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Kherroubi L, Bacon J, Rahman KM. Navigating fluoroquinolone resistance in Gram-negative bacteria: a comprehensive evaluation. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlae127. [PMID: 39144447 PMCID: PMC11323783 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of quinolone and fluoroquinolone antibiotics to treat bacterial infections in the 1960s, there has been a pronounced increase in the number of bacterial species that have developed resistance to fluoroquinolone treatment. In 2017, the World Health Organization established a priority list of the most critical Gram-negative resistant pathogens. These included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. In the last three decades, investigations into the mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance have revealed that mutations in the target enzymes of fluoroquinolones, DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV, are the most prevalent mechanism conferring high levels of resistance. Alterations to porins and efflux pumps that facilitate fluoroquinolone permeation and extrusion across the bacterial cell membrane also contribute to the development of resistance. However, there is a growing observation of novel mutants with newer generations of fluoroquinolones, highlighting the need for novel treatments. Currently, steady progress has been made in the development of novel antimicrobial agents that target DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV through different avenues than current fluoroquinolones to prevent target-mediated resistance. Therefore, an updated review of the current understanding of fluoroquinolone resistance within the literature is imperative to aid in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kherroubi
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Joanna Bacon
- Discovery Group, Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
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2
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Chen Y, Liu L, Guo Y, Chu J, Wang B, Sui Y, Wei H, Hao H, Huang L, Cheng G. Distribution and genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance gene qnr among Salmonella strains from chicken in China. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0300023. [PMID: 38411972 PMCID: PMC10986518 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03000-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and dissemination of the plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance gene qnr in Salmonella are considered serious public health concerns worldwide. So far, no comprehensive large-scale studies have focused on the prevalence and genetic characteristics of the qnr gene in Salmonella isolated from chickens. Herein, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns, and molecular characteristics of chicken-originated qnr-positive Salmonella strains from chicken farms, slaughterhouses, and markets in 12 provinces of China in 2020-2021. The overall prevalence of the qnr gene was 21.13% (56/265), with the highest prevalence in markets (36.11%, 26/72), followed in farms (17.95%, 21/117), and slaughterhouses (10.53%, 9/76). Only the qnrS and qnrB genes were detected, and the prevalence rate of the qnrS gene (19.25%, 51/265) was higher than that of the qnrB gene (1.89%, 5/265). Whole genome sequencing identified 37 distinct AMR genes and 15 plasmid replicons, and the most frequent mutation in quinolone resistance determining regions was parC (T57S; 91.49%, 43/47). Meanwhile, four different qnrS and two qnrB genetic environments were discovered among 47 qnr-positive Salmonella strains. In total, 21.28% (10/47) of the strains were capable of conjugative transfer, and all were qnrS1-positive strains, with the majority of transferable plasmids being IncHI2 types (n = 4). Overall, the prevalence of qnr-positive Salmonella strains from chickens in China and their carriage of multiple resistance and virulence genes and transferable plasmids is a major concern, which calls for continuous surveillance of qnr-positive Salmonella and the development of measures to control its prevalence and transmission.IMPORTANCESalmonella is a common foodborne pathogen responsible for 155,000 deaths annually worldwide. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are used as first-line drugs for the treatment of Salmonella infections in several countries and regions. However, the emergence and increasing prevalence of the FQ-resistant gene qnr in Salmonella isolated from chickens have been widely reported. Gaining insight into the genetic mechanisms of AMR genes in chicken could lead to the development of preventive measures to control and reduce the risk of drug resistance. In this study, we identified qnr-positive Salmonellae isolated from chickens in different regions of China and their AMR patterns and genome-wide characteristics, providing a theoretical basis for further control of their prevalence and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lihui Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yali Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinhua Chu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bangjuan Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxin Sui
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hanqi Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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3
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Zhao X, Qi G, Feng Y, Du C. Application of nematicide avermectin enriched antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in farmland soil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115802. [PMID: 37003554 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture has resulted in the accumulation of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in environments, which threaten human health and contaminate environment. Nematicide avermectin is widely applied to control root-knot nematodes. The effect of five-years application of avermectin on rhizosphere microbiome and resistome of sick tobacco plants in farmland were investigated in present study. The environmental risks of avermectin was assessed adequately. Metagenomic method was used to analyze antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in the avermectin-treated soil. The abundance and distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance genes were affected by avermectin application. The antibiotic resistant Proteobacteria occupied the highest percentage (36%) in rhizosphere soil and carried 530 ARGs. Opportunistic human pathogens carrying antibiotic resistance genes were enriched in the avermectin-treated soil. Avermectin application increased the counts of many types of antibiotic resistance genes. The relative abundances of genes adeF, BahA, fusH, ileS, and tlrB in the avermectin-treated soil were significantly greater than in the untreated control soil. Different resistance mechanisms were revealed in the avermectin-treated soil. The efflux of antibiotic (670 ARGs), inactivation of antibiotic (475 ARGs), and alteration of antibiotic target (267 ARGs) were the main resistance mechanisms. Rigid control the avermectin dose and use frequency and other pesticides can decrease soil antibiotic resistance genes and protect agricultural products' safety and public health. Overall, application of nematicide avermectin enriched antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in farmland soil, which should be on the alert for environment protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Gaofu Qi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yali Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chenyang Du
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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4
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Jin X, Liu S, Zhang Z, Liu T, Li N, Liang Y, Zheng J, Peng N. Enrofloxacin-induced transfer of multiple-antibiotic resistance genes and emergence of novel resistant bacteria in red swamp crayfish guts and pond sediments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130261. [PMID: 36356515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can be transferred from environmental microbes to human pathogens, thus leading to bacterial infection treatment failures. The aquaculture polluted by over-used antibiotics is considered as a notorious reservoir of ARGs. However, the origin, diachronic changes, and mobility of ARGs under antibiotic exposure in aquaculture systems remain elusive. Our findings showed that enrofloxacin application also increased the relative abundance of various ARGs in addition to quinolone-resistance genes and induced ARG dissemination in crayfish gut and sediment bacteria. Further investigation indicated that the transposase-mediated recombination was the major driver of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs under antibiotic stress. Notably, enrofloxacin application also induced the generation of some metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) carrying multiple ARGs, which were identified as novel species. Additionally, Enterobacteriaceae constituted a mobile ARG pool in aquaculture. Therefore, aquaculture provides potential wide environmental pathways for generation and spread of antibiotic resistance. Our findings of ARG temporal variations and dissemination pattern in aquaculture with artificial use of antibiotics are critical to the management of antibiotic resistance, which is of great ecosystem and health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Sizhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhenting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yunxiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China; Runge College of Bioengineering, Mianzhu, 618200 Deyang, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Nan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China.
