1
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Wei X, Liu L, Zhang J, Kou Y, Du Y, Kong M, Xie J, Shen M. Evaluation of potentially harmful Maillard reaction products in different types of commercial formulae. Food Chem 2024; 456:139965. [PMID: 38852460 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Pasteurisation and spray drying are critical steps to ensure the safety and shelf-life of formulae, but these treatments also induce formation of some potentially harmful Maillard reaction products. In this study, the occurrence of potentially harmful Maillard reaction products and proximate compositions in different commercial formulae were analysed. Our results showed that infant formulae had significantly higher concentrations of furosine, Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) than follow-on/toddler formula. Specialty formulae had higher concentrations of glyoxal and CML than other types of formulae. Correlation analysis indicated that concentrations of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 3-deoxyglucosone, CML and CEL were closely related to fat contents. These results provided insight into concentrations of potentially harmful Maillard reaction products in different types of formulae and provide a theoretical basis for further optimisation of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yafei Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yanli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Mengru Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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2
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Borş A, Borş SI, Floriștean VC. Health-Related Outcomes and Molecular Methods for the Characterization of A1 and A2 Cow's Milk: Review and Update. Vet Sci 2024; 11:172. [PMID: 38668439 PMCID: PMC11053430 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A new trend in cow's milk has emerged in the market called type A1 and A2 milk. These products have piqued the interest of both consumers and researchers. Recent studies suggest that A2 milk may have potential health benefits beyond that of A1 milk, which is why researchers are investigating this product further. It is interesting to note that the A1 and A2 milk types have area-specific characteristics compared to breed-specific characteristics. Extensive research has focused on milk derivatives obtained from cow's milk, primarily through in vitro and animal studies. However, few clinical studies have been conducted in humans, and the results have been unsatisfactory. New molecular techniques for identifying A1 and A2 milk may help researchers develop new studies that can clarify certain controversies surrounding A1 milk. It is essential to exercise extreme caution when interpreting the updated literature. It has the potential to spread panic worldwide and have negative economic implications. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the differences between A1 and A2 milk in various research areas and clarify some aspects regarding these two types of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Borş
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700489 Iaşi, Romania; (A.B.); (V.-C.F.)
| | - Silviu-Ionuț Borş
- Research and Development Station for Cattle Breeding Dancu, 707252 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Viorel-Cezar Floriștean
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700489 Iaşi, Romania; (A.B.); (V.-C.F.)
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3
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Xia Q, Lan J, Pan Y, Wang Y, Song T, Yang Y, Tian X, Chen L, Gu Z, Ding YY. Effects of Dityrosine on Lactic Acid Metabolism in Mice Gastrocnemius Muscle During Endurance Exercise via the Oxidative Stress-Induced Mitochondria Damage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5269-5282. [PMID: 38439706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Dityrosine (Dityr) has been detected in commercial food as a product of protein oxidation and has been shown to pose a threat to human health. This study aims to investigate whether Dityr causes a decrease in lactic acid metabolism in the gastrocnemius muscle during endurance exercise. C57BL/6 mice were administered Dityr or saline by gavage for 13 weeks and underwent an endurance exercise test on a treadmill. Dityr caused a severe reduction in motion displacement and endurance time, along with a significant increase in lactic acid accumulation in the blood and gastrocnemius muscle in mice after exercise. Dityr induced significant mitochondrial defects in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice. Additionally, Dityr induced serious oxidative stress in the gastrocnemius muscle, accompanied by inflammation, which might be one of the causes of mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, significant apoptosis in the gastrocnemius muscle increased after exposure to Dityr. This study confirmed that Dityr induced oxidative stress in the gastrocnemius muscle, which further caused significant mitochondrial damage in the gastrocnemius muscle cell, resulting in decreased capacity of lactic acid metabolism and finally affected performance in endurance exercise. This may be one of the possible mechanisms by which highly oxidized foods cause a decreased muscle energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiudong Xia
- Department of Physical Education, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jinchi Lan
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Engineering and Quality and Safety, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yuxiang Pan
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Engineering and Quality and Safety, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Engineering and Quality and Safety, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Tianyuan Song
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Engineering and Quality and Safety, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Beijing Competitor Sports Nutrition Research Institute, Beijing 100027, China
| | - Longjun Chen
- Huzhou Shengtao Biotechnology LLC, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Engineering and Quality and Safety, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yin-Yi Ding
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Engineering and Quality and Safety, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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4
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D'Incecco P, Dallavalle S, Musso L, Rosi V, Sindaco M, Pellegrino L. Formation of di-Tyrosine in pasteurized milk during shelf storage. Food Chem 2024; 435:137566. [PMID: 37778263 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Formation of the protein crosslink di-Tyrosine was studied in PET-bottled pasteurized milk exposed to fluorescent light in a commercial display cabinet. An HPLC method with fluorescence detection was developed and intra-laboratory validated using pure di-Tyrosine synthesized on purpose. Di-Tyrosine was detected after 1-day lightening and increased up to 7 days, reaching around 250 and 320 µg/g protein in whole and partly skimmed milk, respectively. Afterward, a progressive decrease occurred. By transmission electron microscopy with specific immune gold labelling, presence of di-Tyrosine was observed for the first time on the surface of casein micelles of lightened milk. The crosslink formation, however, did not bring to protein aggregation phenomena detectable by laser light scattering measurements. Exposure to light also induced degradation of riboflavin and decrease of yellowness index. Di-Tyrosine proved to be a suitable indicator to evaluate the progress of protein oxidation in pasteurized milk during storage on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo D'Incecco
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Loana Musso
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Rosi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Sindaco
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Pellegrino
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milan, Italy
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5
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Zhang M, Huang C, Ou J, Liu F, Ou S, Zheng J. Glyoxal in Foods: Formation, Metabolism, Health Hazards, and Its Control Strategies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2434-2450. [PMID: 38284798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Glyoxal is a highly reactive aldehyde widely present in common diet and environment and inevitably generated through various metabolic pathways in vivo. Glyoxal is easily produced in diets high in carbohydrates and fats via the Maillard reaction, carbohydrate autoxidation, and lipid peroxidation, etc. This leads to dietary intake being a major source of exogenous exposure. Exposure to glyoxal has been positively associated with a number of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. It has been demonstrated that polyphenols, probiotics, hydrocolloids, and amino acids can reduce the content of glyoxal in foods via different mechanisms, thus reducing the risk of exogenous exposure to glyoxal and alleviating carbonyl stresses in the human body. This review discussed the formation and metabolism of glyoxal, its health hazards, and the strategies to reduce such health hazards. Future investigation of glyoxal from different perspectives is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianzhang Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Caihuan Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Juanying Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Fu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, 510580 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Innovation Platform for the Safety of Bakery Products, 510632 Guangzhou , China
