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Shkirin AV, Astashev ME, Ignatenko DN, Suyazov NV, Chirikov SN, Kirsanov VV, Pavkin DY, Lobachevsky YP, Gudkov SV. A Monoblock Light-Scattering Milk Fat Percentage and Somatic Cell Count Sensor for Use in Milking Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8618. [PMID: 37896711 PMCID: PMC10610821 DOI: 10.3390/s23208618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A monoblock light-scattering sensor, which is capable of measuring the fat content of milk and indicating the excess by which the somatic cell count (SCC) is over the permissible level, has been developed for installation in dairy systems. In order for the sensor to perform measurements when the milking machine is working in the "milk plug" mode, a flow-through unit is designed in the form of a pipe with a lateral cylindrical branch, in which milk accumulates so as to eliminate large bubbles and achieve continuity of the milk flow. The operation of the sensor is based on the registration of the angular intensity distribution of light scattered in the transparent cylindrical segment of the tube branch. A semiconductor laser with a wavelength of 650 nm is used as a light source for determining scattering in milk. The angular distribution of the scattered light intensity (scattering indicatrix) is recorded using an axial photodiode array. The fat content is determined by the average slope of the measured scattering indicatrix in the range of scattering angles 72-162°. The SCC level is estimated from the relative deviation of the forward scatter intensity normalized to the backscatter intensity with respect to uninfected milk. The sensor has been tested on a Yolochka-type milking machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Shkirin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova st. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.E.A.); (D.N.I.); (N.V.S.); (S.V.G.)
- Laser Physics Department, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe sh. 31, Moscow 115409, Russia;
| | - Maxim E. Astashev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova st. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.E.A.); (D.N.I.); (N.V.S.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Dmitry N. Ignatenko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova st. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.E.A.); (D.N.I.); (N.V.S.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Nikolai V. Suyazov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova st. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.E.A.); (D.N.I.); (N.V.S.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Sergey N. Chirikov
- Laser Physics Department, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe sh. 31, Moscow 115409, Russia;
| | - Vladimir V. Kirsanov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM”, 1st Institutsky Proezd 5, Moscow 109428, Russia; (V.V.K.); (D.Y.P.); (Y.P.L.)
| | - Dmitriy Y. Pavkin
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM”, 1st Institutsky Proezd 5, Moscow 109428, Russia; (V.V.K.); (D.Y.P.); (Y.P.L.)
| | - Yakov P. Lobachevsky
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM”, 1st Institutsky Proezd 5, Moscow 109428, Russia; (V.V.K.); (D.Y.P.); (Y.P.L.)
| | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova st. 38, Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.E.A.); (D.N.I.); (N.V.S.); (S.V.G.)
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM”, 1st Institutsky Proezd 5, Moscow 109428, Russia; (V.V.K.); (D.Y.P.); (Y.P.L.)
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin av. 23, Nizhny Novgorod 603105, Russia
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Jacob LI, Pauer W. Scale-up of Emulsion Polymerisation up to 100 L and with a Polymer Content of up to 67 wt%, Monitored by Photon Density Wave Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081574. [PMID: 35458324 PMCID: PMC9028448 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The scale-up process of the high solid content (up to 67 wt%) emulsion polymerisation of vinyl acetate and Versa®10 from 1 L over 10 L to 100 L was investigated. An emulsion copolymerisation of vinyl acetate and neodecanoic acid vinyl ester in a molar ratio of 9:1 was carried out in a starved-fed semi-batch operation. As a radical source, a redox initiator system consisting of L-ascorbic acid, tert-butyl hydroperoxide and ammonium iron (III) sulphate was used. The process parameters, such as the required stirring speed and heat dissipation, were determined and adjusted beforehand via reaction calorimetry to ensure a successful scale-up without safety issues. In addition, the emulsion polymerisation was monitored inline by Raman (qualitative monomer accumulation), as well as Photon Density Wave spectroscopy (particle size and scattering coefficient) and temperature measurements. The data provided by Raman spectroscopy and temperature measurements revealed mixing difficulties due to an insufficient stirring rate, while the inline measurement with Photon Density Wave spectroscopy offered an insight into the development of the product properties. It proved to be reliable and precise throughout the entire scale-up process, especially compared to conventional offline methods, such as dynamic light scattering or sedimentation analysis by means of a disc centrifuge, both of which encountered issues when using higher polymer contents.
