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Velazquez-Dominguez A, Hennetier M, Abdallah M, Hiolle M, Violleau F, Delaplace G, De Sa Peixoto P. Influence of enzymatic cross-linking on the apparent viscosity and molecular characteristics of casein micelles at neutral and acidic pH. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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2
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Salunke P, Metzger L. Functional properties of milk protein concentrate and micellar casein concentrate as affected by transglutaminase treatment. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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3
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Influence of Ethanol on the Acid-Induced Flocculation of Casein Micelles. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of ethanol (0–10%, v/v) on the acid-induced flocculation of casein micelles was examined using diffusing wave spectroscopy. For this purpose, samples containing 10% (w/w) reconstituted skim milk powder and 0–10% (v/v) ethanol were acidified with glucono-delta-lactone and acid-induced coagulation was monitored by diffusing wave spectroscopy. The pH at which acid-induced flocculation of the casein micelles commenced (pHf) increased near-linearly with increasing ethanol content, whereas the rate of flocculation was not affected by ethanol. The results are discussed in terms of the steric stabilisation of casein micelles by a polyelectrolyte brush in a medium of high ionic strength. Ethanol-induced increases in pHf are probably primarily due to an ethanol-induced reduction in solvent quality; an ethanol-induced reduction in dissociation of carboxylic acid groups in the brush is likely to contribute.
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Salunke P, Marella C, Amamcharla J, Muthukumarappan K, Metzger L. Use of micellar casein concentrate and milk protein concentrate treated with transglutaminase in imitation cheese products—Unmelted texture. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7891-7903. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Salunke P, Metzger L. Impact of transglutaminase treatment given to the skim milk before or after microfiltration on the functionality of micellar casein concentrate used in process cheese product and comparison with rennet casein. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Khalesi M, FitzGerald RJ. Investigation of the flowability, thermal stability and emulsification properties of two milk protein concentrates having different levels of native whey proteins. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110576. [PMID: 34399548 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Milk protein concentrate-85 (MPC85) is a dairy ingredient which has a diverse range of applications in food products. The technofunctional properties of two MPC85 samples having similar gross composition but different levels of native whey protein (WP), i.e., MPC85S1 and MPC85S2 with 16.6 and 6.0 g native WP/100 g protein, respectively, were compared. Rheometeric analysis showed that under an applied normal stress of 1.0-15.0 kPa, the compressibility, the air permeability and the cohesiveness of MPC85S2 was higher compared to MPC85S1. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that protein denaturation in MPC85S1 began at 63 °C while for MPC85S2 it began at 70 °C. The heat coagulation time (HCT at 140 °C) for 4.2% (w/v, on a protein basis) reconstituted MPC85S1 and MPC85S2 was 2.2 and 2.7 min, respectively. While a higher lightness for MPC85S1 was evidenced using colourimeter analysis, the colour stability on oven drying at 95 °C for MPC85S2 was higher than MPC85S1. The emulsion produced with MPC85S1 flocculated after 1 d and phase separation occurred after 14 d. In the case of MPC85S2, flocculation began after 4 d while phase separation was observed at 33 d. The viscosity of MPC85S2 (4.2% (w/v) protein) was higher than MPC85S1. This study showed differences between the flowability, viscosity, colour properties, thermal stability (in powder and in reconstituted format), emulsification and buffering capacity for MPC samples having two different levels of WP denaturation. The results demonstrated that the MPCs studied having two different levels of WP denaturation could be targeted for different functional applications. The minimal/maximum level of denaturation required to induce technofunctional property differences requires further study.