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5
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Miranda CD, Concha C, Godoy FA, Lee MR. Aquatic Environments as Hotspots of Transferable Low-Level Quinolone Resistance and Their Potential Contribution to High-Level Quinolone Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1487. [PMID: 36358142 PMCID: PMC9687057 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The disposal of antibiotics in the aquatic environment favors the selection of bacteria exhibiting antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Quinolones are bactericidal antimicrobials extensively used in both human and animal medicine. Some of the quinolone-resistance mechanisms are encoded by different bacterial genes, whereas others are the result of mutations in the enzymes on which those antibiotics act. The worldwide occurrence of quinolone resistance genes in aquatic environments has been widely reported, particularly in areas impacted by urban discharges. The most commonly reported quinolone resistance gene, qnr, encodes for the Qnr proteins that protect DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from quinolone activity. It is important to note that low-level resistance usually constitutes the first step in the development of high-level resistance, because bacteria carrying these genes have an adaptive advantage compared to the highly susceptible bacterial population in environments with low concentrations of this antimicrobial group. In addition, these genes can act additively with chromosomal mutations in the sequences of the target proteins of quinolones leading to high-level quinolone resistance. The occurrence of qnr genes in aquatic environments is most probably caused by the release of bacteria carrying these genes through anthropogenic pollution and maintained by the selective activity of antimicrobial residues discharged into these environments. This increase in the levels of quinolone resistance has consequences both in clinical settings and the wider aquatic environment, where there is an increased exposure risk to the general population, representing a significant threat to the efficacy of quinolone-based human and animal therapies. In this review the potential role of aquatic environments as reservoirs of the qnr genes, their activity in reducing the susceptibility to various quinolones, and the possible ways these genes contribute to the acquisition and spread of high-level resistance to quinolones will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D. Miranda
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Christopher Concha
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Félix A. Godoy
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Matthew R. Lee
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
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6
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Nadella RK, Panda SK, Badireddy MR, Kurcheti PP, Raman RP, Mothadaka MP. Multi-drug resistance, integron and transposon-mediated gene transfer in heterotrophic bacteria from Penaeus vannamei and its culture environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:37527-37542. [PMID: 35066837 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance (MDR) in bacteria is regarded as an emerging pollutant in different food production avenues including aquaculture. One hundred and sixty out of 2304 bacterial isolates from shrimp farm samples (n = 192) of Andhra Pradesh, India, were MDR. Based on biochemical identification and 16S rRNA sequencing, they were grouped into 35 bacterial species with the predominance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (12.5%). The MDR isolates showed highest resistance toward oxytetracycline (89%) with more than 0.2 MAR (multiple antibiotic resistance), demonstrates a high-risk source. The most prevalent antibiotic-resistance gene (ARG) and mobile genetic element (MGE) detected were tetA (47.5%) and int1 (46.2%), respectively. In conjugation experiments, overall transfer frequency was found to be in the range of 1.1 × 10-9 to 1.8 × 10-3 with the transconjugants harbouring ARGs and MGEs. This study exposed the wide distribution of MDR bacteria in shrimp and its environment, which can further aggravate the already raised concerns of antibiotic residues in the absence of proper mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Kumar Nadella
- MFB Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Willingdon Island, Matsyapuri P.O., Cochin, 682029, Kerala, India
| | - Satyen Kumar Panda
- QAM Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Willingdon Island, Matsyapuri P.O, Cochin, 682029, Kerala, India
| | - Madhusudana Rao Badireddy
- Visakhapatnam Research Centre, ICARCentral Institute of Fisheries Technology, Visakhapatnam, 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pani Prasad Kurcheti
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ram Prakash Raman
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mukteswar Prasad Mothadaka
- MFB Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Willingdon Island, Matsyapuri P.O., Cochin, 682029, Kerala, India.
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7
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Wang W, Wei X, Wu L, Shang X, Cheng F, Li B, Zhou X, Zhang J. The occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in the microbiota of yak, beef and dairy cattle characterized by a metagenomic approach. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2021; 74:508-518. [PMID: 34103703 PMCID: PMC8313426 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance has been partly driven by the overuse of antimicrobials in agricultural animal feed. Better understanding of antibiotic resistance in bovine gut is needed to assess its potential effects based on metagenomic approach and analysis. In this study, we collected 40 fecal samples to explore drug resistance derived from antibiotic use in the bacterial community by an analysis of the diversities and differences of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) in the gut microbiota from yak, beef, and dairy cattle. Overall, 1688 genes were annotated, including 734 ARG subtypes. The ARGs were related to tetracyclines, quinolones, β-lactam, and aminoglycosides, in accordance with the antibiotics widely used in the clinic for humans or animals. The emergence, prevalence, and differences in resistance genes in the intestines of yaks, beef, and dairy cattle may be caused by the selective pressure of different feeding patterns, where yaks were raised without antibiotics for growth promotion. In addition, the abundance of ARGs in yak was lower than in beef and dairy cattle, whereas the abundance of integron, a kind of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was higher in yaks than those in beef and dairy cattle. Furthermore, the results of this study could provide the basis for a comprehensive profile of various ARGs among yak, beef, and dairy cattle in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Wei
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China
| | - Lingyu Wu
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China
| | - Xiaofei Shang
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China
| | - Fusheng Cheng
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China
| | - Bing Li
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China
| | - Xuzheng Zhou
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China ,grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050 PR China
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8
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Moghadam MT, Shariati A, Mirkalantari S, Karmostaji A. The complex genetic region conferring transferable antibiotic resistance in multidrug-resistant and extremely drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 36:100693. [PMID: 32670591 PMCID: PMC7339125 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance due to transferable resistance genes is one of the most important concerns in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from nosocomial infections. Eighty-eight K. pneumoniae isolates were confirmed through biochemical methods. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a disc-diffusion method. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase production among the isolates was screened using a double-disc synergism test, and the resistance genes were identified using PCR. The eight loci for multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) genotyping were selected along with the primers. According to our findings, neomycin (5; 5.6%) and carbapenems (10; 11.3%) showed the most remarkable inhibitory effect but co-trimoxazole (46; 52.2%) was the least effective antibiotic against K. pneumoniae isolates. bla CTX-M-1 , qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, intI, intII, aac3 and aac6 were detected in 30 (34%), 5 (5.6%), 29 (32.9%), 23 (26.1%), 88 (100%), 72 (81.8%), 26 (29.5%) and 28 (31.8%) of the 88 isolates, respectively. But none of the K. pneumoniae isolates expressed the intIII gene. Using MLVA, 23 MLVA types and eight clusters were identified. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae isolates were classified into two clonal complexes. Effective strategies for infection control should be applied to monitor and control the spread of multidrug-resistant isolates by the resistance genes located on the mobile genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Moghadam
- PhD student of bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Shariati
- PhD student of bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Mirkalantari
- Assistant Professor in Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Karmostaji
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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9
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Hou Y, Zhao Y, Li Q, Li Y. Highly biodegradable fluoroquinolone derivatives designed using the 3D-QSAR model and biodegradation pathways analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 191:110186. [PMID: 31954922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model was established based on molecular structures and docking scores (representing the biodegradability); the scores were obtained for 23 fluoroquinolones (FQs) and the oxidoreductase (PDB ID: 1YZP) of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the aerobic process of municipal wastewater treatment plants. In the Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) model, q2 was 0.516 and r2pred was 0.727, which showed that the model was reliable and robust. The modification information obtained by the contour maps showed that introducing electronegative, bulky or electropositive groups at different active sites could increase the biodegradability of fluoroquinolone derivatives. Using levofloxacin (LEV) as a modified molecule, 35 fluoroquinolone derivatives with higher biodegradability than LEV were designed. After the evaluation of genotoxicity, bioconcentration and photodegradation, Derivative-15, with higher biodegradability (increased by 27.85%), higher genotoxicity, higher photodegradation and lower bioconcentration, was identified as the most environmentally friendly fluoroquinolone derivative. The 2D-QSAR model of FQ biodegradability was established through the quantization parameters, and q+ was identified as the main parameter affecting the biodegradability of FQs through sensitivity analysis. In addition, the docking results of LEV and Derivative-15 with the oxidoreductase in P. chrysosporium showed that the electrostatic field force between Derivative-15 and the amino acid residues promoted the binding of the donor to the receptor protein, thereby increasing the biodegradability of Derivative-15. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the enhancement of the electrostatic field force with Derivative-15 could promote the binding of the ligand to the receptor, which was basically consistent with the conclusion of molecular docking. Finally, the three microbial degradation pathways of LEV and Derivative-15 were also proposed. The total energy barrier value of the pathway with the lowest total energy barrier of biodegradation was reduced by 32.07%, which was basically consistent with the enhancement of biodegradability of Derivative-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Hou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Qing Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Kilani H, Ferjani S, Mansouri R, Boutiba-Benboubaker I, Abbassi MS. Occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants among Escherichia coli strains isolated from animals in Tunisia: Specific pathovars acquired qnr genes. