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Kolok AS, Ali JM, Rogan EG, Bartelt-Hunt SL. The Fate of Synthetic and Endogenous Hormones Used in the US Beef and Dairy Industries and the Potential for Human Exposure. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018; 5:225-232. [PMID: 29754262 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-018-0197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Growth-enhancing chemicals used by the beef and dairy industries may be bioavailable to humans via milk, meat, and other environmental matrices. This review evaluates the potential for environmental transport and bioavailability of the active chemical to humans. RECENT FINDINGS Bovine somatostatin is detectable in milk; however, there is no evidence that the protein persists in the environment nor that it is active in humans. In contrast, steroids are transported through milk and meat to humans where they may exert biological activity. Furthermore, environmental matrices such as raw water and dust may also allow for the environmental transport and bioavailability of steroids to humans. Endogenous and exogenous steroids can be found in the meat, milk, and waste materials produced by cattle. While the concentrations may be low, exposure to these matrices, most notably dairy products made with whole milk, can be a source of exogenous steroids to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S Kolok
- Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3002, Moscow, ID, 83843, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Ali
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska Lincoln, 1110 S. 67th Street, Omaha, NE, 681822-0178, USA
| | - Eleanor G Rogan
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, 984388 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska Lincoln, 1110 S. 67th Street, Omaha, NE, 681822-0178, USA
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Rodríguez-Alcalá LM, Castro-Gómez MP, Pimentel LL, Fontecha J. Milk fat components with potential anticancer activity-a review. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170705. [PMID: 29026007 PMCID: PMC6372256 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During many years, the milk fat has been unfairly undervalued due to its association with higher levels of cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidaemia or obesity, among others. However, currently, this relationship is being re-evaluated because some of the dairy lipid components have been attributed potential health benefits. Due to this, and based on the increasing incidence of cancer in our society, this review work aims to discuss the state of the art concerning scientific evidence of milk lipid components and reported anticancer properties. Results from the in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that specific fatty acids (FA) (as butyric acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), among others), phospholipids and sphingolipids from milk globule membrane are potential anticarcinogenic agents. However, their mechanism of action remains still unclear due to limited and inconsistent findings in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Rodríguez-Alcalá
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, Porto 4202-401, Portugal
- Research Center for Natural Resources and Sustainability (CIRENYS), Bernardo O'Higgins University, Fábrica N° 1990, Segundo Piso, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - M Pilar Castro-Gómez
- Institute of Food Science Research, (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Campus of Autónoma University of Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid 9. 28049, Spain
| | - Lígia L Pimentel
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, Porto 4202-401, Portugal
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Institute of Food Science Research, (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Campus of Autónoma University of Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid 9. 28049, Spain
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Roibás L, Martínez I, Goris A, Barreiro R, Hospido A. An analysis on how switching to a more balanced and naturally improved milk would affect consumer health and the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:685-697. [PMID: 27239712 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study compares a premium brand of UHT milk, Unicla, characterised by an improved nutritional composition, to conventional milk, in terms of health effects and environmental impacts. Unlike enriched milks, in which nutrients are added to the final product, Unicla is obtained naturally by improving the diet of the dairy cows. Health effects have been analysed based on literature findings, while the environmental analysis focused on those spheres of the environment where milk is expected to cause the higher impacts, and thus carbon (CF) and water footprints (WF) have been determined. Five final products have been compared: 3 conventional (skimmed, semi-skimmed, whole) and 2 Unicla (skimmed, semi-skimmed) milks. As a functional unit, one litre of packaged UHT milk entering the regional distribution centre has been chosen. The improved composition of Unicla milk is expected to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and to protect consumers against oxidative damage, among other health benefits. Concerning the environmental aspect, CF of Unicla products are, on average, 10% lower than their conventional equivalents, mainly due to the lower enteric emissions of caused by the Unicla diet. No significant differences were found between the WF of Unicla and conventional milk. Raw milk is the main contributor to both footprints (on average, 83.2 and 84.3% of the total CF of Unicla and conventional milk, respectively, and 99.9% of WF). The results have been compared to those found in literature, and a sensitivity analysis has been performed to verify their robustness. The study concludes that switching to healthier milk compositions can help slowing down global warming, without contributing to other environmental issues such as water scarcity. The results should encourage other milk companies to commit to the development of healthier, less environmentally damaging products, and also to stimulate consumers to bet on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roibás
- Group of Environmental Engineering and Bioprocesses, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ismael Martínez
- Feiraco Sociedade Cooperativa Galega, Ponte Maceira s/n, 15864 Ames, Spain
| | - Alfonso Goris
- Feiraco Sociedade Cooperativa Galega, Ponte Maceira s/n, 15864 Ames, Spain
| | - Rocío Barreiro
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene, Inspection and Control (LHICA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Almudena Hospido
- Group of Environmental Engineering and Bioprocesses, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Amiri M, Diekmann L, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Naim HY. The Diverse Forms of Lactose Intolerance and the Putative Linkage to Several Cancers. Nutrients 2015; 7:7209-30. [PMID: 26343715 PMCID: PMC4586527 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) is a membrane glycoprotein and the only β-galactosidase of the brush border membrane of the intestinal epithelium. Besides active transcription, expression of the active LPH requires different maturation steps of the polypeptide through the secretory pathway, including N- and O-glycosylation, dimerization and proteolytic cleavage steps. The inability to digest lactose due to insufficient lactase activity results in gastrointestinal symptoms known as lactose intolerance. In this review, we will concentrate on the structural and functional features of LPH protein and summarize the cellular and molecular mechanism required for its maturation and trafficking. Then, different types of lactose intolerance are discussed, and the molecular aspects of lactase persistence/non-persistence phenotypes are investigated. Finally, we will review the literature focusing on the lactase persistence/non-persistence populations as a comparative model in order to determine the protective or adverse effects of milk and dairy foods on the incidence of colorectal, ovarian and prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Amiri
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lena Diekmann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
- The Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Collier RJ, Bauman DE. Update on human health concerns of recombinant bovine somatotropin use in dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1800-7. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Collier
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences University of Arizona, Tucson 85719
| | - D. E. Bauman
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Pereira PC. Milk nutritional composition and its role in human health. Nutrition 2013; 30:619-27. [PMID: 24800664 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dairy and milk consumption are frequently included as important elements in a healthy and balanced diet. It is the first food for mammals and provides all the necessary energy and nutrients to ensure proper growth and development, being crucial in respect to bone mass formation. However, several controversies arise from consumption of dairy and milk products during adulthood, especially because it refers to milk from other species. Despite these controversies, epidemiologic studies confirm the nutritional importance of milk in the human diet and reinforce the possible role of its consumption in preventing several chronic conditions like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), some forms of cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Lactose malabsorption symptoms and cow milk protein allergy are generally considered to be the adverse reactions to milk consumption. The present article reviews the main aspects of milk nutritional composition and establishes several associations between its nutritious role, health promotion, and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C Pereira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica, CiiEm - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, C.R.L. Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, Caparica, Portugal.