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Zhang T, Zhao Y, Tian X, Liu J, Ye H, Shen X. Effect of ultrasound pretreatment on structural, physicochemical, rheological and gelation properties of transglutaminase cross-linked whey protein soluble aggregates. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 74:105553. [PMID: 33892260 PMCID: PMC8091057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A solution (10%, w/v) of whey protein soluble aggregates (WPISA) was pretreated with high-intensity ultrasound (HUS, 20 kHz) for different durations (10-40 min) before incubation with transglutaminase (TGase) to investigate the effect of HUS on the structural, physicochemical, rheological, and gelation properties of TGase cross-linked WPISA. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results showed that HUS increased the amounts of high-molecular-weight polymers/aggregates in WPISA after incubation with TGase. HUS significantly increased (P < 0.05) the degree of TGase-mediated cross-linking in WPISA, as demonstrated by a reduction in free amino group contents. HUS significantly increased (P < 0.05) the particle size, intrinsic fluorescence intensity, and surface hydrophobicity of TGase cross-linked WPISA, but had no significant impact (P > 0.05) on the zeta-potential or total free sulfhydryl group content of TGase cross-linked WPISA. The apparent viscosity and the consistency index of TGase cross-linked WPISA were significantly increased by HUS (P < 0.05), which indicated that HUS facilitated the formation of more high-molecular-weight polymers. HUS significantly increased (P < 0.05) the water holding capacity and gel strength of glucono-δ-lactone (GDL)-induced TGase cross-linked WPISA gels. The results indicated that HUS could be an efficient tool for modifying WPISA to improve its degree of TGase-mediated cross-linking, which would lead to improved rheological and gelation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehua Zhang
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiner Tian
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Haiqing Ye
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xue Shen
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Duerasch A, Herrmann P, Hogh K, Henle T. Study on β-Casein Depleted Casein Micelles: Micellar Stability, Enzymatic Cross-Linking, and Suitability as Nanocarriers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13940-13949. [PMID: 33200608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
β-Casein is an amphiphilic protein and thus considered as multilaterally bound in casein micelles. Its polar molecule part, in particular the phosphoserine residues, can interact electrostatically with colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP) to form nanoclusters and its nonpolar molecule part enhances micellar stability by forming hydrophobic bonds to other caseins. Because cooling weakens hydrophobic interactions, a substantial portion of β-casein can be irreversibly removed from the casein micelle by repeated depletion steps, including cooling and subsequent ultracentrifugation. Although this effect of cooling on the micellar β-casein concentration has been well known for decades, the influence of depletion on the main characteristics of casein micelles has been less investigated yet. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the consequences of β-casein depletion on the stability as well as the functionality of casein micelles to evaluate the suitability of depleted compared to native casein micelles as nanocarriers. Up to 43.2% of the total β-casein was irreversibly sequestered from native casein micelles by repeated cooling and ultracentrifugation steps. Depletion showed no effect on size distribution as well as polydispersity and particle concentration of micelle suspensions as measured via dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), respectively. Furthermore, the stability of the micelles against ethanol or the chelating agent ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) was not influenced by β-casein depletion. Notwithstanding, depleted micelles were less susceptible to enzymatic cross-linking by microbial transglutaminase (mTG), indicating narrowed water channels due to depletion. Additionally, loading experiments showed that depleted micelles could be loaded with linoleic acid (LA) as intensively as native micelles, whereupon LA displaces up to 81.3% of β-casein from native micelles. Our results confirm that depletion does not enhance the ability of the casein micelle to act as a nanocarrier for hydrophobic substances but could support the understanding of the casein micelle structure. Based on the observed unchanged stability against EGTA, the hindered enzymatical cross-linking, and the efficient displacing of β-casein by LA, we suggest that the major portion of micellar β-casein is hydrophobically incorporated into the micelle structure without impact on the formation of calcium phosphate nanoclusters. The main role of β-casein for the casein micelle structure, therefore, might be to facilitate the high hydration of the interior and thus the high permeability of casein micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Duerasch
