1
|
Shejawale D, Lavania J, Muthuganesan N, Jeyarani T, Rastogi NK, Subramanian R. Alternate solvent for soybean oil extraction based on extractability and membrane solvent recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34038-7. [PMID: 38969883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Ethyl acetate, acetone, 2-propanol, 1-propanol, and ethanol were screened among the class 3 category solvents as an alternative to hexane based on operational and occupational safety and bio-renewability potential. All five solvents exhibited higher extractability (22.3 to 23.2%) than hexane (21.5%) with soybean flour. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the fatty acid and triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of the oils extracted using alternate solvents and hexane, indicating the oil quality was not affected. More importantly, ethyl acetate (2.1%) resulted in a marginally higher yield of TAG, while 2-propanol showed a nearly equal yield to hexane. Further, membrane desolventizing was attempted to mitigate the limitations of higher thermal energy requirements. One of the polydimethylsiloxane membranes exhibited good selectivity (TAG rejection 85.8%) and acceptable flux (59.3 L·m-2·h-1) with an ethyl acetate miscella system. Under plant-simulated recirculation conditions, a two-stage membrane process reduced the oil content in permeate to 2.5%. The study revealed that ethyl acetate could potentially replace hexane, considering its higher TAG extractability and suitability for the membrane-augmented solvent recycling process in the extraction plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Shejawale
- Food Engineering Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jyoti Lavania
- Food Engineering Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Nageswaran Muthuganesan
- Food Engineering Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, India
- Trade and International Cooperation Division, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Thangaraj Jeyarani
- Department of Traditional Foods and Applied Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, India
| | - Navin Kumar Rastogi
- Food Engineering Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rangaswamy Subramanian
- Food Engineering Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Refining Vegetable Oils: Chemical and Physical Refining. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:6627013. [PMID: 35069038 PMCID: PMC8767382 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6627013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents recent technologies involved in vegetable oil refining as well as quality attributes of crude oils obtained by mechanical and solvent extraction. Usually, apart from virgin oils, crude oils cannot be consumed directly or incorporated into various food applications without technological treatments (refining). Indeed, crude oils like soybean, rapeseed, palm, corn, and sunflower oils must be purified or refined before consumption. The objective of such treatments (chemical and physical refining) is to get a better quality, a more acceptable aspect (limpidity), a lighter odor and color, longer stability, and good safety through the elimination of pollutants while minimizing oil loss during processing. However, the problem is that refining removes some essential nutrients and often generates other undesirable compounds such as 3-MCPD-esters and trans-fatty acids. These compounds directly influence the safety level of refined oil. Advantages and drawbacks of both chemical and physical refining were discussed in the light of recent literature. Physical refining has several advantages over chemical one.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sañé E, Del Mondo A, Ambrosino L, Smerilli A, Sansone C, Brunet C. The Recent Advanced in Microalgal Phytosterols: Bioactive Ingredients Along With Human-Health Driven Potential Applications. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1938115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Sañé
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale Di Biologia, Ecologia E Biotecnologie Marine, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angelo Del Mondo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale Di Biologia, Ecologia E Biotecnologie Marine, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luca Ambrosino
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale Di Biologia, Ecologia E Biotecnologie Marine, Napoli, Italy
| | - Arianna Smerilli
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale Di Biologia, Ecologia E Biotecnologie Marine, Napoli, Italy
| | - Clementina Sansone
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale Di Biologia, Ecologia E Biotecnologie Marine, Napoli, Italy
| | - Christophe Brunet
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto Nazionale Di Biologia, Ecologia E Biotecnologie Marine, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang T, Cheng J, Wang N, Zhang X, Jiang L, Yu D, Wang L. Study on the stability of intermediates in the process of enzymatic hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid by phospholipase A1. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
5
|
Marsol-Vall A, Aitta E, Guo Z, Yang B. Green technologies for production of oils rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from aquatic sources. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:2942-2962. [PMID: 33480261 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1861426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fish and algae are the major sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). Globally, there is a rapid increase in demand for n-3 PUFA-rich oils. Conventional oil production processes use high temperature and chemicals, compromising the oil quality and the environment. Hence, alternative green technologies have been investigated for producing oils from aquatic sources. While most of the studies have focused on the oil extraction and enrichment of n-3 PUFAs, less effort has been directed toward green refining of oils from fish and algae. Enzymatic processing and ultrasound-assisted extraction with environment-friendly solvents are the most promising green technologies for extracting fish oil, whereas pressurized extractions are suitable for extracting microalgae oil. Lipase-catalysed ethanolysis of fish and algae oil is a promising green technology for enriching n-3 PUFAs. Green refining technologies such as phospholipase- and membrane-assisted degumming deserve investigation for application in fish and algal oils. In the current review, we critically examined the currently existing research on technologies applied at each of the steps involved in the production of oils rich in n-3 PUFAs from fish and algae species. Special attention was placed on assessment of green technologies in comparison with conventional processing methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Marsol-Vall
