1
|
Lee J, Yao Z, Boakye E, Blaha MJ. The impact of chronic electronic cigarette use on endothelial dysfunction measured by flow-mediated vasodilation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-84. [PMID: 38779295 PMCID: PMC11110651 DOI: 10.18332/tid/186932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) being marketed as a safer alternative to combustible cigarettes, the effects of chronic e-cigarette use on vascular health remain uncertain. Our meta-analysis aimed to assess the health implications of chronic exclusive e-cigarette use on endothelial dysfunction, as measured by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD). METHODS PubMed, Embase and Scopus were searched for studies from 1 January 2004 to 31 March 2024. Four cross-sectional studies (n=769) were pooled using a random-effects model. The mean differences (MD) of FMD were reported by comparing exclusive e-cigarette use versus non-use; exclusive e-cigarette use versus combustible cigarette use; and combustible cigarette use versus non-use. RESULTS A non-significant reduction in FMD in exclusive e-cigarette use compared to non-use was reported (MD of FMD: -1.47%; 95% CI: -3.96 - 1.02; I2= 84%). Similar MD of FMD in exclusive e-cigarette use and exclusive combustible cigarette use (vs non-use) suggested that both of these products might have comparable adverse influences on endothelial health. CONCLUSIONS The limited availability of studies assessing the chronic impact of e-cigarette use restricted our ability to provide definitive findings. We emphasize the importance of additional research that explores the long-term impact of e-cigarette use on endothelial dysfunction, and identify key areas and give suggestions for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Zhiqi Yao
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, United States
| | - Ellen Boakye
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, United States
| | - Michael J. Blaha
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
- Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Baltimore, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Agrawal M, Yadav SC, Singh SK, Kumar S, Chatterjee K, Garg NK. Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Sheehan's Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2024; 28:260-267. [PMID: 39086563 PMCID: PMC11288506 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_297_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance are associated with hypopituitarism. The association between these conditions and Sheehan's syndrome (SS) caused by post-partum pituitary gland necrosis is poorly understood. This study aimed to assess cardiovascular risk surrogate markers in SS patients, and we compared clinical, biochemical and radiological testing with healthy controls. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we studied 45 patients with SS on standard replacement therapy and compared them with healthy controls. All subjects underwent anthropometric, inflammatory marker and hormonal measurement (adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), stimulated cortisol, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), thyroxine (T4), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), oestradiol (E2), prolactin (Prl), insulin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)). Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and echocardiography were also performed. Results The mean age and body mass index (BMI) of SS patients were 48.1 ± 10.0 years and 24.3 ± 4.3 kg/m2, respectively, while those of controls were 44.6 ± 12.0 years and 24.6 ± 3.2 kg/m2, respectively. Systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in SS (124.6 ± 20.8 vs. 117.0 ± 18.6 mm of Hg, P < 0.05). All SS patients were hypothyroid, and all except one were hypocortisolaemic. Triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly higher in SS patients (165.6 ± 83.3 vs. 117.2 ± 56.1, P < 0.01), but no difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was found. hs-CRP (9.1 (5.2-18.5) vs. 1.5 (0.6-2.8), P < 0.001) and IL-6 (4.9 (3.7-7.3) vs. 3.1 (2.0-4.2), P < 0.001) were significantly higher in SS patients. CIMT was significantly increased in SS patients, but no difference in FMD was found. Echocardiography revealed no significant difference in left ventricular (LV) dimensions, interventricular thickness, posterior wall thickness, ejection fraction, LV mass and diastolic function. Conclusion SS patients show increased cardiovascular risk with hypertension, dyslipidaemia and increased atherosclerotic and inflammatory markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Agrawal
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subhash C. Yadav
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swish K. Singh
- Department of Radiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sheo Kumar
- Department of Radiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishnarpan Chatterjee
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naveen K. Garg
