1
|
Islam K, Rawoof A, Kumar A, Momo J, Ahmed I, Dubey M, Ramchiary N. Genetic Regulation, Environmental Cues, and Extraction Methods for Higher Yield of Secondary Metabolites in Capsicum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37289974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Capsicum (chili pepper) is a widely popular and highly consumed fruit crop with beneficial secondary metabolites such as capsaicinoids, carotenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, among others. Interestingly, the secondary metabolite profile is a dynamic function of biosynthetic enzymes, regulatory transcription factors, developmental stage, abiotic and biotic environment, and extraction methods. We propose active manipulable genetic, environmental, and extraction controls for the modulation of quality and quantity of desired secondary metabolites in Capsicum species. Specific biosynthetic genes such as Pun (AT3) and AMT in the capsaicinoids pathway and PSY, LCY, and CCS in the carotenoid pathway can be genetically engineered for enhanced production of capsaicinoids and carotenoids, respectively. Generally, secondary metabolites increase with the ripening of the fruit; however, transcriptional regulators such as MYB, bHLH, and ERF control the extent of accumulation in specific tissues. The precise tuning of biotic and abiotic factors such as light, temperature, and chemical elicitors can maximize the accumulation and retention of secondary metabolites in pre- and postharvest settings. Finally, optimized extraction methods such as ultrasonication and supercritical fluid method can lead to a higher yield of secondary metabolites. Together, the integrated understanding of the genetic regulation of biosynthesis, elicitation treatments, and optimization of extraction methods can maximize the industrial production of secondary metabolites in Capsicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Islam
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Abdul Rawoof
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671316, Kerala, India
| | - John Momo
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ilyas Ahmed
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Meenakshi Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi 110042, India
| | - Nirala Ramchiary
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jimenez-García SN, Garcia-Mier L, Ramirez-Gomez XS, Guevara-Gonzalez RG, Aguirre-Becerra H, Escobar-Ortiz A, Contreras-Medina LM, Garcia-Trejo JF, Vazquez-Cruz MA, Feregrino-Perez AA. Characterization of the Key Compounds of Bell Pepper by Spectrophotometry and Gas Chromatography on the Effects of Induced Stress on the Concentration of Secondary Metabolite. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093830. [PMID: 37175241 PMCID: PMC10180469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet peppers are consumed worldwide, and traditional uses have sparked interest in their applications as dietary antioxidants, which can be enhanced in plants using elicitors. These are endowed with phytochemicals with potential health benefits such as antioxidants, bioavailability, and bioaccessibility. The trend in metabolomics shows us chemical fingerprints linking metabolomics, innovative analytical form, and bioinformatics tools. The objective was to evaluate the impact of multiple stress interactions, elicitor concentrations, and electrical conductivity on the concentration of secondary metabolites to relate their response to metabolic pathways through the foliar application of a cocktail of said elicitors in pepper crops under greenhouse conditions. The extracts were analyzed by spectrophotometry and gas chromatography, and it was shown that the PCA analysis identified phenolic compounds and low molecular weight metabolites, confirming this as a metabolomic fingerprint in the hierarchical analysis. These compounds were also integrated by simultaneous gene and metabolite simulants to obtain effect information on different metabolic pathways. Showing changes in metabolite levels at T6 (36 mM H2O2 and 3.6 dS/m) and T7 (0.1 mM SA and 3.6 dS/m) but showing statistically significant changes at T5 (3.6 dS/m) and T8 (0.1 mM SA, 36 mM H2O2, and 3.6 dS/m) compared to T1 (32 dS/m) or control. Six pathways changed significantly (p < 0.05) in stress-induced treatments: aminoacyl t-RNA and valine-leucine-isoleucine biosynthesis, and alanine-aspartate-glutamate metabolism, glycoxylate-dicarboxylate cycle, arginine-proline, and citrate. This research provided a complete profile for the characterization of metabolomic fingerprint of bell pepper under multiple stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N Jimenez-García
- Division de Ciencias de la Salud e Ingeniería, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, C.A. Enfermedades no Transmisibles, Universidad de Guanajuato, Av. Ing. Javier Barros Sierra No. 201 Esq. Baja California, Ejido de Santa Maria del Refugio Celaya, Guanajuato 8140, Mexico
| | - Lina Garcia-Mier
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Valle de México, Campus Querétaro, Blvd, Juriquilla No. 1000 A, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Xóchitl S Ramirez-Gomez
- Division de Ciencias de la Salud e Ingeniería, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, C.A. Enfermedades no Transmisibles, Universidad de Guanajuato, Av. Ing. Javier Barros Sierra No. 201 Esq. Baja California, Ejido de Santa Maria del Refugio Celaya, Guanajuato 8140, Mexico
| | - Ramon G Guevara-Gonzalez