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ella Aitta
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Zheng Guo
- Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lamas DL, Massa AE. Ray Liver Oils Obtained by Different Methodologies: Characterization and Refining. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2019.1605554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lorena Lamas
- Institute of Marine and Coastal Research IIMYC, UNMdP, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Institute of Fisheries Research and Development, INIDEP, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agueda Elena Massa
- Institute of Marine and Coastal Research IIMYC, UNMdP, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Institute of Fisheries Research and Development, INIDEP, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
More NS, Gogate PR. Ultrasound assisted enzymatic degumming of crude soybean oil. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 42:805-813. [PMID: 29429734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work deals with ultrasound assisted enzymatic degumming (UAED) of crude soybean oil quantifying the extent of degumming (EOD), cavitational yield and synergistic index (f) for the combination approaches. The effect of different operating parameters such as enzyme loading, pH, presence of water, temperature and ultrasonic power on the EOD has been investigated. Ultrasound combined with enzyme at loading of 2.0 ml/L resulted in EOD as 92.2% under ambient conditions. Addition of water (5%) in combination with ultrasound and enzyme at 2.0 ml/L loading and pH of 5 resulted in maximum EOD (98.4%) in 120 min of treatment. The extent of phospholipid separation was also observed to be dependent on the power dissipation and maximum phospholipids separation was obtained at 100 W. Scale-up studies were performed at 500 ml and 1 L operating volume under optimized conditions of 2.0 ml/L as the enzyme loading, pH of 5, 5% water addition and ultrasonic power of 100 W where 93.63% and 91.15% phospholipid separation respectively was obtained. The effects of ultrasonic treatment were also quantified in terms of the acid value reduction and oxidative stability for the processed oil. It was demonstrated that suitable reduction in acid value (final value less than 1) and oxidative stability (TOTOX less than 4) is effectively obtained using UAED. Overall the approach of UAED was established to show much higher efficacy for soybean oil processing as compared to only ultrasound or only enzymatic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishant S More
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Parag R Gogate
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Szydłowska-Czerniak A, Łaszewska A. Optimization of a soft degumming process of crude rapeseed oil—Changes in its antioxidant capacity. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
10
|
Selection among alternative processes for the disposal of soapstock. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Himma NF, Anisah S, Prasetya N, Wenten IG. Advances in preparation, modification, and application of polypropylene membrane. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2015-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most used polymers for microporous membrane fabrication due to its good thermal stability, chemical resistance, mechanical strength, and low cost. There have been numerous studies reporting the developments and applications of PP membranes. However, PP membrane with high performance is still a challenge. Thus, this article presents a comprehensive overview of the advances in the preparation, modification and application of PP membrane. The preparation methods of PP membrane are firstly reviewed, followed by the modification approaches of PP membrane. The modifications includes hydrophilic and superhydrophobic modification so that the PP membranes become more suitable to be applied either in aqueous applications or in non-aqueous ones. The fouling resistant of hydrophilized PP membrane and the wetting resistant of superhydrophobized PP membrane are then reviewed. Finally, special attention is given to the various potential applications and industrial outlook of the PP membranes.
Collapse
|
12
|
Effect of refining process on antioxidant capacity, total phenolics and prooxidants contents in rapeseed oils. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
Ambrosewicz-Walacik M, Tańska M, Rotkiewicz D. Phospholipids of Rapeseeds and Rapeseed Oils: Factors Determining Their Content and Technological Significance—A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1022831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Ngakegni-Limbili AC, Zebib B, Cerny M, Tsiba G, Elouma Ndinga AM, Mouloungui Z, Fourastier I, Ouamba JM. Aframomum stipulatum (Gagnep) K. Schum and Aframomum giganteum (Oliv. & Hanb) K. Schum as Aroma Tincto Oleo Crops resources: essential oil, fatty acids, sterols, tocopherols, and tocotrienols composition of different fruit parts of Congo varieties. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:67-75. [PMID: 22692978 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, few known plant species provide both an essential oil (EO) and a vegetable oil (VO). Seed and husk of two Aframomum species were investigated and compared in terms of EO, fatty acids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols. RESULTS EO yield reaches 15.3 g kg(-1) in the seeds and 3.2 g kg(-1) in the husks, while VO yield is 180.0 g kg(-1) in the seeds and 25.0 g kg(-1) in the husks. β-Pinene, 1,8-cineol, α-selinene, terpine-4-ol, linalool, myrtenal and β-caryophyllene are the major compounds of seed and husk EO. Fatty acid analysis of two Aframomum species shows that oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids were the major compounds of VO. Total sterol contents reached 4.3 g kg(-1) in seed VO and 8.5 g kg(-1) in husk VO. An appreciable amount of tocopherols (0.52 g kg(-1) ) was found in seed VO. CONCLUSION The seed and husk oil of A. stipulatum and A. giganteum fruits are rich sources of many bioactive constituents such as fatty acids, sterols, tocopherols and tocotrienols. These tropical wild fruits can be considered as new Aroma Tincto Oleo Crops (ATOC) resources that contain both EOs and VOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adolphe Christian Ngakegni-Limbili
