Core-insertion of palladium in naphthalenediimides: Opto-electronic properties, structural insights and coupling studies

Synthesis and Properties of Electron-Deficient and Electron-Rich Redox-Active Ionic π-Systems

There is growing interest towards the design and synthesis of organic redox-active systems, which exist in ionic form. Multi- redox systems entail life-sustaining processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The significant challenge for material scientists is to rationally design complex molecular materials that can store and transfer multiple electrons at low operational potentials and are stable under ambient conditions. Also, important are the designed ionic π-systems that combine efficient electron and ion transport. Here, we discuss the synthesis of ionic π-systems which exist in the closed-shell form. Firstly, different classes of ionic arylenediimides and viologens with different π-linkers are discussed from the synthetic, structural and redox perspective. These ionic π-systems are based on the electron deficient π-scaffolds, and are shown to accumulate upto six electrons. We then discuss electron-rich ionic arylenediimides which can exist in anionic form or zwitterionic form. The anionic electron donors have absorption extending to the near Infrared (NIR) region and can be stabilized in aqueous solution. We also discuss the effect of the electron accumulation on the aromaticity and non-aromaticity of the naphthalene and the imide rings of the naphthalenediimides. We finally discuss in brief, the applications related to the organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors.