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Tsaulwayo N, Omondi RO, Vijayan P, Sibuyi NRS, Meyer MD, Meyer M, Ojwach SO. Heterocyclic (pyrazine)carboxamide Ru(ii) complexes: structural, experimental and theoretical studies of interactions with biomolecules and cytotoxicity. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8322-8330. [PMID: 38567259 PMCID: PMC10985535 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00525b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Treatments of N-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (HL1) and N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide carboxamide ligands (HL2) with [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2 and [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] precursors afforded the respective Ru(ii) complexes [Ru(L1)(p-cymene)Cl] (Ru1), [Ru(L2)(p-cymene)Cl] (Ru2), [Ru(L1)(PPh3)2Cl] (Ru3), and [Ru(L2)(PPh3)2Cl] (Ru4). These complexes were characterized by NMR, FT-IR spectroscopies, mass spectrometry, elemental analyses, and crystal X-ray crystallography for Ru2. The molecular structure of complex Ru2 contains one mono-anionic bidentate bound ligand and display pseudo-octahedral piano stool geometry around the Ru(ii) atom. The interactions with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated by spectroscopic techniques. The experimental binding studies suggest that complexes Ru1-Ru4 interact with DNA, primarily through minor groove binding, as supported by molecular docking results. Additionally, these complexes exhibit strong quenching of the fluorescence of tryptophan residues in BSA, displaying static quenching. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies of compounds Ru1-Ru4 were assessed in cancer cell lines (A549, PC-3, HT-29, Caco-2, and HeLa), as well as a non-cancer line (KMST-6). Compounds Ru1 and Ru2 exhibited superior cytotoxicity compared to Ru3 and Ru4. The in vitro cytotoxicity and selectivity of compounds Ru1 and Ru2 against A549, PC-3, and Caco-2 cell lines surpassed that of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nokwanda Tsaulwayo
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X01, Scottsville Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa
| | - Reinner O Omondi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X01, Scottsville Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa
| | - Paranthaman Vijayan
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X01, Scottsville Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa
| | - Nicole R S Sibuyi
- Department of Science and Innovation/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape Bag X17, Bellville 7535 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Miché D Meyer
- Department of Science and Innovation/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape Bag X17, Bellville 7535 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Mervin Meyer
- Department of Science and Innovation/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape Bag X17, Bellville 7535 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Stephen O Ojwach
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X01, Scottsville Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa
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2
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Chouhan KK, Chowdhury D, Mukherjee A. Cyclotrimetaphosphate-assisted ruthenium catalyst for the hydration of nitriles and oxidation of primary amines to amides under aerobic conditions in water. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2429-2439. [PMID: 36876451 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00062a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Amide bonds are ubiquitous and regarded as an essential constituent of many biologically active drug molecules and fine chemicals. We report a practical and operationally simple ruthenium-based catalytic system for the hydration of nitriles and aerobic oxidation of primary amines to the corresponding amides. Both reactions proceed without any external oxidant in water under aerobic conditions and exhibit a broad substrate scope. The mechanistic investigation was executed with the aid of control experiments and kinetic and spectroscopic studies of the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Kumar Chouhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, GEC Campus, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492015, India.
| | - Deep Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, GEC Campus, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492015, India.
| | - Arup Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, GEC Campus, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492015, India.