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6
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Kijewska M, Zawadzka M, Śleziak M, Stefanowicz P. Microwave-assisted solid-phase synthesis of lactosylated peptides for food analytical application. Food Chem 2024; 433:137367. [PMID: 37683469 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The lactosylation of whey proteins affects their properties, especially their allergenicity and nutritional value, which matters in infant feeding. The quantification of lactosylated peptides requires analytically pure standards which are not commercially available. Herein, we proposed a fast, simple, and efficient protocol for the synthesis of lactosylated peptides on solid support based on microwave-assisted synthesis combined with boronate affinity chromatography utilizing the functionalized resin developed in our research group. We have used our method to synthesize identified modified peptides derived from β-lactoglobulin in tryptic digestion. Thus, the standard peptides contain the dabcyl moiety for determination of the amount in a sample and a cleavable linker to obtain tryptic analogs of β-lactoglobulin. Moreover, for the first time, we applied the functionalized resin to enrich the sample of human serum albumin lactosylated in vitro, into lactosylated peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kijewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Michalina Zawadzka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Śleziak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Stefanowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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7
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Xie Y, van der Fels-Klerx HJ, van Leeuwen SPJ, Fogliano V. Occurrence of dietary advanced glycation end-products in commercial cow, goat and soy protein based infant formulas. Food Chem 2023; 411:135424. [PMID: 36652883 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatment is a key step during infant formula (IF) processing which causes protein glycation and formation of dietary advanced glycation end-products (dAGEs). This study aimed to evaluate the glycation degree in IF in relation to the ingredients of the formula. dAGEs concentrations have been determined by UPLC-MS/MS in a range of commercial cow-based, goat-based, and soy-based IF. Results indicated that the protein source, protein composition, and amount and type of carbohydrates determines the level of protein glycation in IFs. The investigated soy-based formula had significant higher concentrations of arginine and arginine-derived dAGEs than cow-based and goat-based formulas. IF containing hydrolyzed proteins had higher dAGEs concentrations than those containing intact proteins. Lactose-containing formula was more prone to glycation than those containing sucrose and maltodextrin. Data showed glycation degree in IF cannot be estimated by a single compound, but the complete picture of the dAGEs should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Xie
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Kijewska M, Zawadzka M, Stefanowicz P. High-Temperature, Solid-Phase Reaction of α-Amino Groups in Peptides with Lactose and Glucose: An Alternative Mechanism Leading to an α-Ketoacyl Derivative. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5796-5803. [PMID: 37000938 PMCID: PMC10103172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of proteins with reducing sugars results in the formation of Amadori products, which involves the N-terminal group and/or ε-amino group of the lysine side chain. However, less attention has been given to the reactivity of the N-terminus of a peptide chain under similar conditions. In our work, we focused on the reaction of the α-amino group of peptides in the presence of a reducing sugar, specifically lactose. We optimized the reaction conditions of model peptides with lactose in the solid phase and showed that temperatures above 120 °C lead to the deamination of the N-terminal amino acid moiety, ultimately resulting in α-ketoacids. We carried out detailed studies to confirm the structure of the deaminated product using analytical methods such as ESI-MS and LC-MS/MS, as well as chemical methods that involved the reduction of the carbonyl group combined with isotopic exchange and the reactivity of the carbonyl group with the hydroxylamine derivative. The structure of the reaction product was also confirmed by chemical synthesis. We suggested plausible mechanisms for the formation of the deaminated product and considered the probable path of its formation. Our aim was to determine whether the reaction proceeds according to the Strecker-based mechanism and direct imine isomerization by carrying out reactions of model peptides in the presence of lactose under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and comparing the results obtained.
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9
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Dong L, Li Y, Chen Q, Liu Y, Qiao Z, Sang S, Zhang J, Zhan S, Wu Z, Liu L. Research advances of advanced glycation end products in milk and dairy products: Formation, determination, control strategy and immunometabolism via gut microbiota. Food Chem 2023; 417:135861. [PMID: 36906946 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) are a series of complex compounds which generate in the advanced phase of Maillard reaction, which can pose a non-negligible risk to human health. This article systematically encompasses AGEs in milk and dairy products under different processing conditions, influencing factors, inhibition mechanism and levels among the different categories of dairy products. In particular, it describes the effects of various sterilization techniques on the Maillard reaction. Different processing techniques have a significant effect on AGEs content. In addition, it clearly articulates the determination methods of AGEs and even discusses its immunometabolism via gut microbiota. It is observed that the metabolism of AGEs can affect the composition of the gut microbiota, which further has an impact on intestinal function and the gut-brain axis. This research also provides a suggestion for AGEs mitigation strategies, which are beneficial to optimize the dairy production, especially innovative processing technology application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lezhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaohui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shangyuan Sang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingshun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Shengnan Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zufang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lianliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition School of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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10
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An approach on detection, quantification, technological properties, and trends market of A2 cow milk. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112690. [PMID: 37087212 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The genetic variant A2 β-casein integrates the casein protein group in milk and has been often associated with positive health outcomes. Therefore, this review explores the present understanding of A2 β-casein, including detection methods and the market trends for dairy from A2 milk. Also, the interaction of A2 β-casein with αs1-casein and κ-casein genotypes was examined in terms of technological impacts on A2 milk. A limited number of preliminary studies has aimed to investigate the sensorial and technological impacts of β-casein variants in milk matrices, for instance, in yogurt and other derivatives. Nevertheless, considering studies carried out so far, it is concluded that the manufacture of dairy products from A2 milk is perfectly feasible, as the products presented slight differences when compared to those derived from traditional milk. In one of the works, sensitive drops in rennet coagulation time and curd firmness values were observed in cheese traits. However, it is relevant to point out that variant A of κ-casein plays a negative role in the coagulation features of milk. Therefore, alterations in the pattern of cheese-making properties are not uniquely related to β-casein variants. Attempts to produce A2 β-casein in laboratory (non-natural source), through biosynthesis, for example, have not been found so far. This knowledge gap offers a promising area for future studies concerning proteins and bioactive peptide production.
