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Ali GF, Hassanein EHM, Mohamed WR. Molecular mechanisms underlying methotrexate-induced intestinal injury and protective strategies. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03164-x. [PMID: 38822868 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid reductase inhibitor that manages various malignancies as well as immune-mediated inflammatory chronic diseases. Despite being frequently prescribed, MTX's severe multiple toxicities can occasionally limit its therapeutic potential. Intestinal toxicity is a severe adverse effect associated with the administration of MTX, and patients are significantly burdened by MTX-provoked intestinal mucositis. However, the mechanism of such intestinal toxicity is not entirely understood, mechanistic studies demonstrated oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions as key factors that lead to the development of MTX-induced intestinal injury. Besides, MTX causes intestinal cells to express pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which activate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). This is followed by the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of the transcription3 (JAK/STAT3) signaling pathway. Moreover, because of its dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) has been considered a critical signaling pathway that counteracts oxidative stress in MTX-induced intestinal injury. Several agents have potential protective effects in counteracting MTX-provoked intestinal injury such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, taurine, umbelliferone, vinpocetine, perindopril, rutin, hesperidin, lycopene, quercetin, apocynin, lactobacillus, berberine, zinc, and nifuroxazide. This review aims to summarize the potential redox molecular mechanisms of MTX-induced intestinal injury and how they can be alleviated. In conclusion, studying these molecular pathways might open the way for early alleviation of the intestinal damage and the development of various agent plans to attenuate MTX-mediated intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber F Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62514, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut Branch, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Wafaa R Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62514, Egypt.
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McCalla G, Brown PD, Nwokocha C. Cadmium induces microcytosis and anisocytosis without anaemia in hypertensive rats. Biometals 2024; 37:519-526. [PMID: 38184813 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Dietary cadmium (Cd2+) intake is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and anaemia, but there is a paucity of information on the haematological changes in hypertensive conditions. This study, therefore, aims to evaluate the effects of Cd2+ on blood pressure (BP) and haematological indices in the Sprague-Dawley rat model. Three cohorts (n = 10 each) of control and Cd2+-fed male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected. Cd2+-exposed rats received 2.5 or 5 mg/kg b.w. cadmium chloride via gavage thrice-weekly for eight weeks, while control animals received tap water. BP and flow were measured non-invasively from rat tails twice-weekly using a CODA machine, while weights were measured thrice-weekly. Haematological indices were assessed using the Cell-Dyn Emerald Haematology Analyzer. Data were reported as mean ± SEM, and statistically analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance. Bonferroni post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. Cd2+-exposure induced hypertension by significantly (p < 0.05) elevating systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BPs, pulse pressure, and heart rate (HR), and increased (p < 0.05) blood flow. Mean cell volume (MCV) and haemoglobin (MCH) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced, and red cell distribution width (RDW) significantly (p < 0.01) increased by exposure to 5 mg/kg b.w. Cd2+. Haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell, platelet, mean platelet volume, and white blood cell counts were unaffected by Cd2+-exposure. Cd2+ induced hypertension, microcytosis, hypochromicity, and anisocytosis without anaemia, which may be precursor to microcytic anaemia and coronary artery disease. This study is important in Cd2+-exposed environments and warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garsha McCalla
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
| | - Paul D Brown
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Chukwuemeka Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
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Banaee M, Beitsayah A, Prokić MD, Petrović TG, Zeidi A, Faggio C. Effects of cadmium chloride and biofertilizer (Bacilar) on biochemical parameters of freshwater fish, Alburnus mossulensis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 268:109614. [PMID: 36940894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Fish in wild are often faced with various types of xenobiotics, that may display synergistic or antagonistic effects. In this study, we aim to examine how exposure to agrochemical compound (Bacilar) and cadmium (CdCl2) alone and in combination affect biochemical parameters (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase; creatine phosphokinase (CKP), cholinesterase) and oxidative stress (total antioxidant capacity, catalase, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl concentrations) of freshwater fish Alburnus mossulensis. Fish were exposed to two concentrations of Bacilar (0.3, and 0.6 mL L-1) and to 1 mg L-1 cadmium chloride alone and in combination for 21 days. Results showed that fish accumulate Cd in their body, with the highest rate in individuals exposed to Cd in combination with Bacilar. Both xenobiotics in fish liver induced the activation of liver enzymes suggesting hepatotoxic effects, with the greatest impact in co-exposed groups. A significant decrease in the hepatocyte's total antioxidant capacity indicates the collapse of the antioxidant defense in fish exposed to Cd and Bacilar. A decrease in the antioxidant biomarkers was followed by increased oxidative damage of lipids and proteins. We also reported altered function in the muscle of individuals exposed to Bacilar and Cd seen as decreased activities in CKP and butyrylcholinesterase. Overall, our results point to the toxicity of both Bacilar and Cd on fish but also to their synergistic effects on Cd bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, and liver and muscle damage. This study highlights the need for evaluating the use of agrochemicals and their possible additive effects on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Banaee