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 20:50-55. [PMID: 31365855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterise Escherichia coli strains harbouring plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes recovered from various samples (n = 116) from healthy and diarrhoeic animals in Tunisia. METHODS All nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli isolates were screened for the presence of PMQR genes. Isolates positive for PMQR genes were investigated by PCR for chromosomal mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of GyrA and ParC, the presence of class 1 and class 2 integrons, genes encoding tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance, genes encoding virulence factors, and phylogenetic group. Genetic relationships was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS Amongst 51 nalidixic acid-resistant isolates, 9 harboured PMQR genes (5 co-harbouredqnrS1 and qnrB1, 3 harboured qnrS1 and 1 harboured qnrB1). Two types of mutation in the QRDR of GyrA were observed: S83L and D87N (eight isolates) and S83L (one isolate). For the QRDR of ParC, the substitution S80I was observed in four isolates. A class 1 integron was found in six isolates. The tetA or tetB gene was observed in six isolates and both tetA and tetB were co-harboured by two isolates. The sul1, sul2 and sul3 genes were detected in six, four and one isolates, respectively. According to the presence of specific virulence genes, the nine strains were classified as UPEC (5), EAEC (3) and EPEC (1). Three isolates from turkey faeces were clonally related by PFGE. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the plausible role of the avian industry as a reservoir of human pathogenic E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Kilani
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherché Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, LR99ES09 Laboratoire de Recherche 'Résistance aux Antimicrobiens', Tunis 1007, Tunisia
| | - Sana Ferjani
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, LR99ES09 Laboratoire de Recherche 'Résistance aux Antimicrobiens', Tunis 1007, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Mansouri
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherché Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Ilhem Boutiba-Benboubaker
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, LR99ES09 Laboratoire de Recherche 'Résistance aux Antimicrobiens', Tunis 1007, Tunisia; Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Service de Microbiologie, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Salah Abbassi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherché Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, LR99ES09 Laboratoire de Recherche 'Résistance aux Antimicrobiens', Tunis 1007, Tunisia.
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Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in patients with cirrhosis receiving secondary prophylaxis with norfloxacin. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 31:540-546. [PMID: 30557229 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies carried out more than 20 years ago have evaluated spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) recurrence in patients receiving secondary antibiotic prophylaxis. These studies reported a 1-year recurrence rate of 20-26%. Changes in the bacteriology of SBP over the last few years might have negative effects on secondary prophylaxis. Our primary aim was to estimate the incidence of SBP recurrence in patients with cirrhosis receiving secondary prophylaxis with norfloxacin and to explore the factors associated with SBP recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of patients receiving norfloxacin for the secondary prophylaxis of SBP from 1 March 2003 to 31 March 2016. Follow-up was performed for 365 days after secondary prophylaxis was started. A competing risk analysis approach was used. RESULTS A total of 115 patients were included. The prevalence of quinolone-resistant and multiresistant bacteria in the first episode of SBP among patients with culture-positive SBP was 70.96% [95% confidence interval (CI): 51.96-85.77%] and 12.90% (95% CI: 3.63-29.83%), respectively. The cumulative incidence of SBP recurrence was 28.53% (95% CI: 20.15-37.45%) after 365 days. Male patients showed an estimated subhazard ratio of SBP recurrence of 2.52 (95% CI: 1.07-5.91, P=0.034). No other risk factors for SBP recurrence were identified. The overall cumulative incidence of death after 365 days was 21.57% (95% CI: 14.14-30.04%), without significant differences among patients with or without SBP recurrence. CONCLUSION Even though changes in the bacteriology of SBP occurred over time, its recurrence rate in patients receiving norfloxacin remains similar to what was reported in the initial studies.
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FarajzadehSheikh A, Veisi H, Shahin M, Getso M, Farahani A. Frequency of quinolone resistance genes among extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections. Trop Med Health 2019; 47:19. [PMID: 30872947 PMCID: PMC6399935 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-019-0147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As an opportunistic pathogen, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is widely recognized as the main cause of nosocomial infections as well as some disorders especially those associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study, therefore, sets out to determine the extent of antibiotic resistance to quinolones and to measure the frequency of qnr genes (A, B, and S) within extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and non-ESBL-producing strains of E. coli isolated from UTI-diagnosed patients as well as to investigate their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for some selected antibiotics in southwest Iran. Methods Two hundred E. coli strains were isolated from UTI-diagnosed patients, hospitalized in nine different wards of Ahvaz Golestan Hospital between November 2015 and March 2016. The isolates were confirmed through well-practiced phenotypical methods. Moreover, the antimicrobial susceptibility test was successfully performed using a disk diffusion method. ESBL production among the isolates was screened by double disk synergism test (DDST), and the qnr genes were identified using a multiplex PCR. Results Out of the 200 samples collected, 167 isolates were confirmed to be E. coli strains. Maximum and minimum resistance were reported against nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol with 65.3% and 17.4%, respectively. Most of the isolates were resistant to all three types of quinolones studied in this research. Using multiplex PCR, the qnr genes were found in 100 (59.88%) strains (qnrA = 10, qnrB = 21, qnrS = 41, qnrB-S = 21, qnrB-A = 1, qnrA-S = 3, qnrA-B-S = 3), 58% of which was found among ESBL-producing isolates. Conclusions Resistance to quinolones antibiotics was highest among ESBL-producing isolates harboring, especially qnrS among other determinants of the qnr gene. There is a need for sensitive antibiotic stewardship especially in hospitals of Ahvaz, Khuzestan province. Further research is needed to ascertain the gravity of quinolones resistance in Iran and to quickly act against its spread among other nosocomial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad FarajzadehSheikh
- 1Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,2Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hojat Veisi
- 2Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,3Department of Microbiology, Arvand international Division, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shahin
- 1Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,2Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Muhammad Getso
- 4Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, PMB, Kano, 3011 Nigeria
| | - Abbas Farahani
- 5Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Schröder UC, Kirchhoff J, Hübner U, Mayer G, Glaser U, Henkel T, Pfister W, Fritzsche W, Popp J, Neugebauer U. On-chip spectroscopic assessment of microbial susceptibility to antibiotics within 3.5 hours. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1547-1557. [PMID: 28464521 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In times of rising antibiotic resistances, there is a high need for fast, sensitive and specific methods to determine antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial pathogens. Here, we present an integrated microfluidic device in which bacteria from diluted suspensions are captured in well-defined regions using on-chip dielectrophoresis and further analyzed in a label-free and non-destructive manner using Raman spectroscopy. Minimal sample preparation and automated sample processing ensure safe handling of infectious material with minimal hands-on time for the operator. Clinical applicability of the presented device is demonstrated by antibiotic susceptibility testing of Escherichia coli towards the commonly prescribed second generation fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin resistant E. coli were differentiated from sensitive E. coli with high accuracy within roughly three hours total analysis time paving the way for future point-of-care devices. Spectral changes leading to the discrimination between sensitive and resistant bacteria are in excellent agreement with expected metabolic changes in the bacteria due to the mode of action of the drug. The robustness of the method was confirmed with experiments involving different chip devices with different designs, both electrode as well as microfluidics design, and material. Furthermore, general applicability was demonstrated with different operators over an extended time period of half a year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich-Christian Schröder
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Johanna Kirchhoff
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - Günter Mayer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - Uwe Glaser
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Henkel
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Pfister
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, University Jena, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Forschungscampus Jena e.V., Zentrum für Angewandte Forschung, Jena, Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Forschungscampus Jena e.V., Zentrum für Angewandte Forschung, Jena, Germany
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Zhang J, Liu D, Shi Y, Sun C, Niu M, Wang R, Hu F, Xiao D, He H. Determination of quinolones in wastewater by porous β-cyclodextrin polymer based solid-phase extraction coupled with HPLC. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1068-1069:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jeong DW, Heo S, Ryu S, Blom J, Lee JH. Genomic insights into the virulence and salt tolerance of Staphylococcus equorum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5383. [PMID: 28710456 PMCID: PMC5511256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To shed light on the genetic background behind the virulence and salt tolerance of Staphylococcus equorum, we performed comparative genome analysis of six S. equorum strains. Data on four previously published genome sequences were obtained from the NCBI database, while those on strain KM1031 displaying resistance to multiple antibiotics and strain C2014 causing haemolysis were determined in this study. Examination of the pan-genome of five of the six S. equorum strains showed that the conserved core genome retained the genes for general physiological processes and survival of the species. In this comparative genomic analysis, the factors that distinguish the strains from each other, including acquired genomic factors in mobile elements, were identified. Additionally, the high salt tolerance of strains enabling growth at a NaCl concentration of 25% (w/v) was attributed to the genes encoding potassium voltage-gated channels. Among the six strains, KS1039 does not possess any of the functional virulence determinants expressed in the other strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Won Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Heo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and System Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, Republic of Korea.