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Davoodi H, Esmaeili S, Mortazavian A. Effects of Milk and Milk Products Consumption on Cancer: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Davoodi
- Dept. of Clinical Nutrition and Dietology; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Inst.; Faculty of Nutrition Sciences; Food Science and Technology; Shahid Beheshti Univ. of Medical Sciences; P.O. Box 19395-4741; Tehran; Iran
| | - S. Esmaeili
- Young Researchers Club; Varamin-Pishva Branch; Islamic Azad Univ.; Varamin; Iran
| | - A.M. Mortazavian
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Inst.; Faculty of Nutrition Sciences; Food Science and Technology; Shahid Beheshti Univ. of Medical Sciences; P.O. Box 19395-4741 Tehran; Iran
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Schwartz GG, Skinner HG. A prospective study of total and ionized serum calcium and time to fatal prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:1768-73. [PMID: 22914529 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher levels of total and ionized serum calcium have been shown to predict fatal prostate cancer in prospective studies. Because the follow-up time in these studies was relatively short, these associations could reflect the effect of clinically significant but occult prostate tumors on serum calcium levels. If this were true, prostate cancer mortality rates among men with higher levels of serum calcium should be higher during the early follow-up period and should decline thereafter. METHODS We tested this hypothesis by estimating the relative risk of death from prostate cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III for incremental increases in total and ionized serum calcium using Cox proportional hazards regression with time-dependent effects. RESULTS Forty-nine (49) fatal prostate cancers occurred over 204 months of follow-up and 1,069,327 person-months of observation. Men with higher total serum calcium and higher serum ionized calcium had increased risks of fatal prostate cancer during the first 96 months of follow-up [Relative Hazard (RH) = 1.50 per 0.1 mmol/L total serum calcium, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-2.17; RH = 1.72 per 0.05 mmol/L ionized calcium, 95% CI = 1.11-2.66]. Evidence of an association between total and ionized serum calcium and prostate cancer deaths was not significant after 96 months. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses support the hypothesis that the elevated risk for fatal prostate cancer observed in men with high serum calcium is because of the presence of extant, but occult prostate cancer. IMPACT These findings have implications for the potential use of serum calcium in the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary G Schwartz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Datta M, Schwartz GG. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a critical review. Oncologist 2012; 17:1171-9. [PMID: 22836449 PMCID: PMC3448410 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of bone mineral density is an unintended consequence of androgen deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. Supplementation with calcium and/or vitamin D in these men seems logical and is advocated by many lay and professional groups. METHODS We reviewed guidelines for calcium and vitamin D supplementation and the results of clinical trials of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. RESULTS Whether supplementation of men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy with calcium and/or vitamin D results in higher bone mineral density than no supplementation has not been tested. The results of 12 clinical trials show that, at the doses commonly recommended, 500-1,000 mg calcium and 200-500 IU vitamin D per day, men undergoing androgen deprivation lose bone mineral density. CONCLUSION The doses of calcium and vitamin D that have been tested are inadequate to prevent loss of bone mineral density in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. In light of evidence that high levels of dietary calcium and calcium supplement use are associated with higher risks for cardiovascular disease and advanced prostate cancer, intervention studies should evaluate the safety as well as the efficacy of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in these men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridul Datta
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Departments of Cancer Biology, Urology, and Epidemiology and Prevention, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gary G. Schwartz
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Departments of Cancer Biology, Urology, and Epidemiology and Prevention, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Milk is a complex and complete food containing an array of essential nutrients that contribute toward a healthy, balanced diet. Numerous epidemiological studies have revealed that high consumption of milk and dairy products may have protective effects against coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, diabetes, certain cancers (such as colorectal and bladder cancers), and dementia, although the mechanisms of action are unclear. Despite this epidemiological evidence, milk fatty acid profiles often lead to a negative perception of milk and dairy products. However, altering the fatty acid profile of milk by changing the dairy cow diet is a successful strategy, and intervention studies have shown that this approach may lead to further benefits of milk/dairy consumption. Overall, evidence suggests individuals who consume a greater amount of milk and dairy products have a slightly better health advantage than those who do not consume milk and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D.I. Givens
- University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom;,
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