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3
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Kumar K, Anand SR, Kori M, Mishra N, Shrivastava S. A study on the synthesis and characterization of Schiff base stabilized silver nanoparticles against propionic bacteria. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2023.100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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4
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Sun R, Ma SS, Zhang ZH, Zhang YQ, Xu BH. Ruthenium-catalyzed reductive amination of ketones with nitroarenes and nitriles. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1450-1456. [PMID: 36651476 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Ru(dppbsa)-catalyzed reductive amination of ketones with nitroarenes and nitriles using H2 as the environmentally benign hydrogen surrogate is developed in this study. Cross-experiments demonstrated that both reactions are initiated by the reduction of nitroarenes or nitriles to the corresponding amines, followed by condensation with ketones to give imines and thereafter hydrogenation. However, the route to the formation of an amino-ligated Ru complex during the reduction of nitroarenes or nitriles, followed by in situ nucleophilic C-N coupling, cannot be completely excluded. This newly developed versatile method features good functional group tolerance, which provides a novel design platform for homogeneous catalysts in constructing motifs of secondary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institution of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Shuang-Shuang Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institution of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zi-Heng Zhang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yan-Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institution of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bao-Hua Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institution of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Chemical Power Source and Green Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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5
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Yadav S, Gupta R. Hydration of Nitriles Catalyzed by Ruthenium Complexes: Role of Dihydrogen Bonding Interactions in Promoting Base-Free Catalysis. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15463-15474. [PMID: 36137300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II) complexes of amide-phosphine-based tridentate ligands additionally containing pyridine, isoquinoline, and quinoline rings have been synthesized, and their catalytic utility for the selective hydration of nitriles to amides is explored under the base-containing as well as base-free conditions. The chloride-ligated complexes 1-3 exhibited significant catalytic activity in the presence of a base, whereas hydride-ligated complexes 4-6 carried out the hydration of nitrile without the requirement of any base. The mechanistic studies revealed the involvement of [Ru-H] species as the active catalyst in the catalytic cycle. The [Ru-H] species assisted in the polarization of an incoming water molecule through [Ru-H···H-OH] dihydrogen bonding interaction and consequently aided in the attack of a positioned water molecule to a nitrile coordinated to a ruthenium center. Substrate binding studies and kinetic experiments further supported the mechanism. A wide variety of aromatic nitriles containing both electron-withdrawing and electron-releasing groups as well as other substrates including aliphatic nitriles, base-sensitive nitriles, and a few biologically relevant nitriles were employed for the selective hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Kumah RT, Vijayan P, Ojwach SO. Carboxamide carbonyl-ruthenium(ii) complexes: detailed structural and mechanistic studies in the transfer hydrogenation of ketones. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05657c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The organo-carboxamide carbonyl-ruthenium(ii) complexes displayed moderate catalytic activities in the transfer hydrogenation of a broad spectrum of ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Kumah
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Paranthaman Vijayan
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Stephen O. Ojwach
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
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7
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Song YL, Li B, Xie ZB, Wang D, Sun HM. Iron-Catalyzed Oxidative Amination of Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Bonds with Anilines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17975-17985. [PMID: 34860531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed oxidative amination of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds with anilines bearing electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) or electron-donating groups (EDGs) is realized based on simple variations of N-substituents on imidazolium cations in novel ionic Fe(III) complexes. The structural modification of the imidazolium cation resulted in regulation of the redox potential and the catalytic performance of the iron metal center. Using DTBP as oxidant, [HItBu][FeBr4] showed the highest catalytic activity for anilines bearing EWGs, while [HIPym][FeBr4] was more efficient for EDG-substituted anilines. This work provides alternative access to benzylamines with the advantages of both a wide substrate scope and iron catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Song
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Bei Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhen-Biao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hong-Mei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Renai Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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8
