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Hannah TJ, McCarvell WM, Kirsch T, Bedard J, Hynes T, Mayho J, Bamford KL, Vos CW, Kozak CM, George T, Masuda JD, Chitnis SS. Planar bismuth triamides: a tunable platform for main group Lewis acidity and polymerization catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4549-4563. [PMID: 37152250 PMCID: PMC10155930 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00917c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Geometric deformation in main group compounds can be used to elicit unique properties including strong Lewis acidity. Here we report on a family of planar bismuth(iii) complexes (cf. typically pyramidal structure for such compounds), which show a geometric Lewis acidity that can be further tuned by varying the steric and electronic features of the triamide ligand employed. The structural dynamism of the planar bismuth complexes was probed in both the solid and solution phase, revealing at least three distinct modes of intermolecular association. A modified Gutmann-Beckett method was used to assess their electrophilicity by employing trimethylphosphine sulfide in addition to triethylphosphine oxide as probes, providing insights into the preference for binding hard or soft substrates. Experimental binding studies were complemented by a computational assessment of the affinities and dissection of the latter into their intrinsic bond strength and deformation energy components. The results show comparable Lewis acidity to triarylboranes, with the added ability to bind two bases simultaneously, and reduced discrimination against soft substrates. We also study the catalytic efficacy of these complexes in the ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters ε-caprolactone and rac-lactide. The polymers obtained show excellent dispersity values and high molecular weights with low catalyst loadings used. The complexes retain their performance under industrially relevant conditions, suggesting they may be useful as less toxic alternatives to tin catalysts in the production of medical grade materials. Collectively, these results establish planar bismuth complexes as not only a novel neutral platform for main group Lewis acidity, but also a potentially valuable one for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Hannah
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - W Michael McCarvell
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Tamina Kirsch
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Joseph Bedard
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Toren Hynes
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Jacqueline Mayho
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Karlee L Bamford
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Cyler W Vos
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL A1B 3X7 Canada
| | - Christopher M Kozak
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL A1B 3X7 Canada
| | - Tanner George
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University 923 Robie St. Halifax NS B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Jason D Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University 923 Robie St. Halifax NS B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - S S Chitnis
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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Turner ZR, Wilmore JT, Rees NH, Buffet JC. Sterically rigid bismuth pincer complexes; observation of the growing polymer chain in polar monomer polymerisation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3060-3074. [PMID: 35089302 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A family of pyridine dipyrrolide bismuth complexes (Mes,PhL)MX (1-6) (M = Bi, X = O-2,6-Me-C6H3 = OXyl (1); M = Sb, X = OXyl (2); M = Bi, X = O-2,6-iPr-C6H3 = ODipp (3), O-2,6-tBu-C6H3 = OArtBu (4), OtBu (5) and OCMe2Et = OAm (6), N(SiMe3)2 = N'' (7) and CH2Ph (8)) have been prepared and investigated as initiators for the ring-opening polymerisation of lactide monomers. Bismuth lactate complexes (Mes,PhL)Bi{OC(H)(Me)C(O)OR} were prepared as models for the propagating species (R = tBu (9), Me (10), iPr (11)). The first insertion of the lactide monomer is rate limiting and the second and subsequent insertions are more rapid (kinit ≪ kLA2 < kprop), leading to a significant induction period. The sterically demanding, rigid pincer ligand affords a well-defined coordination environment at the metal centre and allows for the enchainment of two lactide monomers to be differentiated spectroscopically ((Mes,PhL)Bi{OC(H)(Me)C(O)}4OX (12-X)), with this species also implied to be the true initiator for the regime of propagation with first order kinetics. Well-controlled first order kinetic data for the polymerisation of L-, D-, rac- and meso-lactide are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë R Turner
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jamie T Wilmore
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Nicholas H Rees
