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Shi H, Ponte F, Grewal JS, Clarkson GJ, Imberti C, Hands-Portman I, Dallmann R, Sicilia E, Sadler PJ. Tuning the photoactivated anticancer activity of Pt(iv) compounds via distant ferrocene conjugation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4121-4134. [PMID: 38487220 PMCID: PMC10935708 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03092j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoactive prodrugs offer potential for spatially-selective antitumour activity with minimal effects on normal tissues. Excited-state chemistry can induce novel effects on biochemical pathways and combat resistance to conventional drugs. Photoactive metal complexes in particular, have a rich and relatively unexplored photochemistry, especially an ability to undergo facile intersystem crossing and populate triplet states. We have conjugated the photoactive octahedral Pt(iv) complex trans, trans, trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(py)2] to ferrocene to introduce novel features into a candidate photochemotherapeutic drug. The X-ray crystal structure of the conjugate Pt-Fe confirmed the axial coordination of a ferrocene carboxylate, with Pt(iv) and Fe(ii) 6.07 Å apart. The conjugation of ferrocene red-shifted the absorption spectrum and ferrocene behaves as a light antenna allowing charge transfer from iron to platinum, promoting the photoactivation of Pt-Fe with light of longer wavelength. Cancer cellular accumulation is enhanced, and generation of reactive species is catalysed after photoirradiation, introducing ferroptosis as a contribution towards the cell-death mechanism. TDDFT calculations were performed to shed light on the behaviour of Pt-Fe when it is irradiated. Intersystem spin-crossing allows the formation of triplet states centred on both metal atoms. The dissociative nature of triplet states confirms that they can be involved in ligand detachment due to irradiation. The Pt(ii) photoproducts mainly retain the trans-{Pt(py)2}2+fragment. Visible light irradiation gives rise to micromolar activity for Pt-Fe towards ovarian, lung, prostate and bladder cancer cells under both normoxia and hypoxia, and some photoproducts appear to retain Pt(iv)-Fe(ii) conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende Cs Italy
| | - Jaspreet S Grewal
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Cinzia Imberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Robert Dallmann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende Cs Italy
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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Sailer R, VandeVen W, Teindl K, Chiang L. Ni II and Cu II complexes of a salen ligand bearing ferrocenes in its secondary coordination sphere. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7293-7299. [PMID: 36891492 PMCID: PMC9986886 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07671c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and electrochemical investigation of the NiII and CuII complexes of a novel Sal ligand bearing two ferrocene moieties attached at its diimine linker, M(Sal)Fc. The electronic spectra of M(Sal)Fc are near identical to its phenyl-substituted counterpart, M(Sal)Ph, indicating the ferrocene moieties exist in the secondary coordination sphere of M(Sal)Fc. The cyclic voltammograms of M(Sal)Fc exhibit an additional two-electron wave in comparison to M(Sal)Ph, which is assigned to the sequential oxidation of the two ferrocene moieties. The chemical oxidation of M(Sal)Fc, monitored by low temperature UV-vis spectroscopy, supports the formation of a mixed valent FeIIFeIII species followed by a bis(ferrocenium) species upon sequential addition of one and two equivalents of chemical oxidant. The addition of a third equivalent of oxidant to Ni(Sal)Fc yielded intense near-IR transitions that are indicative of the formation of a fully delocalized Sal-ligand radical (Sal˙), while the same addition to Cu(Sal)Fc yielded a species that is currently under further spectroscopic investigation. These results suggest the oxidation of the ferrocene moieties of M(Sal)Fc does not affect the electronic structure of the M(Sal) core, and these are thus in the secondary coordination sphere of the overall complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sailer
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Fraser Valley Abbotsford V2S 7M8 British Columbia Canada
| | - Warren VandeVen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University Burnaby V5A 1S6 British Columbia Canada
| | - Kaeden Teindl
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Fraser Valley Abbotsford V2S 7M8 British Columbia Canada
| | - Linus Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Fraser Valley Abbotsford V2S 7M8 British Columbia Canada
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Baryshnikova SV, Poddel’sky AI. Heteroligand Metal Complexes with Extended Redox Properties Based on Redox-Active Chelating Ligands of o-Quinone Type and Ferrocene. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123928. [PMID: 35745052 PMCID: PMC9230781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of different types of redox-active systems in one molecule makes it possible to create coordination compounds with extended redox abilities, combining molecular and electronic structures determined by the features of intra- and intermolecular interactions between such redox-active centres. This review summarizes and analyses information from the literature, published mainly from 2000 to the present, on the methods of preparation, the molecular and electronic structure of mixed-ligand coordination compounds based on redox-active ligands of the o-benzoquinone type and ferrocenes, ferrocene-containing ligands, the features of their redox properties, and some chemical behaviour.