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Sandmann M, Münzberg M, Bressel L, Reich O, Hass R. Inline monitoring of high cell density cultivation of Scenedesmus rubescens in a mesh ultra-thin layer photobioreactor by photon density wave spectroscopy. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:54. [PMID: 35168633 PMCID: PMC8845379 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-05943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Due to multiple light scattering that occurs inside and between cells, quantitative optical spectroscopy in turbid biological suspensions is still a major challenge. This includes also optical inline determination of biomass in bioprocessing. Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy, a technique based on multiple light scattering, enables the independent and absolute determination of optical key parameters of concentrated cell suspensions, which allow to determine biomass during cultivation. Results A unique reactor type, called “mesh ultra-thin layer photobioreactor” was used to create a highly concentrated algal suspension. PDW spectroscopy measurements were carried out continuously in the reactor without any need of sampling or sample preparation, over 3 weeks, and with 10-min time resolution. Conventional dry matter content and coulter counter measurements have been employed as established offline reference analysis. The PBR allowed peak cell dry weight (CDW) of 33.4 g L−1. It is shown that the reduced scattering coefficient determined by PDW spectroscopy is strongly correlated with the biomass concentration in suspension and is thus suitable for process understanding. The reactor in combination with the fiber-optical measurement approach will lead to a better process management. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-022-05943-2.
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Jacob LI, Pauer W. In-line monitoring of latex-particle size during emulsion polymerizations with a high polymer content of more than 60. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26528-26534. [PMID: 35519727 PMCID: PMC9055508 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02523b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The photon density wave (PDW) spectroscopy is established in the fields of biochemistry and food chemistry as an online analytical method for the determination of mean particle sizes. This work examines PDW spectroscopy regarding its potential in high solid content emulsion polymerization. For this reason, emulsion copolymerization with a tendency for agglomeration of vinyl acetate and Versa® 10 in a molar ratio of 9 : 1, and with varying emulsifier content, was carried out in semi-batch operation mode with different target particle sizes from 50 to 325 nm. A redox initiator system, consisting of l-ascorbic acid, tert-butyl hydroperoxide and ammonium iron(iii) sulfate, was used as a radical source. The mean particle sizes of PDW spectroscopy were compared with those of conventional offline measurement methods, such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and sedimentation analysis, by means of a disc centrifuge. The determined mean particle sizes show a very good reproducibility and agreement between DLS and sedimentation analysis up to a polymer content of 36%, after which measurements were rendered difficult due to agglomeration. Nevertheless, PDW spectroscopy was able to continue providing reproducible measurements until reaching a polymer content of 63%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Isabelle Jacob
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg Bundesstraße 45 20146 Hamburg Germany +49 40 42838 6007
| | - Werner Pauer
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg Bundesstraße 45 20146 Hamburg Germany +49 40 42838 6007
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Bressel K, Müller W, Leser ME, Reich O, Hass R, Wooster TJ. Depletion-Induced Flocculation of Concentrated Emulsions Probed by Photon Density Wave Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3504-3513. [PMID: 32162925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stable, creaming-free oil in water emulsions with high volume fractions of oil (ϕ = 0.05-0.40, density matched to water) and polysorbate 80 as an emulsifier were characterized without dilution by Photon Density Wave spectroscopy measuring light absorption and scattering behavior, the latter serving as the basis for droplet size distribution analysis. The emulsion with ϕ = 0.10 was used to investigate flocculation processes induced by xanthan as a semi-flexible linear nonabsorbing polymer. Different time regimes in the development of the reduced scattering coefficient μs' could be identified. First, a rapid, temperature-dependent change in μs' during the depletion process was observed. Second, the further decrease of μs' follows a power law in analogy to a spinodal demixing behavior, as described by the Cahn-Hilliard theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bressel
- Physical Chemistry-InnoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wenke Müller
- Physical Chemistry-InnoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin E Leser
- Institute of Material Science, Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Reich
- Physical Chemistry-InnoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Roland Hass
- Physical Chemistry-InnoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tim J Wooster
- Institute of Material Science, Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Inline characterization of dispersion formation of a solvent-borne acrylic copolymer by Photon Density Wave spectroscopy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hartwig A, Hass R. Monitoring Lactose Crystallization at Industrially Relevant Concentrations by Photon Density Wave Spectroscopy. Chem Eng Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hartwig
- University of Potsdam; Institute of Chemistry; Physical Chemistry - innoFSPEC; Am Muehlenberg 3 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Roland Hass
- University of Potsdam; Institute of Chemistry; Physical Chemistry - innoFSPEC; Am Muehlenberg 3 14476 Potsdam Germany