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Leyva-Ramos S, de Loera D, Cardoso-Ortiz J. In vitro Antibacterial Activity of 7-Substituted-6-Fluoroquinolone and 7-Substituted-6,8-Difluoroquinolone Derivatives. Chemotherapy 2017; 62:194-198. [DOI: 10.1159/000456533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Fluoroquinolones are widely prescribed synthetic antimicrobial agents. Quinolones act by converting their targets, gyrase and topoisomerase IV, into toxic enzymes that fragment the bacterial chromosome; the irreversible DNA damage eventually causes the killing of bacteria. Thorough knowledge of the structure-activity relationship of quinolones is essential for the development of new drugs with improved activity against resistant strains. Methods: The compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against 4 representing strains using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone using concentrations between 250 and 0.004 μg/mL. Results: MIC of derivatives 2, 3, and 4 showed potent antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The effective concentrations were 0.860 μg/mL or lower. MIC for compounds 5-11 were between 120 and 515 μg/mL against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and substituted hydrazinoquinolones 7-10 showed poor antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria compared with other quinolones. Conclusion: Compounds obtained by modifications on C-7 of norfloxacin with the acetylated piperazinyl, halogen atoms, and substituted hydrazinyl showed good in vitro activity - some even better than the original compound.
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Mohd-Nor F, Abu-Bakar NA, Mohd-Isa N, Wahab ZA, Mohd-Zain Z. Molecular Detection of Mutations within the Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions in Non Typhoidal Salmonella Isolates from Malaysia. Health (London) 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2017.94045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Qin T, Bi R, Fan W, Kang H, Ma P, Gu B. Novel mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE in Shigella flexneri clinical isolates from eastern Chinese populations between 2001 and 2011. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:2037-2045. [PMID: 27620866 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2761-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance and mechanisms of selected fluoroquinolone resistance in Shigella flexneri isolates. A total of 624 S. flexneri strains isolated between 2001 and 2011 in Jiangsu Province of China were analysed for their fluoroquinolone susceptibility. The quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE were amplified and sequenced. In general, 90.5 % of S. flexneri exhibited resistance to nalidixic acid. The mean norfloxacin resistance rate was 22.4 % during the 11 years from 2001 to 2011 (6.4 % from 2001 to 2005 and 36.8 % from 2006 to 2011). Sequencing of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes of all S. flexneri isolates showed that the mutation rate was as high as 93.9 %. In addition, 91.8 % and 92.3 % of S. flexneri harboured mutations in gyrA and parC, respectively. About 35.2 % of S. flexneri isolates susceptible to nalidixic acid contained mutations. Meanwhile, mutations were detected in 91.2 % of norfloxacin-susceptible strains, and almost all S. flexneri isolates resistant to fluoroquinolone contained mutations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the occurrence of point mutations Asn57Lys and His80Pro in gyrA and Ala85Thr, Asp111His and Ser129Pro in parC. Emerging fluoroquinolone resistance with a significantly high mutation rate of the gyrA and parC genes in S. flexneri in Jiangsu Province deserves attention, and monitoring antibiotic susceptibility is important for the effective management of S. flexneri infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Qin
- Medical Technology Institute of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - R Bi
- Medical Technology Institute of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - W Fan
- Medical Technology Institute of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - H Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - P Ma
- Medical Technology Institute of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
| | - B Gu
- Medical Technology Institute of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
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Wang RX, Wang JY, Sun YC. Antibiotic resistance monitoring in Vibrio spp. isolated from rearing environment and intestines of abalone Haliotis diversicolor. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:701-706. [PMID: 26494250 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
546 Vibrio isolates from rearing seawater (292 strains) and intestines of abalone (254 strains) were tested to ten antibiotics using Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. Resistant rates of abalone-derived Vibrio isolates to chloramphenicol (C), enrofloxacin (ENX) and norfloxacin (NOR) were <28%, whereas those from seawater showed large fluctuations in resistance to each of the tested antibiotics. Many strains showed higher resistant rates (>40%) to kanamycin (KNA), furazolidone (F), tetracycline (TE), gentamicin (GM) and rifampin (RA). 332 isolates from seawater (n=258) and abalone (n=74) were resistant to more than three antibiotics. Peaked resistant rates of seawater-derived isolates to multiple antibiotics were overlapped in May and August. Statistical analysis showed that pH had an important effect on resistant rates of abalone-derived Vibrio isolates to RA, NOR, and ENX. Salinity and dissolved oxygen were negatively correlated with resistant rates of seawater-derived Vibrio isolates to KNA, RA, and PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- R X Wang
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - J Y Wang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Y C Sun
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China
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Vaz-Moreira I, Varela AR, Pereira TV, Fochat RC, Manaia CM. Multidrug Resistance in Quinolone-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Hospital Effluent and the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. Microb Drug Resist 2015; 22:155-63. [PMID: 26469134 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed to assess if hospital effluents represent an important supplier of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria that, being discharged in the municipal collector, may be disseminated in the environment and bypassed in water quality control systems. From a set of 101 non-Escherichia coli Gram-negative bacteria with reduced susceptibility to quinolones, was selected a group of isolates comprised by those with the highest indices of MDR (defined as nonsusceptibility to at least one agent in six or more antimicrobial categories, MDR ≥6) or resistance to meropenem or ceftazidime (n = 25). The isolates were identified and characterized for antibiotic resistance phenotype, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, and other genetic elements and conjugative capacity. The isolates with highest MDR indices were mainly from hospital effluent and comprised ubiquitous bacterial groups of the class Gammaproteobacteria, of the genera Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas, and of the class Flavobacteriia, of the genera Chryseobacterium and Myroides. In this group of 25 strains, 19 identified as Gammaproteobacteria harbored at least one PMQR gene (aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrB, qnrS, or oqxAB) or a class 1 integron gene cassette encoding aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, or carbapenem resistance. Most of the E. coli J53 transconjugants with acquired antibiotic resistance resulted from conjugation with Enterobacteriaceae. These transconjugants demonstrated acquired resistance to a maximum of five classes of antibiotics, one or more PMQR genes and/or a class 1 integron gene cassette. This study shows that ubiquitous bacteria, other than those monitored in water quality controls, are important vectors of antibiotic resistance and can be disseminated from hospital effluent to aquatic environments. This information is relevant to support management options aiming at the control of this public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Vaz-Moreira
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Varela
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Thamiris V Pereira
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Romário C Fochat
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia M Manaia
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto , Porto, Portugal