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado, C.A. Bioingeniería Básica y Aplicada, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, C.U. Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Colonia Las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Humberto Aguirre-Becerra
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado, C.A. Bioingeniería Básica y Aplicada, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, C.U. Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Colonia Las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Alexandro Escobar-Ortiz
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, C.U. Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Colonia Las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Luis M Contreras-Medina
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado, C.A. Bioingeniería Básica y Aplicada, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, C.U. Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Colonia Las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Juan F Garcia-Trejo
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado, C.A. Bioingeniería Básica y Aplicada, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, C.U. Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Colonia Las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Moises A Vazquez-Cruz
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Koppert Mexico, Circuito el Marques Nte. 82, Parque industrial El Marqués, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro 76246, Mexico
| | - Ana A Feregrino-Perez
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado, C.A. Bioingeniería Básica y Aplicada, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, C.U. Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Colonia Las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hussain S, Jianjun Y, Hussain J, Zandi P, Xing X, Liandong Z, Yu T, Ali A, Kebin Z. The rhizospheric transformation and bioavailability of mercury in pepper plants are influenced by selected Chinese soil types. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:41-52. [PMID: 35124755 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and prediction of mercury (Hg) phytoavailability in vegetable-soil systems is essential for controlling food chain contamination and safe vegetable production as Hg-contaminated soils pose a serious threat to human health. In this study, four typical Chinese soils (Heilongjiang, Chongqing, Yunnan, and Jilin) with varied physicochemical properties were spiked with HgCl2 to grow sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in a pot experiment under greenhouse condition. The chemical fractionation revealed a significant decrease in exchangeable Hg, while an increase in organically bound Hg in the rhizosphere soil (RS) compared to bulk soil (BS). This observation strongly highlights the vital role of organic matter on the rhizospheric Hg transformation irrespective of contamination levels and soil properties. Stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) analysis between Hg concentration in plants, Hg fractions in RS and BS, and soil properties showed that Hg in plant parts was significantly influenced by soil total Hg (THg) (R2 = 0.90), soil clay (R2 = 0.99), amorphous manganese oxides (amorphous Mn) (R2 = 0.97), amorphous iron oxides (amorphous Fe) (R2 = 0.70), and available Hg (R2 = 0.97) in BS. Nevertheless, in the case of RS, Hg accumulation in plants was affected by soil THg (R2 = 0.99), amorphous Mn (R2 = 0.97), amorphous Fe oxides (R2 = 0.66), soil pH, and organically bound Hg fraction (R2 = 0.96). Among all the evaluated soils (n = 04), metal (mercury) concentration in terms of plant uptake was reported highest in the Jilin soil. Based on SMLR analysis, the results suggested that the phytoavailability of Hg was mainly determined by THg and metal oxides regardless of the rhizospheric effect. These findings facilitate the estimation of Hg phytoavailability and ecological risk that may exist from Hg-contaminated areas where pepper is the dominant vegetable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Hussain
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Jianjun
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Argo-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | | | - Peiman Zandi
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- International Faculty of Applied Technology, Yibin University, Yibin, 644000, China
| | - Xia Xing
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhang Liandong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Amjad Ali
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhang Kebin
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Punthi F, Yudhistira B, Gavahian M, Chang CK, Cheng KC, Hou CY, Hsieh CW. Pulsed electric field-assisted drying: A review of its underlying mechanisms, applications, and role in fresh produce plant-based food preservation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:5109-5130. [PMID: 36199192 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Drying is a key processing step for plant-based foods. The quality of dried products, including the physical, nutritional, microbiological, and sensory attributes, is influenced by the drying method used. Conventional drying technologies have low efficiency and can negatively affect product quality. Recently, pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted techniques are being explored as a novel pretreatment for drying. This review focuses on the application of PEF as pretreatment for drying plant-based products, the preservation effects of this pretreatment, and its underlying mechanisms. A literature search revealed that PEF-assisted drying is beneficial for maintaining the physicochemical properties of the dried products and preserving their color and constituent chemical compounds. PEF-assisted drying promotes rehydration and improves the kinetics of drying. Unlike conventional technologies, PEF-assisted drying enables selective cell disintegration while maintaining product quality. Before the drying process, PEF pretreatment inactivates microbes and enzymes and controls respiratory activity, which may further contribute to preservation. Despite numerous advantages, the efficiency and applicably of PEF-assisted drying can be improved in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuangfah Punthi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bara Yudhistira