- Université de Toulouse-UMR 1010 Chimie Agro-Industrielle, ENSIACET, INPT, INRA, 31030 Toulouse, France; Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences-Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Trabelsi H, Sakouhi F, Renaud J, Villeneuve P, Khouja ML, Mayer P, Boukhchina S. Fatty acids, 4-desmethylsterols, and triterpene alcohols from Tunisian lentisc (Pistacia lentiscus) fruits. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
19
|
Chouaibi M, Mahfoudhi N, Rezig L, Donsì F, Ferrari G, Hamdi S. Nutritional composition of Zizyphus lotus L. seeds. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:1171-1177. [PMID: 22095748 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zizyphus lotus seeds are an unutilized source of vegetable oil and protein and nothing has been reported on their physicochemical characteristics which would indicate the potential uses of these seeds. RESULTS The percentage composition of the Zizyphus lotus seeds is (on a dry-weight basis): ash 1.05%, oil 32.92%, protein 19.11%, total carbohydrate 40.87% and moisture 6.05%. Calcium, potassium and magnesium constitute the major minerals of Zizyphus lotus seeds. The seed proteins are rich in threonine, glutamic acid, leucine, arginine and aspartic acid (26.73%, 17.28%, 13.11%, 9.47% and 7.76%, respectively). The main fatty acids of the oil are oleic (61.93%), linoleic (18.31%) and palmitic (9.14%) acids. Glycerol trioleate (OOO; O: oleic acid) was the most abundant triacylglycerol, representing 26.48% of the total triacyglycerols. β-Tocopherol was the major tocopherol (130.47 mg 100 g(-1) ). This oil was rich in Δ7-campestrol and β-sitosterol (147.82 and 82.10 mg 100 g(-1) oil), respectively. CONCLUSION Zizyphus lotus seeds are rich in fat and protein which are of potential industrial significance. In addition, Zizyphus lotus L. seed oil contained many bioactive compounds. This fact is of great economic interest owing to several applications of Zizyphus lotus L. seeds in the food, cosmetics and medicinal industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moncef Chouaibi
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, University of Salerno, Salerno 84084, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Sterol composition of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) seed oils. J Food Compost Anal 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
22
|
Dumont MJ, Narine SS. Soapstock and deodorizer distillates from North American vegetable oils: Review on their characterization, extraction and utilization. Food Res Int 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
23
|
Fernandes P, Cabral JMS. Phytosterols: applications and recovery methods. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2007; 98:2335-50. [PMID: 17123816 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols, or plant sterols, are compounds that occur naturally and bear close structural resemblance to cholesterol, but have different side-chain configurations. Phytosterols are relevant in pharmaceuticals (production of therapeutic steroids), nutrition (anti-cholesterol additives in functional foods, anti-cancer properties), and cosmetics (creams, lipstick). Phytosterols can be obtained from vegetable oils or from industrial wastes, which gives an added value to the latter. Considerable efforts have been recently dedicated to the development of efficient processes for phytosterol isolation from natural sources. The present work aims to summarize information on the applications of phytosterols and to review recent approaches, mainly from the industry, for the large-scale recovery of phytosterols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Fernandes
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Manjula S, Subramanian R. Membrane Technology in Degumming, Dewaxing, Deacidifying, and Decolorizing Edible Oils. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006; 46:569-92. [PMID: 16954065 DOI: 10.1080/10408390500357746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A membrane process offers several advantages over the conventional method of oil refining. Conceptually, membranes could be used in almost all stages of processing. In the present review, various attempts made by the researchers towards degumming, dewaxing, deacidifying, and decolorizing edible oils using membrane technology with and without using solvents have been discussed. Attempts made with UF and nonporous membranes have demonstrated the ability of these membranes to separate phospholipids from undiluted and hexane-diluted oils and a high oil flux was obtained with UF membranes in hexane-diluted oils. MF membranes were very effective for dewaxing undiluted oils while UF membranes were effective in dewaxing hexane-diluted oils without a precooling step. Deacidification was successful only with either addition of an alkali followed by membrane filtration or by following an indirect route of selective solvent extraction of FFA followed by membrane separation. Consistent color reduction in terms of pigments (chlorophyll and xanthophylls) and other instrumental measurements (Lovibond and visible spectra) could be achieved only with nonporous membranes. Interestingly, these membranes did not have selectivity for alpha-and beta-carotenes. UF membranes are best suited for degumming and dewaxing applications, while nonporous membranes appear to be a better choice for achieving simultaneous degumming, dewaxing, and decolorization of oils. Hexane-dilution improved the oil flux of nonporous membranes by one order of magnitude, but further improvement is desirable for industrial adoption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Manjula
- Department of Food Engineering, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | | |
Collapse
|