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Noreen S, Sumrra SH. Aminothiazole-Linked Metal Chelates: Synthesis, Density Functional Theory, and Antimicrobial Studies with Antioxidant Correlations. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33085-33099. [PMID: 34901660 PMCID: PMC8655930 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During the current study, the new aminothiazole Schiff base ligands (S1 ) and (S2 ) were designed by reacting 1,3-thiazol-2-amine and 6-ethoxy-1,3-benzothiazole-2-amine separately with 3-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde in good yields (68-73%). The ligands were characterized through various analytical, physical, and spectroscopic (FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR, and MS) methods. The ligands were exploited in lieu of chelation with bivalent metal (cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc) chlorides in a 1:2 (M:L) ratio. The spectral (UV-Vis, FT-IR, and MS), as well as magnetic, results suggested their octahedral geometry. The theoretically optimized geometrical structures were examined using the M06/6-311G+(d,p) function of density function theory. Their bioactive nature was designated by global reactivity parameters containing a high hardness (η) value of 1.34 eV and a lower softness (σ) value of 0.37 eV. Different microbial species were verified for their potency (in vitro), revealing a strong action. The Gram-positive Micrococcus luteus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli gave the highest activities of 20 and 21 mm for compounds (8) and (7), respectively. The antifungal activity against the Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus species gave the highest activities of 20 and 18 mm for compounds (7) and (6), respectively. The antioxidant activity, evaluated as DPPH and ferric reducing power, gave the highest inhibition (%) as 72.0 ± 0.11% (IC50 = 144 ± 0.11 μL) and 66.3% (IC50 = 132 ± 0.11 μL) for compounds (3) and (8), respectively. All metal complexes were found to be more biocompatible than free ligands due to their chelation phenomenon. The energies of LUMOs had a link with their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Noreen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad H. Sumrra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
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9
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Yadav S, Vijayan P, Gupta R. Ruthenium complexes of N/O/S based multidentate ligands: Structural diversities and catalysis perspectives. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Yadav S, Vijayan P, Yadav S, Gupta R. Ruthenium complexes of phosphine-amide based ligands as efficient catalysts for transfer hydrogenation reactions. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3269-3279. [PMID: 33587074 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04401f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work presents three mononuclear Ru(ii) complexes of tridentate phosphine-carboxamide based ligands providing a NNP coordination environment. The octahedral Ru(ii) ion shows additional coordination with co-ligands; CO, Cl and CH3OH. All three Ru(ii) complexes were thoroughly characterized including their crystal structures. These Ru(ii) complexes were utilized as catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of assorted carbonyl compounds, including some challenging biologically relevant substrates, using isopropanol as the hydrogen source. The binding studies illustrated the coordination of the isopropoxide ion by replacing a Ru-ligated chloride ion followed by the generation of the Ru-H intermediate that was isolated and characterized and was found to be involved in the catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, India.
| | | | - Sunil Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, India.
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi - 110 007, India.
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Pachisia S, Kishan R, Yadav S, Gupta R. Half-Sandwich Ruthenium Complexes of Amide-Phosphine Based Ligands: H-Bonding Cavity Assisted Binding and Reduction of Nitro-substrates. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2009-2022. [PMID: 33459009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present synthesis and characterization of two half-sandwich Ru(II) complexes supported with amide-phosphine based ligands. These complexes presented a pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide based pincer cavity, decorated with hydrogen bonds, that participated in the binding of nitro-substrates closer to the Ru(II) centers, which is further supported with binding and docking studies. These ruthenium complexes functioned as the noteworthy catalysts for the borohydride mediated reduction of assorted nitro-substrates. Mechanistic studies not only confirmed the intermediacy of [Ru-H] in the reduction but also asserted the involvement of several organic intermediates during the course of the catalysis. A similar Ru(II) complex that lacked pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide based pincer cavity substantiated its unique role both in the substrate binding and the subsequent catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanya Pachisia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ram Kishan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Samanta Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Prabha D, Pachisia S, Gupta R. Cobalt mediated N-alkylation of amines by alcohols: role of hydrogen bonding pocket. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01374a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt complexes of amide-based pincers provide a H-bonding pocket that binds a reagent in the vicinity of the metal center. These complexes function as catalysts for the N-alkylation of amines using alcohols via a borrowing hydrogen strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Prabha
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi – 110 007
- India
| | - Sanya Pachisia
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi – 110 007
- India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi – 110 007
- India
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Oswal P, Arora A, Singh S, Rao GK, Kumar S, Singh AK, Kumar A. Easily synthesizable benzothiazole based designers palladium complexes for catalysis of Suzuki coupling: Controlling effect of aryl substituent of ligand on role and composition of insitu generated binary nanomaterial (PdS or Pd16S7). CATAL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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