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mohsen Gavahian
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Kai Chang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Graduate Institute of Food Science Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Yao Hou
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The Impact of the Fermentation Method on the Pigment Content in Pickled Beetroot and Red Bell Pepper Juices and Freeze-Dried Powders. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The beetroot and red bell pepper are vegetables rich in active ingredients, and their potential for health benefits are crucial. Both presented raw materials are rich in natural pigments, but are unstable and seasonal; thus, it was decided to take steps to extend their durability. Lactic fermentation has been recognized as a food preservation method, requiring minimal resources. The activities undertaken were also aimed at creating a new product with a coloring and probiotic potential. For this reason, the study aimed to evaluate the impact of the method of fermentation on the content of active compounds (pigments) in pickled juices and freeze-dried powders. The lactic acid fermentation guided in two ways. The second step of the research was to obtain powders in the freeze-drying process. For fermentation, Levilactobacillus brevis and Limosilactobacillus fermentum were used. In juices and powders, pigments, color, and dry matter were tested. In this research, no differences in fermented juice pigment contents were seen; however, the color coefficient differed in raw juices. The freeze-drying process resulted in lowering the pigment content, and increasing dry matter and good storage conditions (glass transition temperatures 48–66 °C). The selection of vegetable methods suggested the use of fermentation and mixing it with a marinade (higher pigments and lactic acid bacteria content). All powders were stable and can be used as a colorant source, whereas for probiotic properties, a higher number of bacteria is needed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Karwacka M, Rybak K, Sergiy S, Galus S, Janowicz M. Analysis of selected functional properties, resource demands and energy consumption of freeze‐dried vegetable snacks. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Karwacka
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska St., 02‐787 Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska St., 02‐787 Warsaw Poland
| | - Smetana Sergiy
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.) Prof.‐von‐Klitzing‐Str. 7 D‐49610 Quakenbrück Germany
| | - Sabina Galus
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska St., 02‐787 Warsaw Poland
| | - Monika Janowicz
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska St., 02‐787 Warsaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
De Aguiar AC, Viganó J, da Silva Anthero AG, Dias ALB, Hubinger MD, Martínez J. Supercritical fluids and fluid mixtures to obtain high-value compounds from Capsicum peppers. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100228. [PMID: 35128385 PMCID: PMC8808056 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Peppers of the Capsicum genus have a rich nutritional composition and are widely consumed worldwide. Thus, they find numerous applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. One commercial application is oleoresin production, a nonpolar fraction rich in bioactive compounds, including capsaicinoids and carotenoids. Among the technologies for pepper processing, special attention is given to supercritical fluid technologies, such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with pure solvents and CO2 plus modifiers, and SFE assisted by ultrasound. Supercritical fluid-based processes present advantages over the classical extraction techniques like using less solvents, short extraction times, specificity and scalability. In this review, we present a brief overview of the nutritional aspects of peppers, followed by studies that apply supercritical fluid technologies to produce extracts and concentrate bioactives, besides oleoresin encapsulation. Furthermore, we present related phase equilibrium, cost estimation, and the gaps and needs for the full use of peppers from a sustainable perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina De Aguiar
- Laboratory of High Pressure in Food Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliane Viganó
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, 12383-250 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Gabriela da Silva Anthero
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arthur Luiz Baião Dias
- Laboratory of High Pressure in Food Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Miriam Dupas Hubinger