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Munguía-Realpozo P, Mendoza-Pinto C, Etchegaray-Morales I, Solis-Poblano JC, Godinez-Bolaños K, García-Carrasco M, Escárcega RO, Méndez-Martínez S, Jara-Quezada LJ. Non-invasive imaging in antiphospholipid syndrome to assess subclinical coronary artery disease. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103505. [PMID: 38135174 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (usually named antiphospholipid syndrome, APS) is an autoimmune disorder seen mainly in young people. Clinically, APS is described by pregnancy complications and/or a hypercoagulable state, including the venous or arterial vasculature, and strongly related to antiphospholipid antibodies. Although several cardiac manifestations have been involved with APS, and accelerated atherosclerosis is present in this condition, little is known about cardiovascular (CV) risk and the relation between APS. Several studies have used imaging markers to associate them with the main clinical features of patients with APS and the probability of having subclinical atherosclerosis. However, it has not yet been established which markers are most related to the risk of developing CV diseases (CVD) in these patients. In this narrative review, we focus on non-invasive imaging markers that can predict CVD, including carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaques assessed by carotid ultrasonography or coronary artery calcium score, which usually by computed tomography. We also examine the evidence about vascular function markers used in APS, such as arterial flow-mediated brachial dilation and artery stiffness measured by the velocity of the pulse wave. We present the current status of non-invasive imaging markers, which suggest the existence of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with APS. However, new prospective research is required to identify the predictive value of these findings and their modification by current treatments for APS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Munguía-Realpozo
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, Hospital de Especialidades UMAE- CIBIOR, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico; Department of Rheumatology, Medicine School, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Claudia Mendoza-Pinto
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, Hospital de Especialidades UMAE- CIBIOR, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico; Department of Rheumatology, Medicine School, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Ivet Etchegaray-Morales
- Department of Rheumatology, Medicine School, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Solis-Poblano
- Department of Hematology, Hospital de Especialidades UMAE, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Karla Godinez-Bolaños
- Department of Rheumatology, Medicine School, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
| | - Mario García-Carrasco
- Department of Rheumatology, Medicine School, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ricardo O Escárcega
- Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Institute, Lee Health, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Altabas V, Biloš LSK. The Role of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Atherosclerosis and Impact of Anti-Lipemic Treatments on Endothelial Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052663. [PMID: 35269807 PMCID: PMC8910333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are associated with advanced atherosclerosis. Although atherosclerosis is still regarded as an incurable disease, at least in its more advanced stages, the discovery of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), with their ability to replace old and injured cells and differentiate into healthy and functional mature endothelial cells, has shifted our view of atherosclerosis as an incurable disease, and merged traditional theories of atherosclerosis pathogenesis with evolving concepts of vascular biology. EPC alterations are involved in the pathogenesis of vascular abnormalities in atherosclerosis, but many questions remain unanswered. Many currently available drugs that impact cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have shown a positive effect on EPC biology. This review examines the role of endothelial progenitor cells in atherosclerosis development, and the impact standard antilipemic drugs, including statins, fibrates, and ezetimibe, as well as more novel treatments such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) modulating agents and angiopoietin-like proteins (Angtpl3) inhibitors have on EPC biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Velimir Altabas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-3787-692