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pia Herrmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hogh
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Henle
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Topcu A, Bulat T, Özer B. Process design for processed Kashar cheese (a pasta-filata cheese) by means of microbial transglutaminase: Effect on physical properties, yield and proteolysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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The effect of transglutaminase on colloidal stability of milk proteins. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Effect of transglutaminase and acidification temperature on the gelation of reconstituted skim milk. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Chen C, Wang P, Zhang N, Zhang W, Ren F. Improving the textural properties of camel milk acid gel by treatment with trisodium citrate and transglutaminase. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Nogueira MH, Tavares GM, Nogueira Silva NF, Casanova F, Stringheta PC, Gaucheron F, Teixeira AV, Perrone IT, Carvalho AF. Physico-chemical stability of casein micelles cross-linked by transglutaminase as a function of acidic pH. FOOD STRUCTURE-NETHERLANDS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2018.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Raak N, Schöne C, Rohm H, Jaros D. Acid-induced gelation of enzymatically cross-linked caseinate in different ionic milieus. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Lam E, McKinnon I, Marchesseau S, Otter D, Zhou P, Hemar Y. The effect of transglutaminase on reconstituted skim milks at alkaline pH. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Duerasch A, Wissel J, Henle T. Reassembling of Alkali-Treated Casein Micelles by Microbial Transglutaminase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11748-11756. [PMID: 30350984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In milk, caseins interact to form nanoparticles called casein micelles. Under weak alkaline conditions, casein micelles swell reversibly and are disrupted at pH values above 8.5. The enzyme microbial transglutaminase (mTG) is widely used in food industry to modify the functional properties of proteins. Here, we evaluated the potential of mTG as a stabilizer for alkaline disrupted casein micelles. Hence, enzymatic cross-linking of casein micelles as well as sodium caseinate was studied at the natural milk pH 6.8 and under alkaline conditions at pH 7.9 by analyzing oligomerization via size exclusion chromatography, monomeric caseins via RP-HPLC-UV, and extra-micellar protein via Bradford assay. Additionally, alkaline swelling as well as enzymatic reconstruction of casein micelles was observed via scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The results showed that the extent of cross-linking is mainly influenced by protein conformation and not by pH value. However, micellar αs2-casein was much more cross-linked at pH 7.9 compared to pH 6.8, whereas an opposite tendency was determined for micellar κ-casein. This leads to the conclusion that αs2-casein is mainly located in the inner center of casein micelles and is only accessible for enzymatic cross-linking after alkaline swelling of the micelle. Alkaline disrupted casein micelles are reassembled due to intramicellar cross-linking by mTG. On the basis of the results, an enhanced model of the structure of casein micelles was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Duerasch
- Chair of Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Jana Wissel
- Chair of Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Thomas Henle
- Chair of Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
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Combined Use of Trisodium Citrate and Transglutaminase to Enhance the Stiffness and Water-Holding Capacity of Acidified Yak Milk Gels. J FOOD QUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/1875892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, the synergistic effect of trisodium citrate (TSC) and microbial transglutaminase (TGase) treatment on the textural properties of acidified yak skim milk gels was investigated. TSC was added to yak skim milk to concentrations of 0, 20, and 40 mmol/L, followed by adjusting the pH to 6.7. The samples were incubated with TGase for the cross-linking reaction, after which the samples were acidified with 1.4% (w/v) gluconodelta-lactone (GDL) at 42°C for 4 h to form gels. The stiffness and water holding capacity (WHC) of gels exhibited higher values at 20 or 40 mmol/L than without TSC. The final storage modulus (G′) of yak milk gels was positively related to the concentration of TSC prior to TGase treatment. Cryoscanning electron microscopy observations showed that the gel networks were more rigid with higher TSC concentrations. Overall, TSC dissociated particles in yak milk into smaller ones. The newly formed particles in yak skim milk could form acid-induced gels with greater stiffness and higher WHC in the presence of TGase.
