mCherry cells injected intravenously (IV) into zebrafish, that formed perivascular metastatic lesions at the posterior ventral end of caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT). By contrast, in the orthotopic model, CRMM1- and CRMM2-mCherry cells were injected behind the eye where they developed primary lesions. The maximally-tolerated dose (MTD) of [2](PF6)2 was first determined for three different modes of compound administration: (i) incubating the fish in prodrug-containing water (WA); (ii) injecting the prodrug intravenously (IV) into the fish; or (iii) injecting the prodrug retro-orbitally (RO) into the fish. To test the anticancer efficiency of [2](PF6)2, the embryos were treated 24 h after engraftment at the MTD. Optimally, four consecutive PACT treatments were performed on engrafted embryos using 60 min drug-to-light intervals and 90 min green light irradiation (21 mW cm−2, 114 J cm−2, 520 nm). Most importantly, this PACT protocol was not toxic to the zebrafish. In the ectopic prostate tumour models, where [2](PF6)2 showed the highest photoindex in vitro (PI > 31), the PACT treatment did not significantly diminish the growth of primary lesions, while in both conjunctival melanoma orthotopic tumour models, where [2](PF6)2 showed more modest photoindexes (PI ∼ 9), retro-orbitally administered PACT treatment significantly inhibited growth of the engrafted tumors. Overall, this study represents the first demonstration in zebrafish cancer models of the clinical potential of ruthenium-based PACT, here against conjunctival melanoma. A new tris-heteroleptic photoactivated chemotherapy ruthenium complex induces apoptosis upon green light activation in a zebrafish orthothopic conjunctival melanoma xenograft model.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchi Chen
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China.,Institute of Biology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4980
| | - Jordi-Amat Cuello-Garibo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Ludovic Bretin
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Yasmin Aydar
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4980
| | - Yevhen Batsiun
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Sharon Bronkhorst
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Yurii Husiev
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Nataliia Beztsinna
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Lanpeng Chen
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4980
| | - Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Beethovenstrasse 55 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Beethovenstrasse 55 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
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26
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Wang J, Zhou S, Li B, Liu X, Chen H, Wang H. Improving the Photostability of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ by Embedding in Silica. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Nanjing Tech University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institution CHINA
| | - Shiyan Zhou
- Nanjing Tech University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institution CHINA
| | - Bo Li
- Nanjing Tech University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institution CHINA
| | - Xueyang Liu
- Nanjing Tech University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institution CHINA
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Westlake University Institute of Natural Sciences CHINA
| | - Hong Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Environmental Science and Engineering N0. 96 Jinzhai road 230026 Hefei CHINA
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27
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Toupin N, Herroon MK, Thummel RP, Turro C, Podgorski I, Gibson H, Kodanko JJ. Metalloimmunotherapy with Rhodium and Ruthenium Complexes: Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104430. [PMID: 35235227 PMCID: PMC9541094 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) suppress the cancer immune response and are a key target for immunotherapy. The effects of ruthenium and rhodium complexes on TAMs have not been well characterized. To address this gap in the field, a panel of 22 dirhodium and ruthenium complexes were screened against three subtypes of macrophages, triple-negative breast cancer and normal breast tissue cells. Experiments were carried out in 2D and biomimetic 3D co-culture experiments with and without irradiation with blue light. Leads were identified with cell-type-specific toxicity toward macrophage subtypes, cancer cells, or both. Experiments with 3D spheroids revealed complexes that sensitized the tumor models to the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin. Cell surface exposure of calreticulin, a known facilitator of immunogenic cell death (ICD), was increased upon treatment, along with a concomitant reduction in the M2-subtype classifier arginase. Our findings lay a strong foundation for the future development of ruthenium- and rhodium-based chemotherapies targeting TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mackenzie K Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Heather Gibson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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28