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11
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Doblas L, Hägglund PM, Fuentes-Lemus E, Davies MJ. The cysteine residue in beta-lactoglobulin reacts with oxidized tyrosine residues in beta-casein to give casein-lactoglobulin dimers. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 733:109482. [PMID: 36457258 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are modified during milk processing and storage, with sidechain oxidation and crosslinking being major consequences. Despite the prevalence and importance of proteins in milk, and particularly caseins (∼80% of total content), the nature of the cross-links formed by oxidation, and their mechanisms of formation, are poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated the formation and stability of cross-links generated by the nucleophilic addition of Cys residues to quinones generated on oxidation of Tyr residues. The mechanisms and stability of these adducts was explored using ubiquitin as a model protein, and β-casein. Ubiquitin and β-casein were oxidized using a rose Bengal/visible light/O2 system, or by the enzyme tyrosinase. The oxidized proteins were incubated with glutathione or β-lactoglobulin (non-oxidized, but unfolded by treatment at 70 °C), before analysis by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and LC-MS. Our data indicate that Cys-quinone adducts are readily-formed, and are stable for >48 h. Thus, oxidized β-casein reacts efficiently with the thermally unfolded β-lactoglobulin, likely via Michael addition of the exposed Cys to a Tyr-derived quinone. These data provide a novel, and possibly general, mechanism of protein cross-link formation, and provides information of the stability of these species that have potential as markers of protein quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Doblas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Per M Hägglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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12
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Li B, Yang Y, Ding Y, Ge Y, Xu Y, Xie Y, Shi Y, Le G. Dityrosine in food: A review of its occurrence, health effects, detection methods, and mitigation strategies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:355-379. [PMID: 36382862 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein and amino acid oxidation in food products produce many new compounds, of which the reactive and toxic compound dityrosine, derived from oxidized tyrosine, is the most widely studied. The high reactivity of dityrosine enables this compound to induce oxidative stress and disrupt thyroid hormone function, contributing to the pathological processes of several diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cognitive dysfunction, aging, and age-related diseases. From the perspective of food safety and human health, protein-oxidation products in food are the main concern of consumers, health management departments, and the food industry. This review highlights the latest research on the formation pathways, toxicity, detection methods, occurrence in food, and mitigation strategies for dityrosine. Furthermore, the control of dityrosine in family cooking and food-processing industry has been discussed. Food-derived dityrosine primarily originates from high-protein foods, such as meat and dairy products. Considering its toxicity, combining rapid high sensitivity dityrosine detection techniques with feasible control methods could be an effective strategy to ensure food safety and maintain human health. However, the current dityrosine detection and mitigation strategies exhibit some inherent characteristics and limitations. Therefore, developing technologies for rapid and effective dityrosine detection and control at the industrial level is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, China
| | - Yinyi Ding
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310018, China
| | - Yueting Ge
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan Province, 464000, China
| | - Yuncong Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanli Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, China
| | - Yonghui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Guowei Le
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
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13
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van Dongen KCW, Ioannou A, Wesseling S, Beekmann K, Belzer C. Differences in gut microbial fructoselysine degradation activity between breast-fed and formula-fed infants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 99:6849965. [PMID: 36442156 PMCID: PMC9749803 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amadori product fructoselysine is formed upon heating of food products and is abundantly present in infant formula while being almost absent in breast milk. The human gut microbiota can degrade fructoselysine for which interindividual differences have been described for adults. The aim of this study is to compare functional differences in microbial fructoselysine degradation between breast-fed and formula-fed infants, in view of their different diets and resulting different fructoselysine exposures. First, a publicly available metagenomic dataset with metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from infant fecal samples was analyzed and showed that query genes involved in fructoselysine degradation (frlD/yhfQ) were abundantly present in multiple bacterial taxa in the fecal samples, with a higher prevalence in the formula-fed infants. Next, fecal samples collected from exclusively breast-fed and formula-fed infants were anaerobically incubated with fructoselysine. Both groups degraded fructoselysine, however the fructoselysine degradation activity was significantly higher by fecal samples from formula-fed infants. Overall, this study provides evidence that infant formula feeding, leading to increased dietary fructoselysine exposure, seems to result in an increased fructoselysine degradation activity in the gut microbiota of infants. This indicates that the infant gut microbiota adapts towards dietary fructoselysine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja C W van Dongen
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Athanasia Ioannou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Corresponding author: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands. Tel: +31317482795; E-mail:
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14
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Jiang S, Luo W, Peng Q, Wu Z, Li H, Li H, Yu J. Effects of Flash Evaporation Conditions on the Quality of UHT Milk by Changing the Dissolved Oxygen Content in Milk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152371. [PMID: 35954137 PMCID: PMC9368124 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of reducing dissolved oxygen (DO) content on the quality of UHT milk using a flash deoxygenation treatment. Flash deoxygenation was designed based on preheated milk reaching boiling early under low-pressure conditions to remove DO from the milk. Two parameters were designed for flash deoxygenation: preheating temperature 65 °C, -0.08 Mpa, and 70 °C, -0.06 Mpa. The flash conditions were applied to two UHT sterilization conditions (135 °C for 10 s and 145 °C for 5 s). After deoxygenation, the total oxidation (TOTOX) value of UHT milk was reduced by 1.4~1.71, and the protein carbonyl (PC) value was reduced by 1.15~1.52 nmol/mg of protein. The maximum inhibition rates of furusine and 5-HMF were 33.23 ± 1.72% and 25.43 ± 3.14%, respectively. The particle size was reduced by 0.141~0.178 μm. The ketones and stale aldehydes causing oxidized taste in the UHT milk were significantly reduced. This study showed that the oxidation and Maillard reactions of UHT milk were significantly inhibited, stability was improved, and the content of undesirable volatile flavor substances was reduced after flash deoxygenation. Therefore, reducing DO content was beneficial to improving the quality of UHT milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinghua Yu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-022-60912401
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15
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Akıllıoğlu HG, Chatterton DEW, Lund MN. Maillard reaction products and amino acid cross-links in liquid infant formula: Effects of UHT treatment and storage. Food Chem 2022; 396:133687. [PMID: 35858513 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The formation of Maillard reaction products, including Amadori compounds (determined as furosine), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), α-dicarbonyl and furfural compounds, as well as amino acid cross-links (lysinoalanine and lanthionine) was investigated in direct (DI) and indirect (IN) UHT-treated experimental liquid infant formula (IF) during storage at 40 °C. IN-IF had higher concentrations of all investigated compounds compared to DI-IF and low pasteurized IF. IN UHT treatment induced significantly higher concentrations of α-dicarbonyl compounds (glyoxal, methylglyoxal, 3-deoxyglucosone and 3-deoxygalactosone) compared to DI, which facilitated increased formation of AGEs (N-Ɛ-(carboxymethyl)lysine, methylglyoxal- and glyoxal-derived hydroimidazolones) in unstored IFs. During storage for 6 months, concentrations of furosine and AGEs increased while α-dicarbonyl compounds decreased. Principal component analysis indicated that differences between IN-IF and DI-IF disappeared after 2 months of storage. IN-IF had higher concentrations of lysinoalanine and lanthionine and lower concentrations of available lysine and arginine than DI-IF indicating higher loss of protein quality in IN-IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halise Gül Akıllıoğlu
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Dereck E W Chatterton
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Marianne N Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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16
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Lund P, Mardal F, Ray CA, Lund MN. Probing the cumulative effects of unit operations and lactose to whey protein ratios on protein modifications in powdered model infant formula. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Alternatives to Cow’s Milk-Based Infant Formulas in the Prevention and Management of Cow’s Milk Allergy. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070926. [PMID: 35407012 PMCID: PMC8997926 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow’s milk-based infant formulas are the most common substitute to mother’s milk in infancy when breastfeeding is impossible or insufficient, as cow’s milk is a globally available source of mammalian proteins with high nutritional value. However, cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is the most prevalent type of food allergy among infants, affecting up to 3.8% of small children. Hypoallergenic infant formulas based on hydrolysed cow’s milk proteins are commercially available for the management of CMA. Yet, there is a growing demand for more options for infant feeding, both in general but especially for the prevention and management of CMA. Milk from other mammalian sources than the cow, such as goat, sheep, camel, donkey, and horse, has received some attention in the last decade due to the different protein composition profile and protein amino acid sequences, resulting in a potentially low cross-reactivity with cow’s milk proteins. Recently, proteins from plant sources, such as potato, lentil, chickpeas, quinoa, in addition to soy and rice, have gained increased interest due to their climate friendly and vegan status as well as potential lower allergenicity. In this review, we provide an overview of current and potential future infant formulas and their relevance in CMA prevention and management.