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18
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Bahri A, Martin M, Gergely C, Marchesseau S, Chevalier-Lucia D. Topographical and nanomechanical characterization of casein nanogel particles using atomic force microscopy. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Size Separation Techniques for the Characterisation of Cross-Linked Casein: A Review of Methods and Their Applications. SEPARATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/separations5010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
Consumers' expectations from a dairy product have changed dramatically during the last two decades. People are now more eager to purchase more nutritious dairy foods with improved sensory characteristics. Dairy industry has made many efforts to meet such expectations and numerious production strategies and alternatives have been developed over the years including non-thermal processing, membrane applications, enzymatic modifications of milk components, and so on. Among these novel approaches, transglutaminase (TG)-mediated modifications of milk proteins have become fairly popular and such modifications in dairy proteins offer many advantages to the dairy industry. Since late 1980s, a great number of researches have been done on TG applications in milk and dairy products. Especially, milk proteins-based edible films and gels from milk treated with TG have found many application fields at industrial level. This chapter reviews the characteristics of microbial-origin TG as well as its mode of action and recent developments in TG applications in dairy technology.
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Huppertz T, Gazi I, Luyten H, Nieuwenhuijse H, Alting A, Schokker E. Hydration of casein micelles and caseinates: Implications for casein micelle structure. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Lam E, Holt C, Edwards P, McKinnon I, Otter D, Li N, Hemar Y. The effect of transglutaminase treatment on the physico-chemical properties of skim milk with added ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Casanova F, Nogueira Silva NF, Gaucheron F, Nogueira MH, Teixeira AV, Perrone IT, Alves MP, Fidelis PC, Carvalho AFD. Stability of casein micelles cross-linked with genipin: A physicochemical study as a function of pH. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Cross-linking with microbial transglutaminase: Isopeptide bonds and polymer size as drivers for acid casein gel stiffness. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Yang M, Shi Y, Liang Q. Effect of microbial transglutaminase crosslinking on the functional properties of yak caseins: a comparison with cow caseins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-015-0236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Costa F, Brito M, Souza G, Pereira D, Pinto I, Martins M. Efeito da temperatura das amostras de leite na concentração de cálcio solúvel e de beta-caseína: interferência no teste de estabilidade frente ao etanol. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-41626450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação do perfil proteico e do cálcio solúvel na coagulação do leite pelo etanol nas temperaturas de 4ºC, 10ºC, 15ºC e 20ºC. Amostras de leite de 61 animais foram avaliadas quanto à estabilidade ao etanol nas concentrações de 66 a 92% (v/v) nas temperaturas de 4ºC, 10ºC, 15ºC e 20ºC. Três amostras, após 24 horas de armazenamento a 4ºC, foram ultracentrifugadas em quadruplicata (40.000 x g) a 4ºC e a 20ºC, respectivamente, por 60 minutos. Em seguida, o sobrenadante foi retirado e submetido à análise do cálcio solúvel pela técnica via úmida (digestão nitroperclórica) e leitura em espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. O perfil proteico foi analisado pela técnica de eletroforese capilar empregando kit específico para determinação proteica. Os resultados mostraram uma correlação positiva entre o aumento da temperatura das amostras e a estabilidade do leite frente às diferentes concentrações de etanol. A porcentagem de cálcio solúvel no sobrenadante após ultracentrifugação foi maior nas amostras tratadas a 4ºC (P<0,05). As amostras ultracentrifugadas na temperatura de 4ºC apresentaram quantidades superiores de β-caseína no sobrenadante em comparação com as amostras tratadas a 20ºC. O abaixamento da temperatura favoreceu a migração da β-caseína e do cálcio coloidal para a fase solúvel do leite, o que possivelmente favoreceu o aumento da instabilidade das amostras no teste do etanol. Os resultados sugerem que a temperatura ideal para a realização de teste de estabilidade do leite frente ao etanol deveria ser de 21ºC.