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McGuire AL, Carson CF, Inglis TJJ, Chakera A. Effects of a Statewide Protocol for the Management of Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis on Microbial Profiles and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities: A Retrospective Five-Year Review. Perit Dial Int 2015; 35:722-8. [PMID: 26152579 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED ♦ BACKGROUND Peritonitis is a major complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Early empirical antibiotic therapy is recommended, with the choice of agents guided by local resistance patterns. As routine use of specific antimicrobial agents can drive resistance, regular assessment of causative organisms and their susceptibility to empirical therapy is essential. ♦ METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of all PD peritonitis cases and positive PD fluid cultures obtained over a 5-year period in Western Australia following the introduction of a statewide protocol for the initial management of PD peritonitis with intraperitoneal vancomycin and gentamicin. ♦ RESULTS The incidence of PD peritonitis decreased from 1 in 16 patient months (0.75/year at risk) to 1 in 29 patient months (0.41/year at risk) over the 5 years. There were 1,319 culture-positive samples and 1,069 unique isolates identified. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 69.9% of positive cultures, with vancomycin resistance averaging 2% over the study period. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 25.4% of positive cultures, with gentamicin resistance identified in an average of 8% of organisms. No increase in antimicrobial resistance to vancomycin or gentamicin occurred over the 5 years and there was no change in the proportion of gram-positive (69.9%), gram-negative (25.4%) or fungal (4.4%) organisms causing PD peritonitis. ♦ CONCLUSIONS Over time, the peritonitis rates have dramatically improved although the profile of causative organisms remains similar. Empirical treatment of PD peritonitis with intraperitoneal vancomycin and gentamicin remains efficacious, with high levels of susceptibility and no evidence that the introduction of this statewide empirical PD peritonitis treatment protocol is driving resistance to these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L McGuire
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Christine F Carson
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Timothy J J Inglis
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Aron Chakera
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia Renal Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia
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Li XZ, Plésiat P, Nikaido H. The challenge of efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:337-418. [PMID: 25788514 PMCID: PMC4402952 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00117-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 924] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous in these bacteria greatly contribute to antibiotic resistance and present a major challenge for antibiotic development. Multidrug pumps, particularly those represented by the clinically relevant AcrAB-TolC and Mex pumps of the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) superfamily, not only mediate intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance (MDR) but also are involved in other functions, including the bacterial stress response and pathogenicity. Additionally, efflux pumps interact synergistically with other resistance mechanisms (e.g., with the outer membrane permeability barrier) to increase resistance levels. Since the discovery of RND pumps in the early 1990s, remarkable scientific and technological advances have allowed for an in-depth understanding of the structural and biochemical basis, substrate profiles, molecular regulation, and inhibition of MDR pumps. However, the development of clinically useful efflux pump inhibitors and/or new antibiotics that can bypass pump effects continues to be a challenge. Plasmid-borne efflux pump genes (including those for RND pumps) have increasingly been identified. This article highlights the recent progress obtained for organisms of clinical significance, together with methodological considerations for the characterization of MDR pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Zhi Li
- Human Safety Division, Veterinary Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Plésiat
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Hiroshi Nikaido
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Quality of water and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli from water sources of hilly tribal villages with and without integrated watershed management-a one year prospective study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 11:6156-70. [PMID: 24991664 PMCID: PMC4078572 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110606156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In many hilly tribal areas of the world, water scarcity is a major problem and diarrhoea is common. Poor quality of water also affects the environment. An integrated watershed management programme (IWMP) aims to increase availability of water and to improve life conditions. Globally, there is a lack of information on water contamination, occurrence of diarrhoea and antibiotic resistance, a serious global concern, in relation to IWMP in hilly tribal areas. Therefore, a prospective observational study was conducted during 2011–2012 in six villages in a hilly tribal belt of India, three with and three without implementation of an IWMP, to explore quality of water, diarrhoeal cases in the community and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli from water sources. The results showed that physico-chemical quality of water was within limits of safe consumption in all samples. The odds of coliform contamination in water samples was 2.3 times higher in non-watershed management villages (NWMV) compared to integrated watershed management villages (IWMV) (95% CI 0.8–6.45, p = 0.081). The number of diarrhoeal cases (18/663 vs. 42/639, p < 0.05) was lower in IWMV as compared to NWMV. Overall E. coli isolates showed high susceptibility to antibiotics. Resistance to a wider range of antibiotics was observed in NWMV.
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Jahne MA, Rogers SW, Ramler IP, Holder E, Hayes G. Hierarchal clustering yields insight into multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from a cattle feedlot wastewater treatment system. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:4168. [PMID: 25504186 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Forty-two percent of Escherichia coli and 58% of Enterococcus spp. isolated from cattle feedlot runoff and associated infiltration basin and constructed wetland treatment system were resistant to at least one antibiotic of clinical importance; a high level of multidrug resistance (22% of E. coli and 37% of Enterococcus spp.) was observed. Hierarchical clustering revealed a closely associated resistance cluster among drug-resistant E. coli isolates that included cephalosporins (ceftiofur, cefoxitin, and ceftriaxone), aminoglycosides (gentamycin, kanamycin, and amikacin), and quinolone nalidixic acid; antibiotics from these classes were used at the study site, and cross-resistance may be associated with transferrable multiple-resistance elements. For Enterococcus spp., co-resistance among vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin was common; these antibiotics are reserved for complicated clinical infections and have not been approved for animal use. Vancomycin resistance (n = 49) only occurred when isolates were resistant to linezolid, daptomycin, and all four of the MLSB (macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B) antibiotics tested (tylosin, erythromycin, lincomycin, and quinipristin/dalfopristin). This suggests that developing co-resistance to MLSB antibiotics along with cyclic lipopeptides and oxazolidinones may result in resistance to vancomycin as well. Effects of the treatment system on antibiotic resistance were pronounced during periods of no rainfall and low flow (long residence time). Increased hydraulic loading (short residence time) under the influence of rain caused antibiotic-resistant bacteria to be flushed through the treatment system. This presents concern for environmental discharge of multidrug-resistant organisms relevant to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Jahne
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
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26
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Wang RX, Wang A, Wang JY. Antibiotic resistance monitoring in heterotrophic bacteria from anthropogenic-polluted seawater and the intestines of oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 109:27-31. [PMID: 25133348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 1,050 strains of heterotrophic bacteria isolated from farming seawater and the intestines of oyster species Crassostrea hongkongensis were tested for resistance to 10 antibiotics by the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. The resistant rates of seawater-derived bacteria to chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were low (less than 20%), whereas the bacteria obtained from oysters showed low resistance to chloramphenicol and enrofloxacin. Many strains showed high resistant rates (more than 40%) to furazolidone, penicillin G, and rifampin. A total of 285 strains from farming seawater and oysters were resistant to more than three antibiotics. Several strains showed resistance to more than nine antibiotics. Furthermore, the peak resistant rates of the seawater-derived strains to multiple antibiotics overlapped in April, June, September, and November, and those of oyster-derived strains overlapped during April, July, and September. The multi-resistant rate patterns of strains from farming seawater and oyster intestines were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xuan Wang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - AnLi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jiang Yong Wang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China.