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18
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Rossi C, Fuentes-Lemus E, Davies MJ. Reaction of cysteine residues with oxidized tyrosine residues mediates cross-linking of photo-oxidized casein proteins. Food Chem 2022; 385:132667. [PMID: 35299016 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photo-oxidation of casein proteins is commonplace during milk processing and storage. A major consequence of such light exposure is protein cross-linking and aggregation. Although caseins are key milk components, the nature of the cross-links and the mechanisms involved are poorly characterized, with most previous work having been focused on detecting and quantifying di-tyrosine formed on dimerization of two tyrosine-derived phenoxyl radicals. However, this is only one of a large number of possible cross-links that might be formed. In this study, we have investigated the potential involvement of secondary reactions between oxidized protein side-chains and the thiol group of cysteine (Cys) residues in casein cross-linking. Casein proteins were subjected to photo-oxidation using visible light in the presence of a sensitizer (riboflavin or rose Bengal) and O2, then incubated with a Cys-containing peptide (glutathione, GSH) or protein (κ-casein), and subsequently analyzed by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and LC-MS. Our data indicate that that photo-oxidized (but not parent) caseins react efficiently with the Cys-containing species, likely via Michael addition to quinones formed from tyrosine residues to give glutathionylated species or protein adducts. Thus, oxidized α-casein reacts with native κ-casein to give high molecular mass aggregates. This adduct formation was prevented by alkylation of the Cys thiol group. The cross-link site and the residues involved have been confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) proteomic analysis. Together, these data extend our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in casein oxidation and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rossi
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Michael J Davies
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst K, Katrine Knutsen H, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Bresson J, Castle L, Fewtrell M, Przyrembel H, Dumas C, Titz A, Turck D. Nutritional safety and suitability of a specific protein hydrolysate derived from whey protein concentrate and used in an infant and follow-on formula manufactured from hydrolysed protein by HIPP-Werk Georg Hipp OHG (dossier submitted by meyer.science GmbH). EFSA J 2022; 20:e07141. [PMID: 35281653 PMCID: PMC8905426 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to deliver an opinion on the nutritional safety and suitability of a specific protein hydrolysate. It is derived from whey protein concentrate and used in infant and follow-on formula by HIPP-Werk Georg Hipp OHG. The dossier that was submitted to the European Commission aimed at requesting an amendment of Regulation (EU) 2016/127 with respect to the protein sources that may be used in infant and/or follow-on formula. This opinion does not cover the assessment of the safety of the food enzymes used in the manufacture of the protein hydrolysate. The protein hydrolysate under evaluation is sufficiently characterised with respect to the fraction of the hydrolysed protein. In the pertinent intervention study provided, an infant formula manufactured from the protein hydrolysate with a protein content of 1.9 g/100 kcal and consumed as the sole source of nutrition by infants for 3 months led to growth equivalent to a formula manufactured from intact cow's milk protein with the same protein content. No experimental data have been provided on the nutritional safety and suitability of this protein source in follow-on formula. However, given that it is consumed with complementary foods and the protein source is considered nutritionally safe and suitable in an infant formula that is the sole source of nutrition of infants, the Panel considers that the protein hydrolysate is also a nutritionally safe and suitable protein source for use in follow-on formula. The Panel concludes that the protein hydrolysate under evaluation is a nutritionally safe and suitable protein source for use in infant and follow-on formula, as long as the formula in which it is used contains a minimum of 1.9 g/100 kcal protein and complies with the compositional criteria of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/127 and the amino acid pattern in its Annex IIIA.
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20
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Lund P, Bechshøft MR, Ray CA, Lund MN. Effect of Processing of Whey Protein Ingredient on Maillard Reactions and Protein Structural Changes in Powdered Infant Formula. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:319-332. [PMID: 34967606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The most widely used whey protein ingredient in an infant formula (IF) is the whey protein concentrate (WPC). The processing steps used in the manufacturing of both a powdered IF and a WPC introduce protein modifications that may decrease the nutritional quality. A gently processed whey protein ingredient (serum protein concentrate; SPC) was manufactured and used for the production of a powdered IF. The SPC and the SPC-based IF were compared to the WPC and the powdered WPC-based IF. Structural protein modifications were evaluated, and Maillard reaction products, covering furosine, α-dicarbonyls, furans, and advanced glycation end products, were quantified in the IFs and their protein ingredients. IF processing was responsible for higher levels of protein modifications compared to the levels observed in the SPC and WPC. Furosine levels and aggregation were most pronounced in the WPC, but the SPC contained a high level of methylglyoxal, revealing that other processing factors should be considered in addition to thermal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Colin A Ray
- Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Sønderhøj 10-12, 8260 Viby J, Denmark
| | - Marianne N Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Li M, Shen M, Lu J, Yang J, Huang Y, Liu L, Fan H, Xie J, Xie M. Maillard reaction harmful products in dairy products: Formation, occurrence, analysis, and mitigation strategies. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110839. [PMID: 34980378 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Various harmful Maillard reaction products such as lactulosyl-lysine (furosine), furfurals, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) could be formed during the thermal processing of dairy products, which could lead to various chronic diseases. In this review, the furosine, furfurals, and AGEs formation, occurrence, analysis methods, and toxicological and health aspects in various dairy products were summarized to better monitor and control the levels of harmful Maillard reaction products in processed dairy products. It was observed that all types of dairy products, including raw milk, contain harmful Maillard reaction products, with the highest in whey cheese and condensed milk. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the common method for the determination of furosine and furfurals and AGEs in dairy products, respectively. However, the simple, rapid, environment-friendly, and accurate methods of determination are still to be developed. Incorporating resveratrol, pectin oligosaccharides (POS) in milk are effective methods to inhibit AGEs formation. This review provides a guide not only for consumers regarding the selection and consumption of dairy products, but also for monitoring and controlling the quality of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Jingnan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yousheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Institute of Analysis and Testing, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Heyu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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22
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Golchinfar Z, Farshi P, Mahmoudzadeh M, Mohammadi M, Tabibiazar M, Smith JS. Last Five Years Development In Food Safety Perception of n-Carboxymethyl Lysine. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2011909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Golchinfar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parastou Farshi
- Institute of Food Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Maryam Mahmoudzadeh
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Tabibiazar
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - J. Scott Smith
- Institute of Food Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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23
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Anema SG. Heat-induced changes in caseins and casein micelles, including interactions with denatured whey proteins. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Xie Y, van der Fels-Klerx HJ, van Leeuwen SPJ, Fogliano V. Dietary advanced glycation end-products, 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters and glycidyl esters in infant formulas: Occurrence, formulation and processing effects, mitigation strategies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5489-5515. [PMID: 34626078 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Infant formula contains thermal processing contaminants, such as dietary advanced glycation end-products (dAGEs), glycidyl esters (GEs), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (MCPDEs). This systematic review aimed to gain insights into the occurrence of these contaminants in different types of infant formula, to understand potential effects of the formulation and processing of infant formulas on these contaminants, as well as into possible mitigation strategies. The occurrence of dAGEs in infant formula depends on the recipes and processing conditions. Hydrolyzed protein formulations promote dAGEs formation in infant formula since peptides are more prone to glycation than intact proteins, which is reflected in high dAGEs concentration in hypoallergenic infant formula. Different carbohydrates in recipes result into different glycation extents of infant formula: maltodextrin containing formulas contained less dAGEs than those with lactose. Concerning mitigation strategies, applying ultra-high-temperature (UHT) treatment during milk processing leads to less dAGEs formation than using in-bottle sterilization. Although data are limited, evidence showed that encapsulation of raw ingredients or the use of antioxidants or enzymes in recipes is promising. The occurrence of MCPDEs and GEs in infant formula fully depends on the vegetable oils used in the recipe. High levels of these contaminants can be found when relatively high amounts of palm oils or fats are used. The mitigation of MCPDEs and GEs should therefore be performed on fats and oils before their application to infant formula recipes. Data and knowledge gaps identified in this review can be useful to guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Xie