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27
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Song CL, Zhao XH. Rheological, gelling and emulsifying properties of a glycosylated and cross-linked caseinate generated by transglutaminase. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Li Song
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science; Ministry of Education; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Xin-Huai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science; Ministry of Education; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
- Department of Food Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
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28
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Bandyopadhyay S, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Advanced Analytical Techniques for the Measurement of Nanomaterials in Food and Agricultural Samples: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2013; 30:118-125. [PMID: 23483065 PMCID: PMC3593685 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2012.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology offers substantial prospects for the development of state-of-the-art products and applications for agriculture, water treatment, and food industry. Profuse use of nanoproducts will bring potential benefits to farmers, the food industry, and consumers, equally. However, after end-user applications, these products and residues will find their way into the environment. Therefore, discharged nanomaterials (NMs) need to be identified and quantified to determine their ecotoxicity and the levels of exposure. Detection and characterization of NMs and their residues in the environment, particularly in food and agricultural products, have been limited, as no single technique or method is suitable to identify and quantify NMs. In this review, we have discussed the available literature concerning detection, characterization, and measurement techniques for NMs in food and agricultural matrices, which include chromatography, flow field fractionation, electron microscopy, light scattering, and autofluorescence techniques, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Bandyopadhyay
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Jose R. Peralta-Videa
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Jorge L. Gardea-Torresdey
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
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29
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Susceptibility of the individual caseins in reconstituted skim milk to cross-linking by transglutaminase: influence of temperature, pH and mineral equilibria. J DAIRY RES 2012; 79:414-21. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029912000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of total casein and the individual caseins in reconstituted skim milk to transglutaminase (TGase)-induced cross-linking was studied as a function of incubation temperature (5–40 °C), pH (5·0–7·0) and mineral addition. Within the ranges studied, the level of total casein cross-linked increased with increasing temperature, pH and concentration of added trisodium citrate, whereas adding calcium chloride had the opposite effect. These effects can be largely related to the effects of these parameters on TGase activity. In addition, the parameters were also found to influence the susceptibility of κ-casein, and to a lesser extent β-casein, to cross-linking, whereas the susceptibility of αs1-casein was not affected. The susceptibility of κ-casein to cross-linking increased with increasing temperature and calcium chloride addition, but decreased with increasing pH and citrate content, whereas the susceptibility of β-casein to TGase-induced cross-linking decreased with increasing temperature, but was not affected by other parameters. These findings highlight the fact that selection of environmental conditions during cross-linking can be applied to tailor the surface, and hence possibly colloidal stability, of casein micelles in TGase-treated milk.
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31
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Casein micelles and their internal structure. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 171-172:36-52. [PMID: 22381008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The internal structure of casein micelles was studied by calculating the small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering and static light scattering spectrum (SANS, SAXS, SLS) as a function of the scattering contrast and composition. We predicted experimental SANS, SAXS, SLS spectra self consistently using independently determined parameters for composition size, polydispersity, density and voluminosity. The internal structure of the casein micelles, i.e. how the various components are distributed within the casein micelle, was modeled according to three different models advocated in the literature; i.e. the classical sub-micelle model, the nanocluster model and the dual binding model. In this paper we present the essential features of these models and combine new and old experimental SANS, SAXS, SLS and DLS scattering data with new calculations that predict the spectra. Further evidence on micellar substructure was obtained by internally cross linking the casein micelles using transglutaminase, which led to casein nanogel particles. In contrast to native casein micelles, the nanogel particles were stable in 6M urea and after sequestering the calcium using trisodium citrate. The changed scattering properties were again predicted self consistently. An important result is that the radius of gyration is independent of contrast, indicating that the mass distribution within a casein micelle is homogeneous. Experimental contrast is predicted quite well leading to a match point at a D(2)O volume fraction of 0.41 ratio in SANS. Using SANS and SAXS model calculations it is concluded that only the nanocluster model is capable of accounting for the experimental scattering contrast variation data. All features and trends are predicted self consistently, among which the 'famous' shoulder at a wave vector value Q=0.35 nm(-1) In the nanocluster model, the casein micelle is considered as a (homogeneous) matrix of caseins in which the colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP) nanoclusters are dispersed as very small (about 2 nm) "cherry stones" at an average distance of 18.6 nm. Attached to the surface of the nanoclusters are the centers of phosphorylation (3-5 nearby phosphorylated amino acid residues) of the caseins. The tails of the caseins, much larger than the CCP clusters, then associate to form a protein matrix, which can be viewed as polymer mesh with density fluctuations at the 2 nm scale. The association of the tails is driven by a collection of weak interactions. We explicitly use weak interactions as a collective term for hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, ion bonding, weak electrostatic Van der Waals attraction and other factors (but not the strong calcium phosphate interaction) leading to self association. The association is highly cooperative and originates in the weak interactions. It is the cooperativety that leads to a stable casein micelle. Invariably, κ-casein is thought to limit the process of self association leading to stabilization of the native casein micelle.