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Cole HD, Roque JA, Lifshits LM, Hodges R, Barrett PC, Havrylyuk D, Heidary D, Ramasamy E, Cameron CG, Glazer EC, McFarland SA. Fine-Feature Modifications to Strained Ruthenium Complexes Radically Alter Their Hypoxic Anticancer Activity †. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:73-84. [PMID: 33559191 PMCID: PMC8349932 DOI: 10.1111/php.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In an earlier study of π-expansive ruthenium complexes for photodynamic and photochemo-therapies, it was shown that a pair of structural isomers differing only in the connection point of a naphthalene residue exhibited vastly different biological activity. These isomers are further explored in this paper through the activity of their functionalized derivatives. In normoxia, the inactive 2-NIP isomer (5) can be made as photocytotoxic as the active 1-NIP isomer (1) by functionalizing with methyl or methoxy groups, while methoxy variants of the 1-NIP isomer became inactive. In all cases, the singlet oxygen sensitization quantum yield was below 1%. Hypoxic photocytotoxicity was attenuated, with only three of the series showing any activity, notwithstanding the photodissociative ligands. The results here are consistent with the earlier findings in that seemingly minor structural modifications on the non-strained ligand can dramatically modulate the normoxic and hypoxic activity of these strained compounds and that these changes appear to exert a greater influence on photocytotoxicity than singlet oxygen sensitization or rates of photosubstitution in cell-free conditions would suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Liubov M. Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Rachel Hodges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Patrick C. Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Dmytro Havrylyuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 76019-0065 United States, 40506-0055
| | - David Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 76019-0065 United States, 40506-0055
| | - Elamparuthi Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States,Corresponding authors: C.G.C <>; E.C.G. <>; S.A.M. <>
| | - Edith C. Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 76019-0065 United States, 40506-0055,Corresponding authors: C.G.C <>; E.C.G. <>; S.A.M. <>
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019-0065 United States,Corresponding authors: C.G.C <>; E.C.G. <>; S.A.M. <>
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29
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Steinke SJ, Gupta S, Piechota EJ, Moore CE, Kodanko JJ, Turro C. Photocytotoxicity and photoinduced phosphine ligand exchange in a Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1933-1945. [PMID: 35308843 PMCID: PMC8848995 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05647f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new tris-heteroleptic Ru(ii) complexes with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) coordination, cis-[Ru(phen)2(PPh3)(CH3CN)]2+ (1a, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and cis-[Ru(biq)(phen)(PPh3)(CH3CN)]2+ (2a, biq = 2,2′-biquinoline), were synthesized and characterized for photochemotherapeutic applications. Upon absorption of visible light, 1a exchanges a CH3CN ligand for a solvent water molecule. Surprisingly, the steady-state irradiation of 2a followed by electronic absorption and NMR spectroscopies reveals the photosubstitution of the PPh3 ligand. Phosphine photoinduced ligand exchange with visible light from a Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex has not previously been reported, and calculations reveal that it results from a trans-type influence in the excited state. Complexes 1a and 2a are not toxic against the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in the dark, but upon irradiation with blue light, the activity of both complexes increases by factors of >4.2 and 5.8, respectively. Experiments with PPh3 alone show that the phototoxicity observed for 2a does not arise from the released phosphine ligand, indicating the role of the photochemically generated ruthenium aqua complex on the biological activity. These complexes represent a new design motif for the selective release of PPh3 and CH3CN for use in photochemotherapy. New Ru(ii) complexes exhibit selective ligand dissociation driven by an excited state trans-type influence. The complexes are not toxic to triple-negative breast cancer cells in the dark, but induce cell death upon irradiation with visible light.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Sayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48208, United States
| | - Eric J. Piechota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy J. Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48208, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
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30
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Hirahara M, Furutani S, Goto H, Fujimori K, Moriuchi-Kawakami T. A Visible-Light and Temperature Responsive Host-Guest System: Photoisomerization of a Ruthenium Complex and Inclusion Complex Formation with Cyclodextrins. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4477-4483. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04003k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the visible-light- and thermal-stimuli-responsive properties of a host–guest system based on proximal- and distal-[Ru(C10tpy)(C10pyqu)OH2]2+ (proximal and distal-1, C10tpy = 4’-decyloxy-2,2’;6’,2”-terpyridine, C10pyqu = 2-[2’-(6’-decyloxy)-pyridyl]quinoline). The...