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Potential application of non-thermal atmospheric plasma in reducing the activity of Pseudomonas-secreted proteases in milk. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Chen G. Dietary N-epsilon-carboxymethyllysine as for a major glycotoxin in foods: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4931-4949. [PMID: 34378329 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N-epsilon-carboxymethyllysine (CML), as a potential glycotoxin and general marker for dietary advanced glycation end products (dAGEs), exists in raw food and is formed via various formation routes in food processing such as Maillard reaction between the reducing sugars and amino acids. Although comprehensive cause-effect proof is not available yet, current research suggests a potential risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes is associated with exogenous CML. Thus, CML is causing public health concerns regarding its dietary exposure, but there is a lack of explicit guidance for understanding if it is detrimental to human health. In this review, inconsistent results of dietary CML contributed to chronic disease are discussed, available concentrations of CML in consumed foods are evaluated, measurements for dietary CML and relevant analytic procedures are listed, and the possible mitigation strategies for protecting against CML formation are presented. Finally, the main challenges and future efforts are highlighted. Further studies are needed to extend the dietary CML database in a wide category of foods, apply new identifying methods, elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms, assess its detrimental role in human health, and propose standard guidelines for processed food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengjun Chen
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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27
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Saxena J, Adhikari B, Brkljaca R, Huppertz T, Zisu B, Chandrapala J. Influence of Lactose on the Physicochemical Properties and Stability of Infant Formula Powders: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1928182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Saxena
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert Brkljaca
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Thom Huppertz
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan Zisu
- Spraying Systems, Fluid Air, Melbourne, Australia
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28
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Rinaldi S, Palocci G, Di Giovanni S, Iacurto M, Tripaldi C. Chemical Characteristics and Oxidative Stability of Buffalo Mozzarella Cheese Produced with Fresh and Frozen Curd. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051405. [PMID: 33807744 PMCID: PMC7961936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk and dairy products can have variable contents of antioxidant compounds that contribute to counteract the oxidation of lipids and proteins during processing and storage. The content of active antioxidant compounds is closely linked to their protection by oxidation. Freezing is one of the factors that can reduce antioxidant activity. Freezing of milk or curd is frequently used in case of the seasonality of milk production and/or seasonal increased demand for some products. In this paper, the effect of using frozen curd on the oxidative stability of buffalo Mozzarella cheese was evaluated. Samples of buffalo Mozzarella with different frozen curd content (0%, 5%, 20%, and 50%) were produced and analyzed at one and nine days. Mozzarella cheese with higher frozen curd content had a significant increase in redox potential parallel to the decrease in antioxidant activity, showing less protection from oxidation. Lipid and protein oxidation, expressed respectively by malondialdehyde and carbonyl content, increased significantly with increasing frozen curd. At nine days, carbonyls significantly increased while malondialdehyde content did not vary, showing that during storage, fat was more protected from oxidation than protein. The average carbonyl levels were comparable to those of some cooked cheeses, and the malondialdehyde levels were even lower. The results of this study stimulate the investigation of new strategies to decrease the oxidative damage in cheeses produced in the presence of factors decreasing oxidative stability.
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29
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Bredariol P, Vanin FM. Bread baking Review: Insight into Technological Aspects in order to Preserve Nutrition. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1878211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Bredariol
- Food Engineering Department, University of São Paulo, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (USP/FZEA), Laboratory of Bread and Dough Process (LAPROPAMA), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maria Vanin
- Food Engineering Department, University of São Paulo, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (USP/FZEA), Laboratory of Bread and Dough Process (LAPROPAMA), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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Nessel I, Khashu M, Dyall SC. Effects of storage practices on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid peroxidation of preterm formula milk. J Hum Nutr Diet 2021; 34:827-833. [PMID: 33460485 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm formula milk (FM) is often prepared in advance, potentially affecting nutritional quality. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), important for brain and immune system function, are prone to lipid peroxidation, which correlates with comorbidities of prematurity. The effects of clinical storage practices on LCPUFA content and lipid peroxidation of preterm FM were investigated. METHODS UK liquid and powder preterm FM (2017) (from two manufacturers) were subjected to routine storage conditions (liquid: refrigeration ≤10 h; powder: weekly preparation in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and refrigeration ≤24 h for 4 weeks). LCPUFA content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) content were analysed. RESULTS Storage did not significantly decrease LCPUFA content. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition recommended LCPUFA intake, whereas in utero accretion rates could not be achieved with both FM brands (liquid and powder). Lipid peroxidation was evident on opening, with 6× higher levels in powder. No effect of ≤10-h refrigeration on peroxidation was seen in liquid FM. In powder FM, it increased over refrigeration (HNE opening: 6.5-9.7 µg mL-1 versus day 28, 24 h: 16.6-36.5 µg mL-1 ) with a significant interaction between storage time and refrigeration (P = 0.015), with higher HNE at 4 h on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that preterm FM and storage conditions do not support in utero accretion rates for LCPUFAs. Although the results suggest different susceptibility of liquid and powder FM to peroxidation upon refrigeration, they are too preliminary to make specific recommendations. We suggest minimising storage time of fresh and prepared powder FM, wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nessel
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal and Perinatal Health, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - M Khashu
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal and Perinatal Health, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.,Neonatal Unit, University Hospitals Dorset, Poole, UK
| | - S C Dyall
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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31
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Nie C, Li Y, Qian H, Ying H, Wang L. Advanced glycation end products in food and their effects on intestinal tract. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:3103-3115. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1863904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhipeng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Ying
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Wölk M, Schröter T, Hoffmann R, Milkovska-Stamenova S. Profiling of Low-Molecular-Weight Carbonyls and Protein Modifications in Flavored Milk. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111169. [PMID: 33238606 PMCID: PMC7700654 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal treatments of dairy products favor oxidations, Maillard reactions, and the formation of sugar or lipid oxidation products. Additives including flavorings might enhance these reactions or even induce further reactions. Here we aimed to characterize protein modifications in four flavored milk drinks using samples along the production chain—raw milk, pasteurization, mixing with flavorings, heat treatment, and the commercial product. Therefore, milk samples were analyzed using a bottom up proteomics approach and a combination of data-independent (MSE) and data-dependent acquisition methods (DDA). Twenty-one small carbonylated lipids were identified by shotgun lipidomics triggering 13 protein modifications. Additionally, two Amadori products, 12 advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and 12 oxidation-related modifications were targeted at the protein level. The most common modifications were lactosylation, formylation, and carboxymethylation. The numbers and distribution of modification sites present in raw milk remained stable after pasteurization and mixing with flavorings, while the final heat treatment significantly increased lactosylation and hexosylation in qualitative and quantitative terms. The processing steps did not significantly affect the numbers of AGE-modified, oxidized/carbonylated, and lipid-carbonylated sites in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Wölk