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Hsieh J, Pan P. Proteomic profiling of microbial transglutaminase-induced polymerization of milk proteins. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:580-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang YN, Liu N, Zhao XH. A study on the preparation and some functional properties of a cross-linked casein-gelatin composite by a microbial transglutaminase. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Elzoghby AO, Abo El-Fotoh WS, Elgindy NA. Casein-based formulations as promising controlled release drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2011; 153:206-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Jacob M, Nöbel S, Jaros D, Rohm H. Physical properties of acid milk gels: Acidification rate significantly interacts with cross-linking and heat treatment of milk. Food Hydrocoll 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Macierzanka A, Bordron F, Rigby NM, Mills EC, Lille M, Poutanen K, Mackie AR. Transglutaminase cross-linking kinetics of sodium caseinate is changed after emulsification. Food Hydrocoll 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Excessive cross-linking of caseins by microbial transglutaminase and its impact on physical properties of acidified milk gels. Int Dairy J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Novel casein hydrogels: formation, structure and controlled drug release. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 79:142-8. [PMID: 20434318 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To develop biocompatible, non-toxic materials for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, the enzyme-assisted formation and structural characteristics of novel casein hydrogels were investigated by dynamic rheology and fractal analyses. As revealed by oscillatory time sweep and stress relaxation tests, the gelation time was shortened greatly and the hydrogel strength was enhanced obviously when a natural tissue enzyme, microbial transglutaminase (MTGase), was used. For aqueous system containing 10.0 wt% casein and 0.05 wt% MTGase, temperature dependence of the gelation time could be described by an Arrhenius plot with its apparent activation energy of 95.4 kJ/mol. In particular, the resultant casein hydrogel was found to show a "weak-link" behavior with fractal character. The use of the enzyme resulted in the increase of the fractal dimension and the formation of a more "tight" network structure. By means of this enzyme-assisted gelation, Vitamin B12 as the model drug could be incorporated into the casein hydrogel matrix under mild conditions and then show a prolonged release behavior.
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Buchert J, Ercili Cura D, Ma H, Gasparetti C, Monogioudi E, Faccio G, Mattinen M, Boer H, Partanen R, Selinheimo E, Lantto R, Kruus K. Crosslinking Food Proteins for Improved Functionality. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2010; 1:113-38. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.food.080708.100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Buchert
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | | | - Hairan Ma
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | | | | | - Greta Faccio
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | - Maija Mattinen
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | - Harry Boer
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | - Riitta Partanen
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | | | - Raija Lantto
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, FI-02044 Finland;
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Mimouni A, Deeth HC, Whittaker AK, Gidley MJ, Bhandari BR. Rehydration process of milk protein concentrate powder monitored by static light scattering. Food Hydrocoll 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Structure and stability of nanogel particles prepared by internal cross-linking of casein micelles. Int Dairy J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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HUPPERTZ THOM, SMIDDY MARYA. Behaviour of partially cross-linked casein micelles under high pressure. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2008.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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