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Julian Martínez
- Laboratory of High Pressure in Food Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Effect of Thermal and Non-Thermal Technologies on Kinetics and the Main Quality Parameters of Red Bell Pepper Dried with Convective and Microwave-Convective Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072164. [PMID: 35408568 PMCID: PMC9000649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The drying process preserves the surplus of perishable food. However, to obtain a good-quality final product, different pretreatments are conducted before drying. Thus, the aim of the study was the evaluation of the effect of thermal (blanching treatments with hot water) and non-thermal technologies (pulsed electric field (PEF) and ultrasound (US)) on the kinetics of the drying process of red bell pepper. The convective and microwave-convective drying were compared based on quality parameters, such as physical (water activity, porosity, rehydration rate, and color) and chemical properties (total phenolic content, total carotenoids content, antioxidant activity, and total sugars content). The results showed that all of the investigated methods reduced drying time. However, the most effective was blanching, followed by PEF and US treatment, regardless of the drying technique. Non-thermal methods allowed for better preservation of bioactive compounds, such as vitamin C in the range of 8.2% to 22.5% or total carotenoid content in the range of 0.4% to 48%, in comparison to untreated dried material. Moreover, PEF-treated red bell peppers exhibited superior antioxidant activity (higher of about 15.2-30.8%) when compared to untreated dried samples, whereas sonication decreased the free radical scavenging potential by ca. 10%. In most cases, the pretreatment influenced the physical properties, such as porosity, color, or rehydration properties. Samples subjected to PEF and US treatment and dried by using a microwave-assisted method exhibited a significantly higher porosity of 2-4 folds in comparison to untreated material; this result was also confirmed by visual inspection of microtomography scans. Among tested methods, blanched samples had the most similar optical properties to untreated materials; however non-thermally treated bell peppers exhibited the highest saturation of the color.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gaikwad PS, Sarma C, Negi A, Pare A. Alternate Food Preservation Technology. Food Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119792130.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
10
|
Possibility of Pulsed Electric Field and Essential Oil Pre-treatment, Microwave-air Dehydration to the Quality of the Dehydrated Sesban (Sesbania sesban) Flower. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.4.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-heat ahead-treatment in advance of the main dehydration is essential to preserve the quality and ensure food safety. Pulsed electric field (PEF) utilizes a high-voltage electric field in a very short duration to inhibit microbes and enzymes while maintaining the most sensory and nutritional characteristics. For thermal sensitive components, the dehydration process should be performed at low temperatures. Freeze dehydration, vacuum dehydration required high cost for equipment, energy consumption, low quantity in long dehydration time. Microwave-air dehydration is considered as a promising alternative technical approach. Sesban (Sesbania sesban) flower contains numerous phytochemical components promoting health-benefit. However, it’s highly perishable after harvesting. Consumers enjoy the dried sesban flower as a healthy drink. This study examined the possibility of PEF ahead-treatment in microbial inhibition and enzymatic inactivation; essential oil and Microwave-air dehydration on retention of total phenolic content (TPC), vitamin C, 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl of free radical scavenging (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the dehydrated sesban flower. Research also monitored the microbial stability of the dehydrated sesban flower during 12 months of preservation. Results showed that PEF at pulse strength 1000 kV/cm, pulse duration 90 µs, pulse number 45 was remarkably inactivated polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase in raw material. Rosemary essential oil soaked for sesban flower before dehydration positively preserved the ascorbic acid, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. These PEF and essential oil ahead-treatments strongly facilitated for the main Microwave-air dehydration. Among different air temperatures from 20°C to 40°C in microwave-air dehydration, the highest Vitamin C, TPC, DPPH and FRAP of the dried flower were recorded at air temperature from 20°C to 30°C with no significant difference. Meanwhile, airspeed 1.2 m/s showed the highest Vitamin C, TPC, DPPH and FRAP of the dried flower with no significant difference with airspeed 1.4 m/s and 1.6 m/s. There was no significant difference in Vitamin C, TPC, DPPH and FRAP of the dried flower by microwave power from 1.15 to 1.45W/g. Therefore, a combination of microwave and air dehydration at air temperature 25°C, airspeed 1.2 m/s, the microwave energy density of 1.45 W/g was recommended to better preserve vitamin C, TPC, DPPH, FRAP. Microbial stability of the dehydrated flower was also observed during 12 months of storage by 3 month-interval sampling. Coliform, yeast and mold criteria in dried product were stable within acceptable limits.