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanja Milkovska-Stamenova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Ansari JA, Ismail M, Farid M. Investigation of nitrogen purging prior to UV treatment on quality of milk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2020-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ultraviolet treatment (UV-C) is well known for its antimicrobial effects and current research shows that it has the potential to inactivate microorganisms in milk at much lower temperatures than conventional thermal treatment. However, Ultraviolet irradiation may result in adverse effects on milk quality, which arises due to photo oxidation in the presence of oxygen. Limiting the dissolved oxygen content in milk can minimize oxidative damage and thus, result in a better product quality. Nitrogen purging could be an effective method for reducing dissolved oxygen from liquids. The present study evaluates effects of nitrogen purging (prior to UV treatment) on milk quality. It was found that nitrogen purged UV treated milk causes minimal changes to physicochemical properties of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaad Ahmed Ansari
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
- Department of Food Engineering , NED University of Engineering & Technology , 75250 Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Marliya Ismail
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - Mohammed Farid
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
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34
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Anantharamkrishnan V, Reineccius GA. Method To Characterize and Monitor Covalent Interactions of Flavor Compounds with β-Lactoglobulin Using Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13121-13130. [PMID: 32072807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study develops a method to measure the covalent bonds formed between the side chains and terminal amino acids of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) and selected flavor molecules (benzaldehyde, citral, or allyl isothiocyanate) using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This technique made it possible to measure increases in molecular weight of BLG as the reaction takes place (BLG + flavor compound). The observed mass shifts on the reaction corresponded to either Schiff base or Michael addition reactions between the chosen flavor compounds and BLG. In the case of citral, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that these reactions lead to protein cross-linking. A proteomic approach using MS/MS to identify the sites of post-translational modification between benzaldehyde and BLG revealed that the lysine groups were the reaction sites. Interestingly, benzaldehyde was found to react with several different lysine groups but never more than one of them per BLG molecule (BLG contains 15 lysine groups/molecule). Furthermore, adducts with benzaldehyde were not observed at two lysine groups. Allyl isothiocyanate was found to react with several sites on each BLG molecule. The ESI/MS methodology in tandem with proteomics yields a detailed view of flavor/BLG interactions that may offer insights on minimizing these undesirable reactions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary A Reineccius
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
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35
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Liu Y, Zhang W, Zhang L, Hettinga K, Zhou P. Characterizing the changes of bovine milk serum proteins after simulated industrial processing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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36
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Lu Y, Ma S, Tang X, Li B, Ge Y, Zhang K, Yang S, Zhao Q, Xu Y, Ren H. Dietary Dityrosine Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Diminished Thyroid Hormone Function in Mouse Myocardia. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9223-9234. [PMID: 32786853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized tyrosine products (OTP) have been detected in commercial foods with high protein content, such as meat and milk products. OTP intake induces tissue oxidative stress and affects the normal activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). This study aims to investigate the effects of OTP and their main product, dityrosine (Dityr), on mouse myocardial function and myocardial energy metabolism. Mice received daily intragastric administration of either tyrosine (Tyr; 420 μg/kg body weight), Dityr (420 μg/kg body weight), or OTP (1909 μg/kg body weight) for 35 days. Additionally, H9c2 cells were incubated with various concentrations of Dityr for 72 h. We found that OTP and pure Dityr induced oxidative stress in growing mice and in H9c2 cells, resulting in a redox state imbalance, myocardial injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, and energy metabolism disorder. Dityr interferes with T3 regulation of the myocardium via the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway, leading to myocardial mitochondrial damage and energy metabolism disorders. Food-borne OTP, especially Dityr, can disrupt thyroid hormone function in mouse myocardia leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, energy metabolism disorder, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipin Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Collaborative innovation center of food safety and quality control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bowen Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Collaborative innovation center of food safety and quality control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yueting Ge
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Collaborative innovation center of food safety and quality control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Collaborative innovation center of food safety and quality control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shaojun Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Haoyi Ren
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Anantharamkrishnan V, Hoye T, Reineccius GA. Covalent Adduct Formation Between Flavor Compounds of Various Functional Group Classes and the Model Protein β-Lactoglobulin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6395-6402. [PMID: 32390422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation of covalent bonds between 47 flavor compounds belonging to 13 different classes of functional groups and β-lactoglobulin (BLG) has been evaluated using electrospray ionization protein mass spectrometry. Covalent bond formation was determined by the appearance of ions in the mass spectra corresponding to BLG + flavor molecule(s). The observed processes for covalent bond formation were Schiff base, Michael addition, and disulfide linkages. Some reactions resulted in protein cross-linking. Aldehydes, sulfur-containing molecules (especially thiols), and functional group-containing furans were the most reactive flavor components. The thiol-containing compounds cleaved one or both electrophilic disulfide linkages in BLG to form disulfide linkages and the sulfides formed covalent bonds with the free cysteine group. Ketones were generally stable, but α-diketones (e.g., diacetyl) were reactive. Some bases (e.g., pyrazines and pyridines) were interactive, while the nucleophilic allylamine was reactive. Hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids, esters, lactones, and pyrans did not give observable levels of adduct formation within the period studied. The formation of covalent bonding (flavor protein) is potentially responsible for the loss of flavor, limiting the shelf-life of many foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Hoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Gary A Reineccius
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
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38
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Sheng XY, Buthmanaban V, van Lieshout GAA, Parikh P. Reduced Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Chinese Infants Fed Minimally Processed Commercially Available Formula: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:1807397. [PMID: 32300486 PMCID: PMC7132587 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1807397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy Chinese infants consuming one of four commercially available infant formulas (IF) were assessed on the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with suboptimal digestion of processed milk proteins. The IF differed in blocked lysine (BL) levels, a proxy indicator of heat processing as well as the nutritional quality of milk. A cross-sectional, observational study of one week was conducted in healthy, term, exclusively formula-fed Chinese infants (n = 452) fed with one of four commercially available IF (IF A n = 106, BL 9%; IF B n = 119, BL 12%; IF C n = 113, BL 11%; IF D n = 114 BL 20%). Parents/caretakers were requested to report feeding quantity, gastrointestinal symptoms, crying behavior, and stool characteristics daily using subject dairy and Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale (AISS). Infants fed with IF A reported less "hard" and "watery" stools and more "soft/formed" stools. Higher percentages of score I (yellow/golden) or II (orange) and less green (score III) coloured stools were noted for IF A-fed infants compared to all other formulas according to AISS. Night time crying was also significantly lower in the IF A groups compared to all other formulas. Furthermore, a higher percentage of parents/caretakers of IF A-fed infants reported absence or no complaints of abdominal distension, burping, flatulence, diarrhea, and constipation. Results suggest lower occurrence of GI symptoms and lower crying time at night in infants fed with minimally processed formula (indexed by BL levels). Future studies are required to confirm the association between minimal processing of milk formula and improved gut comfort in healthy infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang Sheng
- Xinhua Hospital, Shang Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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39