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31
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Deetz AM, Troian-Gautier L, Wehlin SAM, Piechota EJ, Meyer GJ. On the Determination of Halogen Atom Reduction Potentials with Photoredox Catalysts. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9355-9367. [PMID: 34665634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The standard one-electron reduction potentials of halogen atoms, E°'(X•/-), and many other radical or unstable species, are not accessible through standard electrochemical methods. Here, we report the use of two Ir(III) photoredox catalysts to initiate chloride, bromide, and iodide oxidation in organic solvents. The kinetic rate constants were critically analyzed through a derived diffusional model with Marcus theory to estimate E°'(X•/-) in propylene carbonate, acetonitrile, butyronitrile, and dichloromethane. The approximations commonly used to determine diffusional rate constants in water gave rise to serious disagreements with the experiment, particularly in high-ionic-strength dichloromethane solutions, indicating the need to utilize the exact Debye expression. The Fuoss equation was adequate for determining photocatalyst-halide association constants with photocatalysts that possessed +2, +1, and 0 ionic charges. Similarly, the work term contribution in the classical Rehm-Weller expression, necessary for E°'(X•/-) determination, accounted remarkably well for the stabilization of the charged reactants as the solution ionic strength was increased. While a sensitivity analysis indicated that the extracted reduction potentials were all within experimental error the same, use of fixed parameters established for aqueous solution provided the periodic trend expected, E°'(I•/-) <E°'(Br•/-) <E°'(Cl•/-), in all of the organic solvents investigated; however, the potentials were more closely spaced than what would have been predicted based on gas-phase electron affinities or aqueous reduction potentials. The origin(s) of such behavior are discussed that provide new directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Sara A M Wehlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Eric J Piechota
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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32
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Lanquist AP, Gupta S, Al-Afyouni KF, Al-Afyouni M, Kodanko JJ, Turro C. Trifluoromethyl substitution enhances photoinduced activity against breast cancer cells but reduces ligand exchange in Ru(ii) complex. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12056-12067. [PMID: 34667571 PMCID: PMC8457392 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03213e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of five ruthenium complexes containing triphenyl phosphine groups known to enhance both cellular penetration and photoinduced ligand exchange, cis-[Ru(bpy)2(P(p-R-Ph)3)(CH3CN)]2+, where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and P(p-R-Ph)3 represent para-substituted triphenylphosphine ligands with R = -OCH3 (1), -CH3 (2) -H (3), -F (4), and -CF3 (5), were synthesized and characterized. The photolysis of 1-5 in water with visible light (λ irr ≥ 395 nm) results in the substitution of the coordinated acetonitrile with a solvent molecule, generating the corresponding aqua complex as the single photoproduct. A 3-fold variation in quantum yield was measured with 400 nm irradiation, Φ 400, where 1 is the most efficient with a Φ 400 = 0.076(2), and 5 the least photoactive complex, with Φ 400 = 0.026(2). This trend is unexpected based on the red-shifted metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption of 1 as compared to that of 5, but can be correlated to the substituent Hammett para parameters and pK a values of the ancillary phosphine ligands. Complexes 1-5 are not toxic towards the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in the dark, but 3 and 5 are >4.2 and >19-fold more cytotoxic upon irradiation with blue light, respectively. A number of experiments point to apoptosis, and not to necrosis or necroptosis, as the mechanism of cell death by 5 upon irradiation. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the role of phosphine ligands on photoinduced ligand substitution and show the enhancement afforded by -CF3 groups on photochemotherapy, which will aid the future design of photocages for photochemotherapeutic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Lanquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Sayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48208 USA
| | - Kathlyn F Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Malik Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48208 USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
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33
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Estalayo-Adrián S, Blasco S, Bright SA, McManus GJ, Orellana G, Williams DC, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. Effect of Alkyl Chain Length on the Photophysical, Photochemical, and Photobiological Properties of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes for Their Application as DNA-Targeting, Cellular-Imaging, and Light-Activated Therapeutic Agents. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6664-6681. [PMID: 35006970 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A family of six Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes (1-6) which contain phenanthroline-based ligands functionalized with alkyl chains of different lengths (one methyl group, 10 and 21 carbon alkyl chains) and either 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene (TAP) as ancillary ligands have been synthesized and characterized. The influence of the alkyl chain length on their photophysical and photochemical properties as well as in their photobiological applications has been elucidated by monitoring the changes in their MLCT-centered absorption and emission bands. The presence of one methyl group or 10 carbon alkyl chains does not seem to significantly affect the photophysical and photochemical properties of the resulting Ru(II) complexes when compared to the well-known [Ru(phen)3]2+ and [Ru(TAP)2phen]2+. However, an effect on their emission properties and in their ability to photosensitize singlet oxygen is observed for the Ru(II) complexes containing 21 carbon alkyl chains. The binding of these complexes to salmon testes DNA (stDNA) was investigated by observing the changes in the photophysical properties. Complexes 1, 2, 4, and 5 all showed changes in their MLCT bands that could be analyzed using conventional fitting methods, such as the Bard equation. In contrast, complexes 3 and 6, possessing long aliphatic chains, gave rise to nonclassic behavior. In addition to these analyses, both thermal denaturation and circular dichroism studies of 1-6 were carried out in the presence of stDNA which confirmed that these complexes bind to DNA. Confocal microscopy and viability studies in HeLa cervical cancer cells reveal an alkyl chain-length dependence on the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of the resulting Ru(II) complexes due to an enhancement of their lipophilicity with increasing alkyl chain length. Thus, complexes containing 10 and 21 carbon alkyl chains are rapidly taken up into HeLa cells and, in particular, those with 21 carbon alkyl chains show a significant phototoxicity against the same cell line. Therefore, this study provides further insight into the possible modulation of the photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological properties of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes by varying the length of the alkyl chains attached to the polypyridyl ligands coordinated to the Ru(II) center and the nature of the auxiliary groups, which we show has a significant effect on photophysical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Estalayo-Adrián
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Salvador Blasco
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sandra A Bright
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gavin J McManus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Guillermo Orellana
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John M Kelly
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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34
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Jin Z, Qi S, Guo X, Jian Y, Hou Y, Li C, Wang X, Zhou Q. Pyrene modification enables enhanced two-photon excited ligand dissociation of a Ru(II) complex containing monodentate ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Dixon IM, Bonnet S, Alary F, Cuny J. Photoinduced Ligand Exchange Dynamics of a Polypyridyl Ruthenium Complex in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7278-7284. [PMID: 34323082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of photoinduced ligand exchange mechanisms in polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes operating in aqueous solution is of crucial importance to rationalize their photoreactivity. Herein, we demonstrate that a synergetic use of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and static calculations, both conducted at the DFT level, can provide a full understanding of photosubstitution mechanisms of a monodentate ligand by a solvent water molecule in archetypal ruthenium complexes in explicit water. The simulations show that the photoinduced loss of a monodentate ligand generates an unreactive 16-electron species in a hitherto undescribed pentacoordinated triplet excited state that converts, via an easily accessible crossing point, to a reactive 16-electron singlet ground state, which combines with a solvent water molecule to yield the experimentally observed aqua complex in less than 10 ps. This work paves the way for the rational design of novel photoactive metal complexes relevant for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle M Dixon
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabienne Alary
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jérôme Cuny
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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36
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Rice AT, Martin MI, Warndorf MC, Yap GPA, Rosenthal J. Synthesis, Spectroscopic, and 1O 2 Sensitization Characteristics of Extended Pd(II) 10,10-Dimethylbiladiene Complexes Bearing Alkynyl-Aryl Appendages. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11154-11163. [PMID: 34264627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which involves the photoinduced sensitization of singlet oxygen, is an attractive treatment for certain types of cancer. The development of new photochemotherapeutic agents remains an important area of research. Macrocyclic tetrapyrrole compounds including porphyrins, phthalocyanines, chlorins, and bacteriochlorins have been pursued as sensitizers of singlet oxygen for PDT applications but historically are difficult to prepare/purify and can also suffer from high nonspecific dark toxicity, poor solubility in biological media, and/or slow clearance from biological tissues. In response to these shortcomings, we have developed a series of novel linear tetrapyrrole architectures complexed to late transition metals as potential PDT agents. We find that these dimethylbiladiene (DMBil1) tetrapyrrole complexes can efficiently photosensitize generation of 1O2 oxygen upon irradiation with visible light. To extend the absorption profile of the DMBil1 platform, alkynyl-aryl groups have been conjugated to the periphery of the tetrapyrrole using Sonogashira methods. Derivatives of this type containing ancillary phenyl (DMBil-PE), naphthyl (DMBil-NE), and anthracenyl (DMBil-AE) groups have been prepared and characterized. In addition to structurally characterizing Pd[DMBil-NE] and Pd[DMBil-AE], we find that extension of the tetrapyrrole conjugation successfully red-shifts the absorption of the DMBil-Ar family of biladienes further into the phototherapeutic window (i.e., 600-900 nm). Photochemical sensitization studies demonstrate that our series of new palladium biladiene complexes (Pd[DMBil-Ar]) can sensitize the formation of 1O2 with quantum yields in the range ΦΔ = 0.59-0.73 upon irradiation with light of λ ≥ 650 nm. The improved absorption properties of the Pd[DMBil-Ar] complexes in the phototherapeutic window, together with their high 1O2 quantum yields, highlight the promise of these compounds as potential agents for PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Maxwell I Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Molly C Warndorf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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37