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li K, Zemmrich C, Bramlage P, Persson AB, Sacirovic M, Ritter O, Buschmann E, Buschmann I, Hillmeister P. Effect of ACEI and ARB treatment on nitric oxide-dependent endothelial function. VASA 2021; 50:413-422. [PMID: 34428929 DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) are widely used as a first-line therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Here, ACEI modulate the bradykinin receptor (BDKRB1 and BDKRB2) system and NO-dependent endothelial function, thus determining cardiovascular health and regenerative arteriogenesis. The current study aims at evaluating nitric oxide-dependent endothelial function, and gene expression of bradykinin receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with ACEI or ARB treatment. Patients and methods: The WalkByLab has been established to screen cardiovascular patients for peripheral artery disease and coronary artery disease. In total 177 patients from WalkByLab with heterogenous disease and risk status were randomly selected, divided according to their medication history into the following groups: 1. ACEI group, 2. ARB group or 3. non-ACE/ARB group. Total plasma nitrite/nitrate (NO) levels were measured, endothelial function was evaluated by assessing flow meditated dilation (FMD). PBMC were isolated from peripheral whole blood, and gene expression (qRT-PCR) of bradykinin receptors and angiotensin converting enzyme were assessed. Results: Plasma total NO concentration in the ACEI group (24.66±16.28, µmol/l) was increased as compared to the ARB group (18.57±11.58, µmol/l, P=0.0046) and non-ACE/ARB group (16.83±8.64, µmol/l, P=0.0127) in patients between 40 to 90 years of age. However, FMD values (%) in the ACEI group (7.07±2.40, %) were similar as compared to the ARB (6.35±2.13, %) and non-ACE/ARB group (6.51±2.15, %), but significantly negatively correlated with age. Interestingly, BDKRB1 mRNA level was significantly higher and BDKRB2 mRNA level lower in the ACEI group (BDKRB1 3.88-fold±1.05, BDKRB2 0.22-fold±0.04) as compared to the non-ACE/ARB group (BDKRB1 1.00-fold±0.39, P<0.0001, BDKRB2 1.00-fold±0.45, P=0.0136). Conclusions: ACEI treatment enhances total nitrite/nitrate concentration, furthermore, upregulates BDKRB1 in PBMC, but downregulates BDKRB2 mRNA expression. FMD is a strong determinant of vascular aging and is sensitive to underlying heterogenous cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangbo Li
- Department for Angiology, Center for Internal Medicine I, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Campus University Clinic Brandenburg, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum Brandenburg-Berlin (DAZB), Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Zemmrich
- Institute for Pharmacology and Preventive Medicine, Cloppenburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bramlage
- Institute for Pharmacology and Preventive Medicine, Cloppenburg, Germany
| | - Anja Bondke Persson
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Mesud Sacirovic
- Department for Angiology, Center for Internal Medicine I, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Campus University Clinic Brandenburg, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum Brandenburg-Berlin (DAZB), Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Oliver Ritter
- Department for Cardiology, Center for Internal Medicine I, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Campus University Clinic Brandenburg, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences, joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Germany
| | - Eva Buschmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinic Graz, Austria
| | - Ivo Buschmann
- Department for Angiology, Center for Internal Medicine I, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Campus University Clinic Brandenburg, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum Brandenburg-Berlin (DAZB), Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences, joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Germany
| | - Philipp Hillmeister
- Department for Angiology, Center for Internal Medicine I, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Campus University Clinic Brandenburg, Deutsches Angiologie Zentrum Brandenburg-Berlin (DAZB), Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences, joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Healthy vascular endothelial cells regulate vascular tone and permeability, prevent vessel wall inflammation, enhance thromboresistance, and contribute to general vascular health. Furthermore, they perform important functions including the production of vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors, as well as the regulation of smooth muscle cell functions. Conversely, vascular endothelial dysfunction leads to atherosclerosis, thereby enhancing the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Observational studies and randomized trials showed that green tea intake was inversely related to CVD risk. Furthermore, evidence indicates that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) found in green tea might exert a preventive effect against CVDs. EGCG acts as an antioxidant, inducing NO release and reducing endothelin-1 production in endothelial cells. EGCG enhances the bioavailability of normal NO by reducing levels of the endogenous NO inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine. Furthermore, it inhibits the enhanced expression of adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and attenuates monocyte adhesion. In addition, EGCG prevents enhanced oxidative stress through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. These effects indicate that it might prevent the production of reactive oxygen species, inhibit inflammation, and reduce endothelial cell apoptosis during the initial stages of atherosclerosis. The current review summarizes recent research in this area and discusses novel findings regarding the protective effect of EGCG on endothelial dysfunction and CVDs in general.