Collapse
|
11
|
López-Gámez G, Elez-Martínez P, Martín-Belloso O, Soliva-Fortuny R. Applying Pulsed Electric Fields to Whole Carrots Enhances the Bioaccessibility of Carotenoid and Phenolic Compounds in Derived Products. Foods 2021; 10:1321. [PMID: 34201315 PMCID: PMC8228035 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose the application of pulsed electric fields (PEF) to carrots to obtain derived products with increased phenolic and carotenoid bioaccessibility. For this purpose, juices, purees, and oil-added purees were obtained from whole PEF-treated carrots (five pulses of 3.5 kV cm-1; 0.61 kJ kg-1). In order to obtain shelf-stable products, the effect of a thermal treatment (70 °C for 10 min) was also studied. Carrot juices exhibited the highest carotenoid (43.4 mg/100 g fresh weight) and phenolic (322 mg kg-1 dry weight) contents. However, caffeic and coumaric acid derivatives were highly sensitive to PEF. The phenolic bioaccessibility reached 100% in purees obtained from the PEF-treated carrots, whereas the further thermally treated oil-added purees exhibited the greatest carotenoid bioaccessibility (7.8%). The increase in carotenoid bioaccessibility could be related to their better release and solubilization into micelles. The results suggest that food matrix aspects apart from particle size (e.g., pectin characteristics) are involved in phenolic bioaccessibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert Soliva-Fortuny
- Department of Food Technology, University of Lleida, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (G.L.-G.); (P.E.-M.); (O.M.-B.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jadhav HB, Annapure US, Deshmukh RR. Non-thermal Technologies for Food Processing. Front Nutr 2021; 8:657090. [PMID: 34169087 PMCID: PMC8217760 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.657090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Food is subjected to various thermal treatments during processes to enhance its shelf-life. But these thermal treatments may result in deterioration of the nutritional and sensory qualities of food. With the change in the lifestyle of people around the globe, their food needs have changed as well. Today's consumer demand is for clean and safe food without compromising the nutritional and sensory qualities of food. This directed the attention of food professionals toward the development of non-thermal technologies that are green, safe, and environment-friendly. In non-thermal processing, food is processed at near room temperature, so there is no damage to food because heat-sensitive nutritious materials are intact in the food, contrary to thermal processing of food. These non-thermal technologies can be utilized for treating all kinds of food like fruits, vegetables, pulses, spices, meat, fish, etc. Non-thermal technologies have emerged largely in the last few decades in food sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Bhaskar Jadhav
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Uday S. Annapure
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Saavedra-Leos MZ, Leyva-Porras C, Toxqui-Terán A, Espinosa-Solis V. Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Spray-Dry Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var Italica) Stalk and Floret Juice Powders. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071973. [PMID: 33807418 PMCID: PMC8036675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This research presents the microencapsulation and conservation of antioxidants of broccoli juice processed by spray drying, and proposes the use of a by-product as a technological application. Broccoli juice (BJ) extracted from two sources, stalks and florets, was spray-dried employing maltodextrin (MX) as a carrier agent at concentrations of 5, 7.5, and 10%, and inlet temperatures of 150 and 220 °C. The total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (AA) of the BJ-MX powders were determined together with the physicochemical characteristics, including particle morphology, microstructure, and thermal properties. Based on the TPC and AA, the optimal processing conditions found were 5% of MX and a drying temperature of 220 °C. However, the florets showed higher TPC, while stalks presented higher AA under those processing conditions. The particles exhibited micrometric sizes and a mixture of spherical-shape particles and pseudo-spherical particles. The diffractograms indicated an amorphous microstructure in all samples. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was determined in the range of 50 °C for the samples dried at 150 °C and 55 °C for those dried at 220 °C. This suggested that powders might be stored at temperatures below the Tg without presenting any loss of antioxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Zenaida Saavedra-Leos
- Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Carretera Cedral Km. 5+600 Ejido San José de las Trojes, Matehuala 78700, San Luis Potosí, Mexico;
| | - César Leyva-Porras
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV), Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico;
| | - Alberto Toxqui-Terán
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV), Alianza Norte No. 202, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PIIT), Apodaca 66600, Nuevo Leon, Mexico;
| | - Vicente Espinosa-Solis
- Coordinación Académica Región Huasteca Sur, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Km 5, Carretera Tamazunchale-San Martin, Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi 79960, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-4833824500