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Schmid L, Kerzig C, Prescimone A, Wenger OS. Photostable Ruthenium(II) Isocyanoborato Luminophores and Their Use in Energy Transfer and Photoredox Catalysis. JACS AU 2021; 1:819-832. [PMID: 34467335 PMCID: PMC8395604 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes are among the most popular sensitizers in photocatalysis, but they face some severe limitations concerning accessible excited-state energies and photostability that could hamper future applications. In this study, the borylation of heteroleptic ruthenium(II) cyanide complexes with α-diimine ancillary ligands is identified as a useful concept to elevate the energies of photoactive metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) states and to obtain unusually photorobust compounds suitable for thermodynamically challenging energy transfer catalysis as well as oxidative and reductive photoredox catalysis. B(C6F5)3 groups attached to the CN - ligands stabilize the metal-based t2g-like orbitals by ∼0.8 eV, leading to high 3MLCT energies (up to 2.50 eV) that are more typical for cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. Through variation of their α-diimine ligands, nonradiative excited-state relaxation pathways involving higher-lying metal-centered states can be controlled, and their luminescence quantum yields and MLCT lifetimes can be optimized. These combined properties make the respective isocyanoborato complexes amenable to photochemical reactions for which common ruthenium(II)-based sensitizers are unsuited, due to a lack of sufficient triplet energy or excited-state redox power. Specifically, this includes photoisomerization reactions, sensitization of nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings, pinacol couplings, and oxidative decarboxylative C-C couplings. Our work is relevant in the greater context of tailoring photoactive coordination compounds to current challenges in synthetic photochemistry and solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucius Schmid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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38
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Toupin N, Steinke SJ, Nadella S, Li A, Rohrabaugh TN, Samuels ER, Turro C, Sevrioukova IF, Kodanko JJ. Photosensitive Ru(II) Complexes as Inhibitors of the Major Human Drug Metabolizing Enzyme CYP3A4. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9191-9205. [PMID: 34110801 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and photochemical and biological characterization of the first selective and potent metal-based inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), the major human drug metabolizing enzyme. Five Ru(II)-based derivatives were prepared from two analogs of the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir, 4 and 6: [Ru(tpy)(L)(6)]Cl2 (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) with L = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Me2bpy; 8), dimethylbenzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (Me2dppn; 10) and 3,6-dimethyl-10,15-diphenylbenzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (Me2Ph2dppn; 11), [Ru(tpy)(Me2bpy)(4)]Cl2 (7) and [Ru(tpy)(Me2dppn)(4)]Cl2 (9). Photochemical release of 4 or 6 from 7-11 was demonstrated, and the spectrophotometric evaluation of 7 showed that it behaves similarly to free 4 (type II heme ligation) after irradiation with visible light but not in the dark. Unexpectedly, the intact Ru(II) complexes 7 and 8 were found to inhibit CYP3A4 potently and specifically through direct binding to the active site without heme ligation. Caged inhibitors 9-11 showed dual action properties by combining photoactivated dissociation of 4 or 6 with efficient 1O2 production. In prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells, compound 9 had the best synergistic effect with vinblastine, the anticancer drug primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 in vivo. Thus, our study establishes a new paradigm in CYP inhibition using metalated complexes and suggests possible utilization of photoactive CYP3A4 inhibitory compounds in clinical applications, such as enhancement of therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sandeep Nadella
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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39