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Fuerer C, Jenni R, Cardinaux L, Andetsion F, Wagnière S, Moulin J, Affolter M. Protein fingerprinting and quantification of β-casein variants by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:1193-1207. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Buffa G, Tsiplakou E, Mitsiopoulou C, Pulina G, Nudda A. Supplementation of by-products from grape, tomato and myrtle affects antioxidant status of dairy ewes and milk fatty acid profile. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:493-506. [PMID: 31989701 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing different dried by-products on milk and blood plasma antioxidant capacity of dairy ewes. Thirty-six Sarda ewes were assigned to four treatments: control (CON; no by-product), 100 g/day of grape marc (GM), 100 g/day tomato pomace (TP) and 75 g/day of exhausted myrtle berries (EMBs). The superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in blood, and SOD, GR and lactoperoxidase (LPO) in milk were determined. Total antioxidant capacity (FRAP and ABTS assays), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PCs) were also measured. Milk fatty acid profile was investigated by gas chromatography. The results showed higher antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP or ABTS assays and a reduction in MDA in GM plasma than CON. All by-products enhanced the protection of milk proteins by oxidation, as evidenced by lower values of PCs compared with CON. GM supplementation increased PUFAn-6, due to increase in C18:2n-6, the main component of GM compared with CON. All by-products did not modify the nutritional indexes of milk fat. In conclusion, dietary GM may enhance protection against oxidative condition of dairy ewes, whereas TP and EMB need further research to define the optimum inclusion level in sheep diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Buffa
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze Zootecniche, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Eleni Tsiplakou
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Mitsiopoulou
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giuseppe Pulina
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze Zootecniche, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Anna Nudda
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze Zootecniche, Università degli studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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41
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Dias FFG, Augusto-Obara TR, Hennebelle M, Chantieng S, Ozturk G, Taha AY, Vieira TMFDS, Leite Nobrega de Moura Bell JM. Effects of industrial heat treatments on bovine milk oxylipins and conventional markers of lipid oxidation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 152:102040. [PMID: 31809946 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of industrial heat treatments of raw bovine milk subjected to Batch Pasteurization (BP), High Temperature Short Time (HTST) and Ultra High Temperature (UHT) on the formation of primary (hydroperoxide content and oxylipins) and secondary lipid oxidation products (thiobarbituric acid reactive species -TBARS) were evaluated. Total fatty acid content, percent of free fatty acids (FFA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were also measured. Except for a 30% reduction in capric acid (C10:0) after UHT compared to BP, no significant differences in total fatty acid concentrations were detected amongst the heat treatments. Compared to raw bovine milk, no statistically significant effects of heat treatment were observed on percent FFA (0.29-0.31%), hydroperoxide concentration (0.0558-0.0624 mmol L-1), and TBARS values (13.4-18.9 µg MDA kg-1). HTST and UHT led to significant reductions (50-65%) in linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid oxidized metabolites compared with raw milk and batch pasteurized milk. Compared to raw milk (2943.7 μmol of TEAC L-1), TAC was significantly reduced by all heat treatments (2245 - 2393 μmol of TEAC L-1), although no statistically significant differences were observed amongst the treatments. The results demonstrate that heat processing reduces milk oxylipin content and antioxidant capacity and that oxylipin and TAC measurements provide a new sensitive approach to assess the impact of milk processing on lipid oxidation. The nutritional, shelf life and sensory implications of reduced oxylipins in HTST and UHT processed bovine milk merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thalita Riquelme Augusto-Obara
- ESALQ Food, College of Agriculture 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of São Paulo, Pádua Dias Avenue, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Marie Hennebelle
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Siriyakorn Chantieng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gulustan Ozturk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Juliana Maria Leite Nobrega de Moura Bell
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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42
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Lactose hydrolysis and protein fortification pose an increased risk for the formation of Maillard reaction products in UHT treated milk products. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Račkauskienė I, Pukalskas A, Fiore A, Troise AD, Venskutonis PR. Phytochemical-Rich Antioxidant Extracts of Vaccinium Vitis-idaea L. Leaves Inhibit the Formation of Toxic Maillard Reaction Products in Food Models. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3494-3503. [PMID: 31737914 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatment of proteinaceous foods generates heat-induced Maillard reaction substances including toxic advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and heterocyclic amines (HAs). It is known that plant phenolic compounds may influence Maillard reaction. This study investigated the impact of lingonberry leaf extracts on the formation of Nε -(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and Nε -(2-furoylmethyl)-L-lysine (furosine) in milk model system and HAs in meat-protein and meat model systems. In addition, lingonberry leaf extracts obtained by different solvents were characterized by radical scavenging, Folin-Ciocalteu assays and ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography quadruple-time-of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS). Water extract (WE) stronger suppressed CML than furosine formation in milk model system: CML levels were reduced by nearly 40%. Moreover, quinic acid and catechin, which were abundant in WE, were effective in inhibiting CML and furosine formation. WE and acetone extract (AE) at 10 mg/mL significantly inhibited HAs formation in both model systems. However, higher suppressing effect on HAs formation showed AE, which had lower antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content values than WE. WE contained higher amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids, proanthocyanidins and flavonols, while AE was richer in flavan-3-ols and arbutin derivatives. It indicates that the composition of phenolics might be a major factor for explaining different effect of extracts from the same plant on HAs formation. In general, the results suggest that lingonberry leaves is a promising source of phytochemicals for inhibiting toxic Maillard reaction products and enriching foods with plant bioactive compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The increased consumption in processed foods has been linked with the increased risks of various diseases, while thermal food processing is required to develop flavor, insure safety, and extend shelf life. Therefore, developing effective technological means for inhibiting the formation of heat-induced toxic substances is an important task. This study showed a potential of lingonberry leaf extracts containing health beneficial phytochemicals to suppress the formation of toxic Maillard reaction products during heating of milk and meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Račkauskienė
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas Univ. of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Pukalskas
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas Univ. of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alberto Fiore
- Div. of Food and Drink, Engineering and Technology, Abertay University, Dundee, DD1 1HG, UK
| | - Antonio Dario Troise
- Dept. of Agriculture, Univ. of Naples "Federico II,", Parco Gussone Ed. 84, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Petras Rimantas Venskutonis
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas Univ. of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Caroprese M, Ciliberti M, Albenzio M, Marino R, Santillo A, Sevi A. Role of antioxidant molecules in milk of sheep. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Pozzo L, Cirrincione S, Russo R, Karamać M, Amarowicz R, Coscia A, Antoniazzi S, Cavallarin L, Giribaldi M. Comparison of Oxidative Status of Human Milk, Human Milk Fortifiers and Preterm Infant Formulas. Foods 2019; 8:foods8100458. [PMID: 31597386 PMCID: PMC6835274 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm and low birth weight infants require specific nutrition to overcome the accumulated growth deficit, and to prevent morbidities related to postnatal growth failure. In order to guarantee an adequate nutrient-intake, mother’s own milk, when available, or donor human milk, are usually fortified with additional nutrients, in particular proteins. Fortification with processed ingredients may result in additional intake in oxidative compounds, deriving from extensive heat treatments, that are applied during processing. The aim of the present work was to compare the in vitro antioxidant activity and oxidative compound content conveyed by different preterm infant foods and fortifiers, namely raw and pasteurized human milk, two different preterm infant formulas, three bovine milk-based fortifiers and two experimental donkey milk-based fortifiers. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses revealed significant differences between the different products. The use of human milk minimizes the intake of dietary oxidative compound in comparison to infant formulas, irrespective of pasteurization or fortification, especially as far as malondialdehyde content is concerned. The addition of fortifiers to human milk increases its antioxidant capacity, and the choice of the protein source (hydrolysed vs. whole proteins) differently impacted the resulting total antioxidant capacity of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Pozzo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Simona Cirrincione
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Rossella Russo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Magdalena Karamać
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Torino, Città della Scienza e della Salute, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Sara Antoniazzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Marzia Giribaldi
- Research Center for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 10035 Torino, Italy.