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Energy and Quality Aspects of Freeze-Drying Preceded by Traditional and Novel Pre-Treatment Methods as Exemplified by Red Bell Pepper. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13042035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-drying is one of the most expensive and most energy intensive processes applied in food technology. Therefore, there have been significant efforts to reduce the freeze-drying time and decrease its energy consumption. The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF), ultrasound (US), and hybrid treatment (PEF-US) and compare them with the effect of blanching (BL) on the freeze-drying kinetics, energy consumption, greenhouse gasses emission, and physical quality of the product. The freeze-drying process was applied to red bell peppers after pretreatment operations. Results showed that application of BL, PEF, US, or PEF-US reduces freeze-drying time and decreases energy consumption. Among the tested methods, the combination of PEF performed at 1 kJ/kg and US was the most effective in reduction of greenhouse gas emission. BL samples exhibited the highest porosity, but from a statistical point of view, most of the PEF-US treated materials did not differ from it. The smallest color changes were noted for US pre-treated bell peppers (ΔE = 9.4), whereas BL, PEF, and PEF-US material was characterized by ΔE of 15.2–28.5. Performed research indicates the application of pre-treatment may improve the sustainability of freeze-drying process and quality of freeze-dried bell pepper.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rybak K, Wiktor A, Witrowa-Rajchert D, Parniakov O, Nowacka M. The Quality of Red Bell Pepper Subjected to Freeze-Drying Preceded by Traditional and Novel Pretreatment. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020226. [PMID: 33499383 PMCID: PMC7911373 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated previously in the literature that utilization of PEF or a combination of a pulsed electric field (PEF) and ultrasounds (US) can facilitate dehydration processes and improve the quality of dried products even better than the application of thermal methods such as blanching. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of red bell pepper subjected to freeze-drying preceded by blanching or PEF or US treatment applied in a single and combined mode. Furthermore, the freeze-drying was preceded by shock freezing or vacuum freezing performed inside the freeze-dryer as a result of pressure drop during the first stage of freeze-drying. All of the analyzed technological variants enhanced the drying kinetics when compared to the intact material. Freeze-dried bell pepper subjected to non-thermal pretreatment exhibited higher vitamin C, total phenolic and carotenoids content than blanched material despite the fact that blanching reduced drying time the most compared to all other analyzed methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Rybak
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (D.W.-R.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-593-7574
| | - Artur Wiktor
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (D.W.-R.); (M.N.)
| | - Dorota Witrowa-Rajchert
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (D.W.-R.); (M.N.)
| | - Oleksii Parniakov
- Elea Vertriebs- und Vermarktungsgesellschaft mbH, Prof. von Klitzing Str. 9, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany;
| | - Małgorzata Nowacka
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (D.W.-R.); (M.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Drying is among the most important processes and the most energy-consuming techniques in the food industry. Dried food has many applications and extended shelf life. Unlike the majority of conventional drying methods, lyophilization, also known as freeze-drying (FD), involves freezing the food, usually under low pressure, and removing water by ice sublimation. Freeze-dried materials are especially recommended for the production of spices, coffee, dried snacks from fruits and vegetables and food for military or space shuttles, as well as for the preparation of food powders and microencapsulation of food ingredients. Although the FD process allows obtaining dried products of the highest quality, it is very energy- and time consuming. Thus, different methods of pretreatment are used for not only accelerating the drying process but also retaining the physical properties and bioactive compounds in the lyophilized food. This article reviews the influence of various pretreatment methods such as size reduction, blanching, osmotic dehydration and application of pulsed electric field, high hydrostatic pressure or ultrasound on the physicochemical properties of freeze-dried food and drying rate.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rybak K, Wiktor A, Witrowa-Rajchert D, Parniakov O, Nowacka M. The Effect of Traditional and Non-Thermal Treatments on the Bioactive Compounds and Sugars Content of Red Bell Pepper. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184287. [PMID: 32962060 PMCID: PMC7571178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was an investigation of the effect of traditional and non-thermal treatment on the bioactive compounds of red bell pepper. As a thermal process, blanching in water and in steam was studied, while for non-thermal the sonication, pulsed electric field treatment and their combination were used in this experiment. The red bell peppers were evaluated based on quality attributes such as: total carotenoids content; polyphenols; vitamin C; antioxidant activity and sugars content. Vitamin C and sugar content were analyzed using liquid chromatography and other measurements were determined based on the spectrophotometric method. Results showed that the blanching in water or in steam reduced bioactive compounds concentration; whereas non-thermal treatments as pulsed electric field (PEF) applied separately or in combination with ultrasound (US + PEF) let to obtain similar or slightly lower content of bioactive compounds in comparison to untreated peppers. When sonication (US) and combined treatment as PEF + US were applied; in most cases reduction of bioactive compounds concentration occurred. This effect was probably related to the effect of relatively long (30 min) ultrasound treatment. The application of appropriate parameters of non-thermal processing is crucial for the high quality of processed material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Rybak
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (K.R.); (A.W.); (D.W.-R.)
| | - Artur Wiktor
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (K.R.); (A.W.); (D.W.-R.)
| | - Dorota Witrowa-Rajchert
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (K.R.); (A.W.); (D.W.-R.)
| | - Oleksii Parniakov
- Elea Vertriebs- und Vermarktungsgesellschaft mbH, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany;
| | - Małgorzata Nowacka
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (K.R.); (A.W.); (D.W.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-593-75-79
| |
Collapse
|