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Balou S, Zarkadoulas A, Koukouvitaki M, Marchiò L, Efthimiadou EK, Mitsopoulou CA. Synthesis, DNA-Binding, Anticancer Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies of Bishomoleptic and Trisheteroleptic Ru-Diimine Complexes Bearing 2-(2-Pyridyl)-quinoxaline. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2021; 2021:5599773. [PMID: 34093697 PMCID: PMC8137304 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5599773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a bishomoleptic and a trisheteroleptic ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complex, namely, [Ru(bpy)2(2, 2'-pq)](PF6)2 (1) and [Ru(bpy) (phen) (2, 2'-pq)](PF6)2 (2), respectively, where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and 2, 2'-pq = 2-(2'-pyridyl)-quinoxaline. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, TGA, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis, emission spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Their structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Complexes 1 and 2 were crystalized in orthorhombic, Pbca, and monoclinic, P21/n systems, respectively. Various spectroscopic techniques were employed to investigate the interaction of both complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA). The experimental data were confirmed by molecular docking studies, employing two different DNA sequences. Both complexes, 1 and 2, bind with DNA via a minor groove mode of binding. MTT experiments revealed that both complexes induce apoptosis of MCF-7 (breast cancer) cells in low concentrations. Confocal microscopy indicated that 2 localizes in the nucleus and internalizes more efficiently in MCF-7 than in HEK-293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Balou
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 157 71, Greece
| | - Athanasios Zarkadoulas
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 157 71, Greece
| | - Maria Koukouvitaki
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 157 71, Greece
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, I43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Eleni K. Efthimiadou
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 157 71, Greece
| | - Christiana A. Mitsopoulou
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou 157 71, Greece
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40
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Jain A, Garrett NT, Malone ZP. Ruthenium-based Photoactive Metalloantibiotics †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:6-16. [PMID: 33882620 DOI: 10.1111/php.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is one of the world's most urgent public health problems. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising therapy to combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. The aPDT combines a photosensitizer and light to generate reactive oxygen species to induce bacterial inactivation. Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes are significant because they possess unique photophysical properties that allow them to produce reactive oxygen species upon photoirradiation, which leads to cytotoxicity. These antimicrobial agents cause bacterial cell death by DNA and cytoplasmic membrane damage. This article presents a comprehensive review of photoactive antimicrobial properties of kinetically inert and labile ruthenium complexes, nanoparticles coupled photoactive ruthenium complexes, and photoactive ruthenium nanoparticles. Additionally, limitations of current ruthenium-based photoactive antimicrobial agents and future directions for the development of antibiotic-resistant photoactive antimicrobial agents are discussed. It is important to raise awareness for the ruthenium-based aPDT agents in order to develop a new class of photoactive metalloantibiotics capable of combating antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijita Jain
- Madia Department of Chemistry, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA
| | - Noah T Garrett
- Madia Department of Chemistry, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA
| | - Zachary P Malone
- Madia Department of Chemistry, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA
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41
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Queyriaux N, Esmieu C, Gupta AK, Vendier L, Ott S, Orio M, Hammarström L. Electrochemical, Spectroscopic, and Computational Investigation of a Series of Polypyridyl Ruthenium(II) Complexes: Characterization of Reduced States. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Queyriaux
- Department of Chemistry Ångström Laboratories Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Charlène Esmieu
- Department of Chemistry Ångström Laboratories Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Arvind K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry Ångström Laboratories Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Laure Vendier
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry Ångström Laboratories Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Maylis Orio
- CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Aix Marseille University 13397 Marseille France
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry Ångström Laboratories Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
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42
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Rapp TL, DeForest CA. Targeting drug delivery with light: A highly focused approach. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:94-107. [PMID: 33486009 PMCID: PMC8127392 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Light is a uniquely powerful tool for controlling molecular events in biology. No other external input (e.g., heat, ultrasound, magnetic field) can be so tightly focused or so highly regulated as a clinical laser. Drug delivery vehicles that can be photonically activated have been developed across many platforms, from the simplest "caging" of therapeutics in a prodrug form, to more complex micelles and circulating liposomes that improve drug uptake and efficacy, to large-scale hydrogel platforms that can be used to protect and deliver macromolecular agents including full-length proteins. In this Review, we discuss recent innovations in photosensitive drug delivery and highlight future opportunities to engineer and exploit such light-responsive technologies in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Rapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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43