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Zhang Z, Meng X, Wang Y, Xia X, Wang X, Xi M, Meng J, Shi X, Wang D, Yang B. Presence ofqnr,aac(6′)-Ib,qepA,oqxAB, and Mutations in Gyrase and Topoisomerase in Nalidixic Acid–ResistantSalmonellaIsolates Recovered from Retail Chicken Carcasses. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:698-705. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zengfeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaofeng Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meili Xi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianghong Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | | | - Dapeng Wang
- Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Wang Y, Chen Q, Cui S, Xu X, Zhu J, Luo H, Wang D, Li F. Enumeration and Characterization of Salmonella Isolates from Retail Chicken Carcasses in Beijing, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:126-32. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yeru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Haipeng Luo
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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Ferrari R, Galiana A, Cremades R, Rodríguez JC, Magnani M, Tognim MCB, Oliveira TCRM, Royo G. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and mutations in the topoisomerase genes of Salmonella enterica strains from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:651-6. [PMID: 24294265 PMCID: PMC3833171 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify mutations in the Quinolone Resistance Determining sources Regions (QRDR) of the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes and to determine if any of the qnr variants or the aac(6')-Ib-cr variant were present in strains of Salmonella spp. isolated in Brazil. A total of 126 Salmonella spp. strains from epidemic (n = 114) and poultry (n = 12) origin were evaluated. One hundred and twelve strains (88.8%) were resistant to nalidixic acid (NAL) and 29 (23.01%) showed a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (Cip). The mutations identified were substitutions limited to the QRDR of the gyrA gene in the codons for Serine 83, Aspartate 87 and Alanine 131. The sensitivity to NAL seems to be a good phenotypic indication of distinguishing mutated and non-mutated strains in the QRDR, however the double mutation in gyrA did not cause resistance to ciprofloxacin. The qnrA1 and qnrB19 genes were detected, respectively, in one epidemic strain of S. Enteritidis and one strain of S. Corvallis of poultry origin. Despite previous detection of qnr genes in Brazil, this is the first report of qnr gene detection in Salmonella, and also the first detection of qnrB19 gene in this country. The results alert for the continuous monitoring of quinolone resistance determinants in order to minimize the emergence and selection of Salmonella spp. strains showing reduced susceptibility or resistance to quinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Ferrari
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Miranda CD, Tello A, Keen PL. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in finfish aquaculture environments. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:233. [PMID: 23986749 PMCID: PMC3749489 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer demand for affordable fish drives the ever-growing global aquaculture industry. The intensification and expansion of culture conditions in the production of several finfish species has been coupled with an increase in bacterial fish disease and the need for treatment with antimicrobials. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance prevalent in aquaculture environments is important to design effective disease treatment strategies, to prioritize the use and registration of antimicrobials for aquaculture use, and to assess and minimize potential risks to public health. In this brief article we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in genes found in finfish aquaculture environments and highlight specific research that should provide the basis of sound, science-based policies for the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D Miranda
- Department of Aquaculture, Universidad Católica del Norte Coquimbo, Chile
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31
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Serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility, pulse field gel electrophoresis analysis of Salmonella isolates from retail foods in Henan Province, China. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pathak A, Chandran SP, Mahadik K, Macaden R, Lundborg CS. Frequency and factors associated with carriage of multi-drug resistant commensal Escherichia coli among women attending antenatal clinics in central India. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:199. [PMID: 23638834 PMCID: PMC3655905 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commensal Escherichia coli are a prominent reservoir of genes coding for antibiotic resistance and also responsible for endogenous infections in pregnant women. We studied the factors in pregnant women associated with carriage of multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli and genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance in them. METHODS Women attending to Obstetric and Gynaecology department outpatient clinics for routine antenatal check-up were administered a questionnaire. Peri-anal swabs were collected for culture isolation and identification of E.coil. Antibiotic sensitivity was done using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as recommended by the CLSI guidelines. MICs for quinolones and third generation cephalosporins were done using the agar dilution method. Genes coding for production of beta lactamses and for the quinolone resistance determinant were screened by polymerase chain reaction. Rep-PCR was done on MDR isolates for detecting possible genetic similarity. Multiple logistic regression models were used to determine the independent factors associated with carriage of MDR isolates. RESULTS A total of 710 isolates of E. coli from 710 women (mean age 26 years) were included in the study. Resistance to at least one antibiotic tested was detected in 94% of the E. coli isolates. A total of 109 isolates were ESBL producing and 35 isolates were MDR. In the MDR isolates MIC(50) and MIC(90) for quinolones and third generation cephalosporins were high for those isolates that carried bla(TEM) gene (26 isolates) and bla(CTX-M) gene (24 isolates). Both bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M) genes were detected in 19 isolates. The commonest Plasmid Mediated Quinolone Resistance (PMQR) gene identified was aac(6')-Ib-cr (n = 23/25). All isolates carrying the PMQR genes were also positive for bla(CTX-M) and bla(TEM) gene. Mutations in gyr A and par C genes were present in all 35 MDR isolates. The statistically significant risk factors for carriage of MDR E. coli were graduate or post-graduate education, a self-employed status, a family size of more than 10 members, antibiotic usage in last four weeks, and history of hospitalization in the last four weeks. CONCLUSIONS The presence of genes coding for extended spectrum of beta lactamases and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance in commensal E. coli is disconcerting. The study provides strong basis good antibiotic stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Pathak
- Global Health (IHCAR), Department of Public Health Sciences Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A 9, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
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Ferrari RG, Galiana A, Cremades R, Rodríguez JC, Magnani M, Tognim MCB, Oliveira TCRM, Royo G. Expression of the marA, soxS, acrB and ramA genes related to the AcrAB/TolC efflux pump in Salmonella enterica strains with and without quinolone resistance-determining regions gyrA gene mutations. Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 17:125-30. [PMID: 23453941 PMCID: PMC9427363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have been conducted in recent years to elucidate the structure, function and significance of AcrB, MarA, SoxS and RamA in Salmonella enterica. In this study, the relative quantification of acrB, soxS, marA and ramA genes expression was evaluated in 14 strains of S. enterica, with or without accompanying mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the gyrA gene, that were exposed to ciprofloxacin during the exponential growth phase. The presence of ciprofloxacin during the log phase of bacterial growth activated the genes marA, soxS, ramA and acrB in all S. enterica strains analyzed in this study. The highest expression levels for acrB were observed in strains with gyrA mutation, and marA showed the highest expression in the strains without mutation. Considering only the strains with ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration values < 0.125 μg/mL (sensitive to ciprofloxacin), the most expressed gene in the strains both with and without mutations was acrB. In the strains with ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration values ≥ 0.125 μg/mL (low susceptibility), with and without mutations in gyrA, the most expressed gene was marA. In this study, we observed that strains resistant to nalidixic acid may express genes associated with the efflux pump and the expression of the AcrAB-TolC pump genes seems to occur independently of mutations in gyrA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Gomes Ferrari
- Agricultural Sciences Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Investigation of mutation distribution in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV genes in ciprofloxacin-non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolated from blood cultures in a tertiary care university hospital in South Korea, 2005–2010. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 41:126-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Guan X, Xue X, Liu Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Wang J, Wang K, Jiang H, Zhang L, Yang B, Wang N, Pan L. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance--current knowledge and future perspectives. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:20-30. [PMID: 23569126 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513475965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolones are a group of antimicrobial agents that were serendipitously discovered as byproducts of the synthesis of chloroquine. Chemical modifications, such as the addition of fluorine or piperazine, resulted in the synthesis of third- and fourth-generation fluoroquinolones, with broad-spectrum antimicrobial actions against aerobic or anaerobic, Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. The efficacy and consequent widespread use of quinolones and fluoroquinolones has led to a steady global increase in resistance, mediated via gene mutations, alterations in efflux or cell membranes and plasmid-conferred resistance. The first plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrA1, was detected in 1998. Since then, many other genes have been identified and the underlying mechanisms of resistance have been elucidated. This review provides an overview of quinolone resistance, with particular emphasis on plasmid-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhou Guan