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Amal Beitsayah
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Marko D Prokić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tamara G Petrović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Amir Zeidi
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Caterina Faggio
- University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale Ferdinando Stagno, d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Han J, Zhong Y, Jin C, Luo R, Xia M, He Y, Liu J, Peng X. Apocynin attenuates patulin-induced cytotoxicity through reduction of oxidation stress and apoptosis in HEK293cells. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a natural mycotoxin that commonly contaminates fruits and their derivative products and has been proven to induce cytotoxicity and oxidative damage in renal cells. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of apocynin, a potent phenolic antioxidant isolated from plants, on PAT-induced cell injury in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Compared with 7.5 μM PAT treatment alone, 10 μM apocynin co-treatment elevated cell viability, alleviated lactate dehydrogenase release and reduced caspase activities. Furthermore, apocynin inhibited reactive oxygen species overproduction, re-established mitochondria membrane potential and elevated intracellular ATP content. In addition, the results showed that apocynin aggrandized reduced glutathione (GSH) content, reduced oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content, raised the GSH/GSSG ratio and elevated superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. Collectively, results of the study clearly show that apocynin supplement may serve as an alternative intervention to protect HEK293 cells against cytotoxicity induced by PAT through reduction of oxidation stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.H. Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China P.R
| | - Y.J. Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China P.R
| | - C.N. Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China P.R
| | - R.L. Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China P.R
| | - M.Y. Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China P.R
| | - Y.S. He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China P.R
| | - J.Y. Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China P.R
| | - X.L. Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China P.R
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Nwokocha CR, Gordon A, Palacios J, Paredes A, Cifuentes F, Francis S, Watson J, Delgoda R, Nwokocha M, Alexander-Lindo R, Thompson R, Minott-Kates D, Yakubu MA. Hypotensive and antihypertensive effects of an aqueous extract from Guinep fruit (Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq) in rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18623. [PMID: 33122667 PMCID: PMC7596469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq (Mb) has been reported to have cardiovascular modulatory effects. In this study, we evaluated the antihypertensive effects and mechanism of action of Mb on NG-Nitro-l-arginine Methyl Ester (l-NAME) and Deoxycorticosterone Acetate (DOCA) rat models. Aqueous extract of Mb fruit (100 mg/kg) was administered for 6 weeks to rats by gavage and blood pressure was recorded. Effects of the extract on vascular reactivity was evaluated using isolated organ baths, and tissues were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced with extract (100 mg/kg) administration and treatment compared to the hypertensive models. Mb (100 µg/mL) reduced the vascular contractility induced by phenylephrine (PE), and caused a dose-dependent relaxation of PE-induced contraction of aortic vascular rings. The vasorelaxation properties seemed to be endothelium dependent, as well as nitric oxide (NO) and guanylyl cyclase, but not prostaglandin dependent. Histomicrograph of transverse sections of the ventricles from the Mb group did not show abnormalities. The extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced an l-NAME induced elevation of cardiac output and Creatine Kinase Muscle-Brain (CKMB), but had no significant impact on the activities of arylamine N-acetyltransferase. In conclusion, Mb significantly decreased blood pressure in hypertensive models. The extract possesses the ability to induce endothelium dependent vasodilation, which is dependent on guanylyl cyclase but not prostaglandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka R Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
| | - Alexia Gordon
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Javier Palacios
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Aplicada, Departamento Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, 1110939, Iquique, Chile.
| | - Adrian Paredes
- Departamento Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, 1271155, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Fredi Cifuentes
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Experimental, Instituto Antofagasta (IA), Universidad de Antofagasta, 1270300, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Sheena Francis
- Natural Products Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - JeAnn Watson
- Natural Products Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Rupika Delgoda
- Natural Products Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Magdalene Nwokocha
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Ruby Alexander-Lindo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Rory Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Donna Minott-Kates
- Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Momoh A Yakubu
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
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