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Cotic A, Ramírez-Wierzbicki I, Pieslinger GE, Aramburu-Trošelj BM, Cadranel A. Ligand field states dominate excited state decay in trans-[Ru(py)4Cl2] MLCT chromophores. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Qu F, Lamb RW, Cameron CG, Park S, Oladipupo O, Gray JL, Xu Y, Cole HD, Bonizzoni M, Kim Y, McFarland SA, Webster CE, Papish ET. Singlet Oxygen Formation vs Photodissociation for Light-Responsive Protic Ruthenium Anticancer Compounds: The Oxygenated Substituent Determines Which Pathway Dominates. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2138-2148. [PMID: 33534562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes bearing protic diimine ligands are cytotoxic to certain cancer cells upon irradiation with blue light. Previously reported complexes of the type [(N,N)2Ru(6,6'-dhbp)]Cl2 with 6,6'-dhbp = 6,6'-dihydroxybipyridine and N,N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) (1A), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (2A), and 2,3-dihydro-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline (dop) (3A) show EC50 values as low as 4 μM (for 3A) vs breast cancer cells upon blue light irradiation ( Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56, 7519). Herein, subscript A denotes the acidic form of the complex bearing OH groups, and B denotes the basic form bearing O- groups. This photocytotoxicity was originally attributed to photodissociation, but recent results suggest that singlet oxygen formation is a more plausible cause of photocytotoxicity. In particular, bulky methoxy substituents enhance photodissociation but these complexes are nontoxic ( Dalton Trans 2018, 47, 15685). Cellular studies are presented herein that show the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis indicators upon treatment of cells with complex 3A and blue light. Singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) shows the formation of 1O2 in cell culture for cells treated with 3A and blue light. At physiological pH, complexes 1A-3A are deprotonated to form 1B-3B in situ. Quantum yields for 1O2 (ϕΔ) are 0.87 and 0.48 for 2B and 3B, respectively, and these are an order of magnitude higher than the quantum yields for 2A and 3A. The values for ϕΔ show an increase with 6,6'-dhbp derived substituents as follows: OMe < OH < O-. TD-DFT studies show that the presence of a low lying triplet metal-centered (3MC) state favors photodissociation and disfavors 1O2 formation for 2A and 3A (OH groups). However, upon deprotonation (O- groups), the 3MLCT state is accessible and can readily lead to 1O2 formation, but the dissociative 3MC state is energetically inaccessible. The changes to the energy of the 3MLCT state upon deprotonation have been confirmed by steady state luminescence experiments on 1A-3A and their basic analogs, 1B-3B. This energy landscape favors 1O2 formation for 2B and 3B and leads to enhanced toxicity for these complexes under physiological conditions. The ability to convert readily from OH to O- groups allowed us to investigate an electronic change that is not accompanied by steric changes in this fundamental study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Robert W Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Seungjo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Olaitan Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Jessica L Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Yifei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Marco Bonizzoni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Elizabeth T Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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Sales DK, Simplício LM, da Silva CD, Enju CM, Silva VB, Paulo TDF, Santos IP, Quadros HC, Meira CS, Soares MB, Lopes LGDF, de Sousa EH, de Sá DS. A bis-indazolic ruthenium(II) complex: Reactivity and biological studies on cancer cells. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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46
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Bilger JB, Kerzig C, Larsen CB, Wenger OS. A Photorobust Mo(0) Complex Mimicking [Os(2,2'-bipyridine) 3] 2+ and Its Application in Red-to-Blue Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1651-1663. [PMID: 33434435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osmium(II) polypyridines are a well-known class of complexes with luminescent metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited states that are currently experiencing a revival due to their application potential in organic photoredox catalysis, triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, and phototherapy. At the same time, there is increased interest in the development of photoactive complexes made from Earth-abundant rather than precious metals. Against this background, we present a homoleptic Mo(0) complex with a new diisocyanide ligand exhibiting different bite angles and a greater extent of π-conjugation than previously reported related chelates. This new design leads to deep red emission, which is unprecedented for homoleptic arylisocyanide complexes of group 6 metals. With a 3MLCT lifetime of 56 ns, an emission band maximum at 720 nm, and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 1.5% in deaerated toluene at room temperature, the photophysical properties are reminiscent of the prototypical [Os(2,2'-bipyridine)3]2+ complex. Under 635 nm irradiation with a cw-laser, the new Mo(0) complex sensitizes triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion of 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA), resulting in delayed blue fluorescence with an anti-Stokes shift of 0.93 eV. The photorobustness of the Mo(0) complex and the upconversion quantum yield are high enough to generate a flux of upconverted light that can serve as a sufficiently potent irradiation source for a blue-light-driven photoisomerization reaction. These findings are relevant in the greater contexts of designing new luminophores and photosensitizers for use in red-light-driven photocatalysis, photochemical upconversion, light-harvesting, and phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob B Bilger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher B Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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47