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Mishra RPN, Oviedo-Orta E, Prachi P, Rappuoli R, Bagnoli F. Vaccines and antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:596-602. [PMID: 22981392 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines and antibiotics have significantly contributed to improve health and also to increase the longevity of human beings. The fast-acting effect of antibiotics makes them indispensable to treat infected patients. Likewise, when the causative agent of the infection is unknown and in cases of superinfections with different species of bacteria, antibiotics appear to be the only therapeutic option. On the contrary, vaccines are usually not efficacious in people already infected and their action is generally limited to a much narrowed range of pathogens. However, vaccines have contributed to the eradication of some of the most deadly infectious agents worldwide, can generate immunity to infections lasting for several years or life-long, and are able to induce herd immunity. Nonetheless, infectious diseases are still among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This is mainly owing to the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the lack of efficacious medications to treat several other infectious diseases. Development of new vaccines appears to be a promising solution to these issues. Indeed, with the advent of new discovery approaches and adjuvants, today is possible to make vaccines virtually against every pathogen. In addition, while vaccine-resistant bacteria have never been reported, accumulating literature is providing evidence that vaccination can reduce the raise of antibiotic resistant strains by decreasing their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi P N Mishra
- Novartis Vaccines, Research Center, via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Stephenson SAM, Brown PD. Occurrence of class 1 integrons in uropathogenic fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical Escherichia coli isolates from Jamaica. APMIS 2012; 121:226-31. [PMID: 23030058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quinolone resistance is generally caused by chromosomal mutations, but has been more recently found associated with the plasmid-mediated qnr genes. The objective of this study was to screen and analyse polymorphisms of integrons in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in Jamaica. Previous studies in Jamaica identified fluoroquinolone resistance in predominantly uropathogenic E. coli clinical isolates: 45% harbouring qnrA, qnrB and/or qnrS, and 17% were (Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase) ESBL-producers. These isolates were analysed for the presence and variation of class 1 and 2 integrase genes, 5'- and 3'- conserved segments and the Orf513 recombinase gene by primer-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP). Results indicated integron-encoded integrases in 93% of isolates primarily harbouring class 1 integrase genes; four of 58 isolates carried both classes. The Orf513 and 5'- and 3'-conserved segment (CS) regions were identified in 83% and 55% of the isolates respectively. RFLP evaluation of the 5'- and 3'-CS regions in int1-positive strains yielded two main types. The reduced diversity, but wide dispersion of class 1 integrons harbouring qnr genes may give rise to the conservation of the mobile genetic elements in which they are carried.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A M Stephenson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
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Sun N, Liu JH, Yang F, Lin DC, Li GH, Chen ZL, Zeng ZL. Molecular characterization of the antimicrobial resistance of Riemerella anatipestifer isolated from ducks. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:376-83. [PMID: 22464155 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial susceptibility of 103 Riemerella anatipestifer isolates obtained from ducks during 2008 and 2010 in Southern China, to 23 antimicrobial agents was investigated using the agar dilution method. The MIC(50) and MIC(90) values of streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, apramycin, amikacin, neomycin, nalidixic acid and sulfadimidine were high (32-≥ 128 μg/ml) among the 103 R. anatipestifer isolates. However, relatively low MIC(90) values (8 μg/ml) of ampicillin and florfenicol were observed among these isolates. The presence of resistance genes and integrons was determined using PCR. The genes bla(TEM-1), aph(3')-VII, aadA1, aadA2, aac(3')-IV, aac(3')-IIc, aac(6')-Ib, cat2, cmlA, floR, tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), sul1, and sul2 were detected in 1, 2, 24, 35, 11, 4, 67, 16, 26, 10, 6, 1, 9, 36 and 2 isolates, respectively. Twenty isolates contained one or two class 1 integrons carrying aadA2 or aac(6')-II-catB3-aadA1 gene cassette(s). Mutation analysis of the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of 43 R. anatipestifer isolates with nalidixic acid MICs ≥ 32 μg/ml, showed that the most prevalent mutations in gyrA were those resulting in the amino acid exchanges Ser83-Ile (n=37), followed by Asp87-His (n=7) and Ser83-Arg (n=5). Point mutations in parC (Arg120-Glu) were observed in 5 isolates with a ciprofloxacin MIC of >16 μg/ml. No plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene was detected. PFGE analysis showed that the clonal spread of multi-drug resistant R. anatipestifer isolates occurred in the same farm or between different farms. Our results reported, for the first time, the mechanism of quinolone resistance in R. anatipestifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Smani Y, López-Rojas R, Dominguez-Herrera J, Docobo-Pérez F, Marti S, Vila J, Pachón J. In vitro and in vivo reduced fitness and virulence in ciprofloxacin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:E1-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Shao Y, Xiong Z, Li X, Hu L, Shen J, Li T, Hu F, Chen S. Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in Citrobacter freundii isolates from Anhui province, PR China. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1801-1805. [PMID: 21816943 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.034082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to detect and analyse the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants [qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr and qepA] among Citrobacter freundii isolates from patients in Anhui province, PR China. During 2009-2010, 31 C. freundii strains were collected from various hospital units and patient specimens. Using PCR, qnr genes were detected in eight isolates, but aac(6')-Ib-cr and qepA genes were not found. The genes qnrA1, qnrB1, qnrB2, qnrB4, qnrB10 and qnrB24 were present in 6.5, 3.2, 6.5, 3.2, 3.2 and 3.2% of C. freundii isolates, respectively. A new subgene of qnrB variant (qnrB24) was found and identified for what we believe to be the first time. PFGE after XbaI digestion of genomic DNA indicated that qnr-positive strains were not clonally related. Conjugation experiments were conducted to determine whether the qnr-carrying plasmids were self-transferable, and plasmids of transconjugants were extracted and analysed. The qnr genes were transferred from three clinical isolates to their transconjugants. Two qnrA1 genes transferred quinolone resistance with a plasmid of ~11 kb, whilst the size of the plasmid carrying the qnrB4 gene was ~64 kb. The susceptibility of positive isolates and transconjugants was tested using an agar dilution method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, and the MICs of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were determined using Etest strips. Most isolates with qnr genes were resistant to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobial agents. The MICs of transconjugants showed reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Zizhong Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Lifen Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Jilu Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Fupin Hu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Shudan Chen
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai 200040, PR China
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Meradi L, Djahoudi A, Abdi A, Bouchakour M, Perrier Gros Claude JD, Timinouni M. Résistance aux quinolones de types qnr, aac (6′)-Ib-cr chez les entérobactéries isolées à Annaba en Algérie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 59:e73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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ESBL genotypes in fluoroquinolone-resistant and fluoroquinolone-susceptible ESBL-producing Escherichia coli urinary isolates in Manitoba. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 18:133-7. [PMID: 18923714 DOI: 10.1155/2007/848194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/02/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli are increasingly common in nosocomial and community settings. Furthermore, fluoroquinolone (FQ) and even multidrug resistance (MDR) appear to be associated with certain ESBL genotypes. The purpose of the present study was to determine which ESBL genotypes are associated with FQ and MDR in E coli urinary isolates in Manitoba. METHODS The authors determined the antimicrobial susceptibility, genetic similarity and ESBL genotype of 27 FQ-resistant and seven FQ-susceptible, ESBL-producing urinary isolates submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratories of two teaching hospitals between October 2000 and April 2005. Susceptibilities to beta-lactams, FQs, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), doxycycline (DOX), gentamicin (GM) and tigecycline were determined by microbroth dilution; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine genetic relatedness, and ESBL genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. RESULTS Of 34 ESBL-producing organisms, 27 (79.4%) were found to be ciprofloxacin (CIP) resistant, 27 (79.4%) were SXT resistant, eight (23.5%) were GM resistant and 29 (85.3%) were DOX resistant. Twenty-three (67.6%) had MDR, with concomitant resistance to CIP and SXT; 16 had concomitant resistance to CIP, SXT and DOX; and seven (20.6%) had MDR, with concomitant resistance to CIP, SXT, DOX and GM. All isolates were susceptible to tigecycline. Of 27 FQ-resistant ESBL-producing organisms, seven (25.9%) were genotype CTX-M-14, 19 (70.4%) were genotype CTX-M-15 and one (3.7%) was genotype CTX-M-24. Among the seven FQ-susceptible strains, three (42.8%) expressed SHV-type enzymes, three (42.8%) expressed TEM-type enzymes and one (14.3%) expressed CTX-M-9. CTX-M-15 was the most common MDR-associated genotype. Of a total of 19 strains, 18 (94.7%) were resistant to FQs and SXT; 15 (78.9%) were resistant to FQs, SXT and DOX; and five (26.3%) were resistant to FQs, SXT, DOX and GM. PFGE analysis revealed genetic similarity within CTX-M-15-producing isolates only. CONCLUSION CTX-M-15 in E coli is strongly associated with an MDR phenotype compared with other genotypes. CTX-M-14 is associated with FQ resistance only. PFGE suggests clonality of CTX-M-15-producing isolates within and among hospitals.