Collapse
|
7
|
Łuczak A, Madej M, Kasprzyk A, Doroszko A. Role of the eNOS Uncoupling and the Nitric Oxide Metabolic Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1417981. [PMID: 32351667 PMCID: PMC7174952 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1417981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its clinical complications constitute the major healthcare problems of the world population. Due to the central role of endothelium throughout the atherosclerotic disease process, endothelial dysfunction is regarded as a common mechanism for various cardiovascular (CV) disorders. It is well established that patients with rheumatic autoimmune diseases are characterized by significantly increased prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality compared with the general population. The current European guidelines on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in clinical practice recommend to use a 1,5-factor multiplier for CV risk in rheumatoid arthritis as well as in other autoimmune inflammatory diseases. However, mechanisms of accelerated atherosclerosis in these diseases, especially in the absence of traditional risk factors, still remain unclear. Oxidative stress plays the major role in the endothelial dysfunction and recently is strongly attributed to endothelial NO synthase dysfunction (eNOS uncoupling). Converted to a superoxide-producing enzyme, uncoupled eNOS not only leads to reduction of the nitric oxide (NO) generation but also potentiates the preexisting oxidative stress, which contributes significantly to atherogenesis. However, to date, there are no systemic analyses on the role of eNOS uncoupling in the excess CV mortality linked with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. The current review paper addresses this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Łuczak
- Department of Rheumatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Marta Madej
- Department of Rheumatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Agata Kasprzyk
- Department of Rheumatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Adrian Doroszko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lebedeva A, Maryukhnich E, Grivel JC, Vasilieva E, Margolis L, Shpektor A. Productive Cytomegalovirus Infection Is Associated With Impaired Endothelial Function in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Am J Med 2020; 133:133-142. [PMID: 31295440 PMCID: PMC6940528 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between productive cytomegalovirus infection and atherosclerosis was shown recently in several trials, including a previous study of ours. However, the mechanism involved in this association is still under investigation. Here, we addressed the interaction between productive cytomegalovirus infection and endothelial function in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS We analyzed the presence of cytomegaloviral DNA in plasma and endothelial function in 33 patients with STEMI and 33 volunteers without cardiovascular diseases, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a noninvasive test of flow-mediated dilation. RESULTS Both the frequency of presence and the load of cytomegaloviral DNA were higher in plasma of patients with STEMI than those in controls. This difference was independent of other cardiovascular risk factors (7.38 [1.36-40.07]; P = 0.02). The results of the flow-mediated dilation test were lower in patients in STEMI than in controls (5.0% [2.65%-3.09%] vs 12. %5 [7.5%-15.15%]; P = 0.004) and correlated negatively with the cytomegaloviral DNA load (Spearman R = -0.407; P = 0.019) independently of other cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Productive cytomegalovirus infection in patients with STEMI correlated negatively with endothelial function independently of other cardiovascular risk factors. The impact of cytomegalovirus on endothelial function may explain the role of cytomegalovirus in cardiovascular prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lebedeva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Maryukhnich
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Elena Vasilieva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Alexander Shpektor
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Fluid Aspect of the Mediterranean Diet in the Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: The Role of Polyphenol Content in Moderate Consumption of Wine and Olive Oil. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112833. [PMID: 31752333 PMCID: PMC6893438 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing interest has emerged in the beneficial effects of plant-based diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. The Mediterranean diet, one of the most widely evaluated dietary patterns in scientific literature, includes in its nutrients two fluid foods: olive oil, as the main source of fats, and a low-to-moderate consumption of wine, mainly red, particularly during meals. Current mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet include a reduction in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, improvement in lipid profile, insulin sensitivity and endothelial function, as well as antithrombotic properties. Most of these effects are attributable to bioactive ingredients including polyphenols, mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids. Polyphenols are a heterogeneous group of phytochemicals containing phenol rings. The principal classes of red wine polyphenols include flavonols (quercetin and myricetin), flavanols (catechin and epicatechin), anthocyanin and stilbenes (resveratrol). Olive oil has at least 30 phenolic compounds. Among them, the main are simple phenols (tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol), secoroids and lignans. The present narrative review focuses on phenols, part of red wine and virgin olive oil, discussing the evidence of their effects on lipids, blood pressure, atheromatous plaque and glucose metabolism.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bansal M, Agarwala R, Kasliwal RR. Imaging atherosclerosis for cardiovascular risk prediction- in search of the holy grail! Indian Heart J 2018; 70:587-592. [PMID: 30392492 PMCID: PMC6205022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|