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46
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Giblin L, Yalçın AS, Biçim G, Krämer AC, Chen Z, Callanan MJ, Arranz E, Davies MJ. Whey proteins: targets of oxidation, or mediators of redox protection. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:1136-1152. [PMID: 31510814 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1632445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine whey proteins are highly valued dairy ingredients. This is primarily due to their amino acid content, digestibility, bioactivities and their processing characteristics. One of the reported bioactivities of whey proteins is antioxidant activity. Numerous dietary intervention trials with humans and animals indicate that consumption of whey products can modulate redox biomarkers to reduce oxidative stress. This bioactivity has in part been assigned to whey peptides using a range of biochemical or cellular assays in vitro. Superimposing whey peptide sequences from gastrointestinal samples, with whey peptides proven to be antioxidant in vitro, allows us to propose peptides from whey likely to exhibit antioxidant activity in the diet. However, whey proteins themselves are targets of oxidation during processing particularly when exposed to high thermal loads and/or extensive processing (e.g. infant formula manufacture). Oxidative damage of whey proteins can be selective with regard to the residues that are modified and are associated with the degree of protein unfolding, with α-Lactalbumin more susceptible than β-Lactoglobulin. Such oxidative damage may have adverse effects on human health. This review summarises how whey proteins can modulate cellular redox pathways and conversely how whey proteins can be oxidised during processing. Given the extensive processing steps that whey proteins are often subjected to, we conclude that oxidation during processing is likely to compromise the positive health attributes associated with whey proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Giblin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - A Süha Yalçın
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Biçim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Anna C Krämer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhifei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Callanan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elena Arranz
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Esteki M, Shahsavari Z, Simal-Gandara J. Gas Chromatographic Fingerprinting Coupled to Chemometrics for Food Authentication. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1649691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Esteki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Z. Shahsavari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - J. Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo – Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
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48
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Tong L, Yi H, Wang J, Pan M, Chi X, Hao H, Ai N. Effect of Preheating Treatment before Defatting on the Flavor Quality of Skim Milk. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152824. [PMID: 31382452 PMCID: PMC6695806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skim milk has a poor flavor due to the lack of fat. Finding ways to improve the flavor quality of skim milk has attracted the attention of more and more researchers. The purpose of this study was to create a skim milk product with good flavor by processing. Briefly, raw milk was treated by preheating at pasteurization (85 °C, 15 s) and ultra-high temperature (UHT) instantaneous sterilization (137–141 °C, 4 s). Subsequently, the sample was centrifuged to remove fat and obtain two kinds of skim milk, namely, PSM (skim milk obtained by preheating at 85 °C, 15 s) and USM (skim milk obtained by preheating at 137–141 °C, 4 s). The results showed that the intensity of the main sensory attributes (overall liking, milk aroma, etc.) and the concentrations of the key flavor compounds (2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, decanal, hexanoic acid, etc.) were significantly higher in the USM (p < 0.05) than that of the PSM and RSM (skim milk without preheating). Principal component analysis (PCA) with E-Nose (electronic nose) showed that the RSM had significant differences in the milk aroma compared with the PSM and USM. Furthermore, it was found that there were good relationships between volatile compounds and sensory attributes by partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. These findings provided insights into improving the flavor quality of skim milk by preheating treatment instead of any flavor additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Tong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5th Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5th Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Minghui Pan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xuelu Chi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Haining Hao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5th Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Nasi Ai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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49
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Chen Z, Kondrashina A, Greco I, Gamon LF, Lund MN, Giblin L, Davies MJ. Effects of Protein-Derived Amino Acid Modification Products Present in Infant Formula on Metabolic Function, Oxidative Stress, and Intestinal Permeability in Cell Models. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5634-5646. [PMID: 31017422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteins present in infant formulas are modified by oxidation and glycation during processing. Modified amino acid residues released from proteins may be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, and pose a health risk to infants. In this study, the markers of glycation furosine (1.7-3.5 μg per milligram of protein) and Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (28-81 ng per milligram of protein) were quantitated in infant formulas. The effects of these species, and other amino acid modifications, at the levels detected in infant formulas, on 3T3-L1 (murine preadipocyte) and Caco-2 (human intestinal epithelial) cells were assessed. Incubation of 3T3-L1 cells for 48 h with amino acid side chain oxidation and glycation products (1 and 10 μM) resulted in a loss (up to 40%, p < 0.05) of cell thiols and decreased metabolic activity compared with those of the controls. In contrast, Caco-2 cells showed a stimulation (10-50%, p < 0.05) of cellular metabolism on exposure to these products for 24 or 48 h. A 28% ( p < 0.05) increase in protein carbonyls was detected upon incubation with 200 μM modified amino acids for 48 h, although no alteration in transepithelial electrical resistance was detected. Oxidation products were detected in the basolateral compartments of Caco-2 monolayers when modified amino acids were applied to the apical side, consistent with limited permeability (up to 3.4%) across the monolayer. These data indicate that modified amino acids present in infant formulas can induce effects on different cell types, with evidence of bioavailability and induction of cellular stress. This may lead to potential health risks for infants consistently exposed to high levels of infant formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2200 , Denmark
| | - Alina Kondrashina
- Teagasc Food Research Centre , Moorepark, Fermoy , County Cork , Ireland
| | - Ines Greco
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2200 , Denmark
| | - Luke F Gamon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2200 , Denmark
| | - Marianne N Lund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2200 , Denmark
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2200 , Denmark
| | - Linda Giblin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre , Moorepark, Fermoy , County Cork , Ireland
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2200 , Denmark
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50
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Chen Z, Leinisch F, Greco I, Zhang W, Shu N, Chuang CY, Lund MN, Davies MJ. Characterisation and quantification of protein oxidative modifications and amino acid racemisation in powdered infant milk formula. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:68-81. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1554250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabian Leinisch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ines Greco
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nan Shu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Y. Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne N. Lund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J. Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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