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Cerfontaine S, Troian-Gautier L, Duez Q, Cornil J, Gerbaux P, Elias B. MLCT Excited-State Behavior of Trinuclear Ruthenium(II) 2,2'-Bipyridine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:366-379. [PMID: 33351615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Four trinuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes were synthesized, and a detailed investigation of their excited-state properties was performed. The tritopic sexi-pyridine bridging ligands were obtained via para or meta substitution of a central 2,2'-bipyridine fragment. A para connection between the 2,2'-bipyridine chelating moieties of the bridging ligand led to a red-shifted MLCT absorption band in the visible part of the spectra, whereas the meta connection induced a broadening of the LC transitions in the UV region. A convergent energy transfer from the two peripheral metal centers to the central Ru(II) moiety was observed for all trinuclear complexes. These complexes were in thermal equilibrium with an upper-lying 3MLCT excited state over the investigated range of temperatures. For all complexes, deactivation via the 3MC excited state was absent at room temperature. Importantly, the connection in the para position for both central and peripheral 2,2'-bipyridines of the bridging ligand resulted in a trinuclear complex (Tpp) that absorbed more visible light, had a longer-lived excited state, and had a higher photoluminescence quantum yield than the parent [Ru(bpy)3]2+, despite its red-shifted photoluminescence. This behavior was attributed to the presence of a highly delocalized excited state for Tpp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cerfontaine
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 160/06, 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Quentin Duez
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.,Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) - University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) - University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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48
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Aydogan A, Bangle RE, De Kreijger S, Dickenson JC, Singleton ML, Cauët E, Cadranel A, Meyer GJ, Elias B, Sampaio RN, Troian-Gautier L. Mechanistic investigation of a visible light mediated dehalogenation/cyclisation reaction using iron( iii), iridium( iii) and ruthenium( ii) photosensitizers. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01771c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification of reaction mechanisms unique to the iron, ruthenium, and iridium PS represents progress towards the long-sought goal of utilizing earth-abundant, first-row transition metals for emerging energy and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Aydogan
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Rachel E. Bangle
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Simon De Kreijger
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - John C. Dickenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Michael L. Singleton
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Emilie Cauët
- Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (CP 160/09), Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. F. D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química Física de Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Renato N. Sampaio
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, USA
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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49
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Kaufmann M, Müller C, Cullen AA, Brandon MP, Dietzek B, Pryce MT. Photophysics of Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Thiazole π-Extended Dipyridophenazine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 60:760-773. [PMID: 33356204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-based donor-acceptor systems can produce long-lived excited charge-transfer states by visible-light irradiation. The novel ruthenium(II) polypyridyl type complexes Ru1 and Ru2 based on the dipyridophenazine ligand (L0) directly linked to 4-hydroxythiazoles of different donor strengths were synthesized and photophysically characterized. The excited-state dynamics were investigated by femtosecond-to-nanosecond transient absorption and nanosecond emission spectroscopy complemented by time-dependent density functional theory calculations. These results indicate that photoexcitation in the visible region leads to the population of both metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (1MLCT) and thiazole (tz)-induced intraligand charge-transfer (1ILCT) states. Thus, the excited-state dynamics is described by two excited-state branches, namely, the population of (i) a comparably short-lived phenazine-centered 3MLCT state (τ ≈ 150-400 ps) and (ii) a long-lived 3ILCT state (τ ≈ 40-300 ns) with excess charge density localized on the phenazine and tz moieties. Notably, the ruthenium(II) complexes feature long-lived dual emission with lifetimes in the ranges τEm,1 ≈ 40-300 ns and τEm,2 ≈ 100-200 ns, which are attributed to emission from the 3ILCT and 3MLCT manifolds, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaufmann
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07743, Germany.,Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Aoibhin A Cullen
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael P Brandon
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07743, Germany.,Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena 07745, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Mary T Pryce
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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50
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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