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Stocker S, Foschum F, Kienle A. Spatially Resolved Lateral Transmission Measurements to Characterize Changes in the Scattering Coefficient and the Anisotropy Factor. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:757-764. [PMID: 29464961 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818757520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new setup is described to characterize the scattering coefficient and the scattering phase function of liquid media. The setup utilizes the basic idea of a spatially resolved reflectance measurement combined with a sophisticated illumination geometry. The sample is illuminated parallel and close to the interface of the sample and a glass window to get information from single scattered and multiple scattered light. By illuminating the sample with a fiber orientated with the axis parallel to the glass surface, small distances to the source can be examined unimpeded by the illumination beam. The derived information is, for example, not only sensitive to the concentration of the scatterers but also to the size of the scattering particles. We present the setup including the theory to describe the light propagation in the whole configuration using Monte Carlo simulations. The validation has been done with polystyrene microsphere dispersions with different scattering coefficients. As application for the developed setup, we show measurements of different milk samples which vary in concentration of fat, protein, and in fat droplet size during homogenization process. By measuring milk, we show the ability of the sensor to determine information about the scattering phase function without diluting the sample. For sensors in the dairy industry, a measurement with no pre-processing and no diluting of the sample is worthwhile, because this can be used to determine the fat and protein concentration on-line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Stocker
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Meßtechnik, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Foschum
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Meßtechnik, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alwin Kienle
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Meßtechnik, Ulm, Germany
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Werner P, Münzberg M, Hass R, Reich O. Process analytical approaches for the coil-to-globule transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in a concentrated aqueous suspension. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:807-819. [PMID: 27830315 PMCID: PMC5233752 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The coil-to-globule transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgel particles suspended in water has been investigated in situ as a function of heating and cooling rate with four optical process analytical technologies (PAT), sensitive to structural changes of the polymer. Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy, Focused Beam Reflectance Measurements (FBRM), turbidity measurements, and Particle Vision Microscope (PVM) measurements are found to be powerful tools for the monitoring of the temperature-dependent transition of such thermo-responsive polymers. These in-line technologies allow for monitoring of either the reduced scattering coefficient and the absorption coefficient, the chord length distribution, the reflected intensities, or the relative backscatter index via in-process imaging, respectively. Varying heating and cooling rates result in rate-dependent lower critical solution temperatures (LCST), with different impact of cooling and heating. Particularly, the data obtained by PDW spectroscopy can be used to estimate the thermodynamic transition temperature of PNIPAM for infinitesimal heating or cooling rates. In addition, an inverse hysteresis and a reversible building of micrometer-sized agglomerates are observed for the PNIPAM transition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Werner
- Physical Chemistry - innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Marvin Münzberg
- Physical Chemistry - innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Roland Hass
- Physical Chemistry - innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Oliver Reich
- Physical Chemistry - innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Hass R, Munzke D, Ruiz SV, Tippmann J, Reich O. Optical monitoring of chemical processes in turbid biogenic liquid dispersions by Photon Density Wave spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2791-802. [PMID: 25725578 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In turbid biogenic liquid material, like blood or milk, quantitative optical analysis is often strongly hindered by multiple light scattering resulting from cells, particles, or droplets. Here, optical attenuation is caused by losses due to absorption as well as scattering of light. Fiber-based Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy is a very promising method for the precise measurement of the optical properties of such materials. They are expressed as absorption and reduced scattering coefficients (μ a and μ s', respectively) and are linked to the chemical composition and physical properties of the sample. As a process analytical technology, PDW spectroscopy can sense chemical and/or physical processes within such turbid biogenic liquids, providing new scientific insight and process understanding. Here, for the first time, several bioprocesses are analyzed by PDW spectroscopy and the resulting optical coefficients are discussed with respect to established mechanistic models of the chosen processes. As model systems, enzymatic casein coagulation in milk, temperature-induced starch hydrolysis in beer mash, and oxy- as well as deoxygenation of human donor blood were investigated by PDW spectroscopy. The findings indicate that also for very complex biomaterials (i.e., not well-defined model materials like monodisperse polymer dispersions), obtained optical coefficients allow for the assessment of a structure/process relationship and thus for a new analytical access to biogenic liquid material. This is of special relevance as PDW spectroscopy data are obtained without any dilution or calibration, as often found in conventional spectroscopic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Hass
- Institute of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry - innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Muehlenberg 3, 14476, Potsdam/Golm, Germany,
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Hass R, Münzberg M, Bressel L, Reich O. Industrial applications of photon density wave spectroscopy for in-line particle sizing [Invited]. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:1423-1431. [PMID: 23458794 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.001423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopy in highly turbid liquid material is often restricted by simultaneous occurrence of absorption and scattering of light. Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy is one of the very few, yet widely unknown, technologies for the independent quantification of these two optical processes. Here, a concise overview about modern PDW spectroscopy is given, including all necessary equations concerning the optical description of the investigated material, dependent light scattering, particle sizing, and PDW spectroscopy itself. Additionally, it is shown how the ambiguity in particle sizing, arising from Mie theory, can be correctly solved. Due to its high temporal resolution, its applicability to highest particle concentrations, and its purely fiber-optical probe, PDW spectroscopy possesses all fundamental characteristics for optical in-line process analysis. Several application examples from the chemical industry are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Hass
- innoFSPEC Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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