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El‐Sawaf AK, Abdel‐Monem YK, Azzam MA. Synthesis, spectroscopic, electrochemical characterization, density functional theory (DFT), time dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT), and antibacterial studies of some Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) chelates of (
E
)‐4‐(1,5‐dimethyl‐3‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1
H
‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐1‐(3‐hydroxynaphthalen‐2‐yl)methylene) thiosemicarbazide Schiff base ligand. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman K. El‐Sawaf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al‐Kharj Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al‐Kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Menoufia University Shebin El‐Kom Egypt
| | | | - Maged A. Azzam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al‐Kharj Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al‐Kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Menoufia University Shebin El‐Kom Egypt
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Baryshnikova SV, Poddel'sky AI, Bellan EV, Smolyaninov IV, Cherkasov AV, Fukin GK, Berberova NT, Cherkasov VK, Abakumov GA. Ferrocene-Containing Tin(IV) Complexes Based on o-Benzoquinone and o-Iminobenzoquinone Ligands. Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Electrochemical Properties. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6774-6784. [PMID: 32338505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The addition of different substituted o-benzoquinones and o-iminobenzoquinones to tin(II) bis(o-iminophenolates) of the types (Fc-IP)2SnII and (Fc-4,6-IP)2SnII (where Fc-IP is anion 2-(ferrocenylmethyleneamino)phenolate [Fc-C(H)═N(C6H4)O-] and Fc-4,6-IP is anion 2-(ferrocenylmethyleneamino)-4,6-di-tert-butylphenolate [Fc-C(H)═N(4,6-tBu-C6H2)O-]) in tetrahydrofuran leads to the oxidation of Sn(II) to Sn(IV) with formation of the corresponding tin(IV) catecholates (Fc-4,6-IP)2SnIV(3,6-Cat) (1), (Fc-IP)2SnIV(3,6-Cat) (2), (Fc-4,6-IP)2SnIV(4-Cl-3,6-Cat) (3), (Fc-IP)2SnIV(4-Cl-3,6-Cat) (4), (Fc-4,6-IP)2SnIV(4,5-Cl2-3,6-Cat) (5), and (Fc-IP)2SnIV(4,5-Cl2-3,6-Cat) (6) or the o-amidophenolates (Fc-4,6-IP)2SnIV(AP-Me) (7), (Fc-IP)2SnIV(AP-iPr) (8), and (Fc-4,6-IP)2SnIV(AP-iPr) (9). Here ligands 3,6-Cat, 4-Cl-3,6-Cat, and 4,5-Cl2-3,6-Cat are dianions 3,6-di-tert-butyl-, 4-chloro-3,6-di-tert-butyl-, and 4,5-dichloro-3,6-di-tert-butylcatecholates, respectively, and AP-Me and AP-iPr are dianions 4,6-di-tert-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-o-amidophenolate and 4,6-di-tert-butyl-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-o-amidophenolate, respectively. Complexes 1-9 have been characterized in detail by IR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structures of tin(IV) complexes 5, 7, and 9 in the crystalline state were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Complexes demonstrate a series of successive oxidations involving alternately catecholato/o-amidophenolato centers and ferrocenyl moieties. The relative oxidation potentials of these redox centers depend on the acceptor properties of the redox-active chelating O,O' or O,N ligand. An increase in the acceptor properties of redox-active o-quinonato-type ligands leads to an increase in the oxidation potentials of redox ligands as well as the following oxidation of ferrocenyl group(s). In two series of complexes, (Fc-4,6-L)2SnL' and (Fc-L)2SnL', where L' is AP-iPr, AP-Me, 3,6-Cat, 4-Cl-3,6-Cat, and 4,5-Cl2-3,6-Cat, a more pronounced convergence of the oxidation potentials of the redox-active o-quinonato ligand and ferrocenyl group occurs in the series (Fc-L)2SnL'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Baryshnikova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina strasse 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russia
| | - Andrey I Poddel'sky
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina strasse 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Bellan
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina strasse 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russia
| | - Ivan V Smolyaninov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science "Federal Research Centre the Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Chehova avenue 41, Rostov-on-Don 344006, Russia.,Astrakhan State Technical University, Tatisheva strasse 16, Astrakhan 414025, Russia
| | - Anton V Cherkasov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina strasse 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russia
| | - Georgy K Fukin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina strasse 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russia
| | - Nadezhda T Berberova
- Astrakhan State Technical University, Tatisheva strasse 16, Astrakhan 414025, Russia
| | - Vladimir K Cherkasov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina strasse 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russia
| | - Gleb A Abakumov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina strasse 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russia
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