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jean-Charles Buffet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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Akintayo DC, Munzeiwa WA, Jonnalagadda SB, Omondi B. Ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters by 3- and 4-pyridinyl Schiff base Zn(II) and Cu(II) paddlewheel complexes: kinetic, mechanistic and tacticity studies. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Lackmann C, Brendt J, Seiler TB, Hermann A, Metz A, Schäfer PM, Herres-Pawlis S, Hollert H. The Green toxicology approach: Insight towards the eco-toxicologically safe development of benign catalysts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125889. [PMID: 34492827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Green toxicology is a novel approach increasingly applied for the development of materials and chemicals that are more benign to the environment and human health than their conventional counterparts. It includes predictive eco-toxicological assessments of chemicals during the early developmental process to exclude adverse effects. In the present study, two guanidine zinc catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization of lactide were investigated using eco-toxicological tools. Namely, the fish embryo toxicity assay for teratogenic effects, the ER (α) CALUX assay for endocrine activity and the Ames fluctuation assay for mutagenic potential were applied. Both complexes showed no endocrine activity, mutagenicity or acute aquatic toxicity, however a delayed hatch could be observed, therefore suggesting potential effects on a molecular level. This proof-of-concept study aims to assess the toxicity of guanidine zinc catalysts and is a first step towards the incorporation of toxicological assessments into chemical developmental processes to achieve a sustainable and safe production of catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lackmann
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Brendt
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Hygiene-Institut des Ruhrgebiets, Rotthauser Str. 21, 45879 Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Alina Hermann
- Chair of Bioinorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Angela Metz
- Chair of Bioinorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pascal M Schäfer
- Chair of Bioinorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Chair of Bioinorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Qiu W, Yao Y. Synthesis and characterization of β-diketiminato lanthanide amide complexes and their catalytic activity toward L-lactide polymerization. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nifant’ev I, Komarov P, Ovchinnikova V, Kiselev A, Minyaev M, Ivchenko P. Comparative Experimental and Theoretical Study of Mg, Al and Zn Aryloxy Complexes in Copolymerization of Cyclic Esters: The Role of the Metal Coordination in Formation of Random Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2273. [PMID: 33023256 PMCID: PMC7600584 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Homogeneity of copolymers is a general problem of catalytic coordination polymerization. In ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters, the rational design of the catalyst is generally applied to solve this problem by the equalization of the reactivities of comonomers-however, it often leads to a reduction of catalytic activity. In the present paper, we studied the catalytic behavior of BnOH-activated complexes (ВНТ)Mg(THF)2nBu (1), (ВНТ)2AlMe (2) and [(ВНТ)ZnEt]2 (3), based on 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT-H) in homo- and copolymerization of L-lactide (lLA) and ε-caprolactone (εCL). Even at 1:5 lLA/εCL ratio Mg complex 1 catalyzed homopolymerization of lLA without involving εCL to the formation of the polymer backbone. On the contrary, Zn complex 3 efficiently catalyzed random lLA/εCL copolymerization; the presence of mono-lactate subunits in the copolymer chain clearly pointed to the transesterification mechanism of copolymer formation. Both epimerization and transesterification side processes were analyzed using the density functional theory (DFT) modeling that confirmed the qualitative difference in catalytic behavior of 1 and 3: Mg and Zn complexes demonstrated different types of preferable coordination on the PLA chain (k2 and k3, respectively) with the result that complex 3 catalyzed controlled εCL ROP/PLA transesterification, providing the formation of lLA/εCL copolymers that contain mono-lactate fragments separated by short oligo(εCL) chains. The best results in the synthesis of random lLA/εCL copolymers were obtained during experiments on transesterification of commercially available PLLA, the applicability of 3/BnOH catalyst in the synthesis of random copolymers of εCL with methyl glycolide, ethyl ethylene phosphonate and ethyl ethylene phosphate was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Nifant’ev
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1–3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninsky Avenue 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (V.O.); (A.K.); (M.M.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Miasnitskaya Str. 20, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Komarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninsky Avenue 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (V.O.); (A.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Valeriya Ovchinnikova
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninsky Avenue 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (V.O.); (A.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Artem Kiselev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninsky Avenue 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (V.O.); (A.K.); (M.M.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Miasnitskaya Str. 20, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Minyaev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninsky Avenue 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (V.O.); (A.K.); (M.M.)
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Ivchenko
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1–3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninsky Avenue 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (V.O.); (A.K.); (M.M.)
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Ribeiro CS, Brandestini MD, Moro CC, Lansarin MA. A FAIR COMPARISON BETWEEN BISMUTH CATALYSTS FOR APPLICATION IN PHOTODEGRADATION UNDER VISIBLE AND SOLAR LIGHT. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20190361s20170498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Steiniger P, Schäfer PM, Wölper C, Henkel J, Ksiazkiewicz AN, Pich A, Herres‐Pawlis S, Schulz S. Synthesis, Structures, and Catalytic Activity of Homo‐ and Heteroleptic Ketoiminate Zinc Complexes in Lactide Polymerization. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Steiniger
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (Cenide) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstr. 5‐7, S07 S03 C30 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Pascal M. Schäfer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (Cenide) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstr. 5‐7, S07 S03 C30 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Johanna Henkel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Agnieszka N. Ksiazkiewicz
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. Forckenbeckstraße 50 42074 Aachen Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e. V. Forckenbeckstraße 50 42074 Aachen Germany
| | - Sonja Herres‐Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (Cenide) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstr. 5‐7, S07 S03 C30 45117 Essen Germany
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Stirling E, Champouret Y, Visseaux M. Catalytic metal-based systems for controlled statistical copolymerisation of lactide with a lactone. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00310f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive survey of the recent developments of metal-based catalysts for the ROcoP of lactide with another lactone is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Stirling
- UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide
- ENSCL
- Centrale Lille
- Univ. Artois
- Univ. Lille
| | - Y. Champouret
- UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide
- ENSCL
- Centrale Lille
- Univ. Artois
- Univ. Lille
| | - M. Visseaux
- UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide
- ENSCL
- Centrale Lille
- Univ. Artois
- Univ. Lille
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Murafuji T, F. M. Hafizur Rahman A, Yamashita K, Narita M, Ishiguro K, Kamijo S, Miyakawa I, Mikata Y. Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Pyridine Bioisosteres of a Bismuth Heterocycle Derived from Diphenyl Sulfone. HETEROCYCLES 2018. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schwamm RJ, Lein M, Coles MP, Fitchett CM. Catalytic oxidative coupling promoted by bismuth TEMPOxide complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:916-919. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08402a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bismuth(iii) TEMPOxide complexes are active catalysts for oxidative coupling reactions to generate TEMPO silylethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Schwamm
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6012
- New Zealand
| | - M. Lein
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6012
- New Zealand
| | - M. P. Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6012
- New Zealand
| | - C. M. Fitchett
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8041
- New Zealand
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Fadlallah S, Jothieswaran J, Capet F, Bonnet F, Visseaux M. Mixed Allyl Rare-Earth Borohydride Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Application in (Co-)Polymerization Catalysis of Cyclic Esters. Chemistry 2017; 23:15644-15654. [PMID: 28845893 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A series of new trivalent rare-earth allyl-borohydride complexes with the formula [RE(BH4 )2 (C3 H5 )(thf)x ] (RE=Sc (1), x=2; RE=Y (2) and La (3), x=3) were synthesized by reaction of the corresponding rare-earth trisborohydrides [RE(BH4 )3 (thf)x ] with half an equivalent of bis(allyl)magnesium. The complexes were fully characterized by determining their X-ray structure. Similar to their previously described Nd (4) and Sm (5) analogues, these complexes display a monomeric structure with two terminal trihapto BH4 groups, one π-η3 allyl ligand, three THF molecules for complexes 2 and 3, and two THF molecules for complex 1. The catalytic behavior of complexes 1-5 toward the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of l-lactide (l-LA) and ϵ-caprolactone (ϵ-CL) was assessed. The Nd complex featured the best activity toward l-LA (turnover frequency (TOF)=1300 h-1 ) and the order was Nd>La>Sm>Y>Sc. Complexes 1-3 were found very active for the ROP of ϵ-CL (TOF=166 000 h-1 ), which is in line with the already established exceptionnally high performance of complexes 4 and 5. With both monomers, it was shown that the borohydride moiety was the preferentially initiating group, rather than the allyl one. The random copolymerization of l-LA and ϵ-CL was performed with complexes 1-5, in the absence or in the presence of benzyl alcohol as a chain-transfer agent, affording copolymers with ϵ-caprolactone up to 62 % inserted. The copolymers synthesized display a variety of microstructures, that is, blocky, random, or quasi-alternating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Fadlallah
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jashvini Jothieswaran
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Capet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Fanny Bonnet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marc Visseaux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181-UCCS-Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
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