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Majumdar T, Das B, Bhadra RK, Dam B, Mazumder S. Complete nucleotide sequence of a quinolone resistance gene (qnrS2) carrying plasmid of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from fish. Plasmid 2011; 66:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Maeda Y, Murayama M, Goldsmith CE, Coulter WA, Mason C, Millar BC, Dooley JSG, Lowery CJ, Matsuda M, Rendall JC, Elborn JS, Moore JE. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE gene loci in viridans group streptococci isolated from adult patients with cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 66:476-86. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Structural and biochemical analysis of the pentapeptide repeat protein EfsQnr, a potent DNA gyrase inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:110-7. [PMID: 20937785 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01158-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomally encoded Qnr homolog protein from Enterococcus faecalis (EfsQnr), when expressed, confers to its host a decreased susceptibility to quinolones and consists mainly of tandem repeats, which is consistent with belonging to the pentapeptide repeat family of proteins (PRPs). EfsQnr was cloned with an N-terminal 6× His tag and purified to homogeneity. EfsQnr partially protected DNA gyrase from fluoroquinolone inhibition at concentrations as low as 20 nM. EfsQnr inhibited the ATP-dependent supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 1.2 μM, while no significant inhibition of ATP-independent relaxation activity was observed. EfsQnr was cytotoxic when overexpressed in Escherichia coli, resulting in the clumping of cells and a loss of viability. The X-ray crystal structure of EfsQnr was determined to 1.6-Å resolution. EfsQnr exhibits the right-handed quadrilateral beta-helical fold typical of PRPs, with features more analogous to MfpA (mycobacterium fluoroquinolone resistance pentapeptide) than to the PRPs commonly found in cyanobacteria.
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Shaheen BW, Oyarzabal OA, Boothe DM. The role of class 1 and 2 integrons in mediating antimicrobial resistance among canine and feline clinical E. coli isolates from the US. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:363-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jung CM, Heinze TM, Strakosha R, Elkins CA, Sutherland JB. Acetylation of fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents by an Escherichia coli strain isolated from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 106:564-71. [PMID: 19200322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate environmental bacteria capable of transforming fluoroquinolones to inactive molecules. METHODS AND RESULTS Bacteria were isolated from the aerobic liquor of a wastewater treatment plant on a medium containing norfloxacin (100 mg l(-1)). Twenty-two isolates were highly resistant (minimal inhibitory concentration: 6.25-200 microg ml(-1)) to five fluoroquinolones and six of them were positive by PCR amplification for the aminoglycoside resistance gene aac(6')-Ib. Of these, only Escherichia coli strain LR09 had the ciprofloxacin-acetylating variant gene aac(6')-Ib-cr; HPLC and mass spectrometry showed that this strain transformed both ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin by N-acetylation. This bacterium also had mutations in the quinolone-resistance determining regions of the gyrA and parC genes. CONCLUSIONS An E. coli isolate from wastewater, which possessed at least two distinct fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms, inactivated ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin by N-acetylation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report of N-acetylation of fluoroquinolones by an aac(6')-Ib-cr-containing bacterium from an environmental source.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Jung
- Division of Microbiology, National Centre for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
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Abstract
Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps characterized from bacteria of human, animal, plant and environmental origins. These pumps are mostly encoded on the chromosome, although they can also be plasmid-encoded. A previous article in this journal provided a comprehensive review regarding efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacteria. In the past 5 years, significant progress has been achieved in further understanding of drug resistance-related efflux transporters and this review focuses on the latest studies in this field since 2003. This has been demonstrated in multiple aspects that include but are not limited to: further molecular and biochemical characterization of the known drug efflux pumps and identification of novel drug efflux pumps; structural elucidation of the transport mechanisms of drug transporters; regulatory mechanisms of drug efflux pumps; determining the role of the drug efflux pumps in other functions such as stress responses, virulence and cell communication; and development of efflux pump inhibitors. Overall, the multifaceted implications of drug efflux transporters warrant novel strategies to combat multidrug resistance in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Zhi Li
- Human Safety Division, Veterinary Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OK9, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Nikaido
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3202, USA
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Rodríguez-Martínez JM, Briales A, Velasco C, Conejo MC, Martínez-Martínez L, Pascual A. Mutational analysis of quinolone resistance in the plasmid-encoded pentapeptide repeat proteins QnrA, QnrB and QnrS. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:1128-34. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Drlica K, Hiasa H, Kerns R, Malik M, Mustaev A, Zhao X. Quinolones: action and resistance updated. Curr Top Med Chem 2009; 9:981-98. [PMID: 19747119 PMCID: PMC3182077 DOI: 10.2174/156802609789630947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The quinolones trap DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV on DNA as complexes in which the DNA is broken but constrained by protein. Early studies suggested that drug binding occurs largely along helix-4 of the GyrA (gyrase) and ParC (topoisomerase IV) proteins. However, recent X-ray crystallography shows drug intercalating between the -1 and +1 nucleotides of cut DNA, with only one end of the drug extending to helix-4. These two models may reflect distinct structural steps in complex formation. A consequence of drug-enzyme-DNA complex formation is reversible inhibition of DNA replication; cell death arises from subsequent events in which bacterial chromosomes are fragmented through two poorly understood pathways. In one pathway, chromosome fragmentation stimulates excessive accumulation of highly toxic reactive oxygen species that are responsible for cell death. Quinolone resistance arises stepwise through selective amplification of mutants when drug concentrations are above the MIC and below the MPC, as observed with static agar plate assays, dynamic in vitro systems, and experimental infection of rabbits. The gap between MIC and MPC can be narrowed by compound design that should restrict the emergence of resistance. Resistance is likely to become increasingly important, since three types of plasmid-borne resistance have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Drlica
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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