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Medrán NS, Sayé M, Pereira CA, Tekwani BL, La-Venia A, Labadie GR. Expanding the scope of synthetic 1,2,4-trioxanes towards Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127491. [PMID: 32795626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of synthetic 1,2,4-trioxanes related to artemisinin was tested against L. donovani and T. cruzi parasites. This screening identified some active compounds, with key common structural features. Interestingly, these selected trioxanes were efficient against both parasites, and achieved antiparasitic activities comparable or superior than those presented by the corresponding reference drugs, artemisinin and artesunate. This study represents the first example of synthetic trioxanes evaluated on T. cruzi and provides possible candidates for developing new drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia S Medrán
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Melisa Sayé
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio A Pereira
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Agustina La-Venia
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo R Labadie
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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Effect of Artesunate on Leishmania Amazonesis Induced Neuroinflammation and Nociceptive Behavior in Male Balb/C Mice. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040557. [PMID: 32230725 PMCID: PMC7222374 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Leishmaniasis is a multisystemic zoonotic disease with several symptoms, and treating this disease is a great challenge for veterinary medicine. Artemisinin derivatives are currently the most widely used drugs for the treatment of malaria, especially for their excellent safety profile and low cost. Artesunate is a more stable derivative of its precursor, artemisin, and has been shown to be a pluripotent agent with different pharmacological actions. In this study, we evaluated the role of neuroinflammation in leishmaniasis and its correlation with pain and sickness behavior, and the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of artesunate in a murine model of Leishmania amazonensis infection in BALB/c mice. The results from this study indicate that artesunate is a good candidate for treatment and/or as an adjuvant in anti- leishmaniasis therapy, and for preventing and alleviating leishmaniasis-induced pain and neuroinflammation. Abstract Background: Leishmaniasis is a multisystemic zoonotic disease with several symptoms, including neurological disorders. Leishmaniasis is accompanied by an increase in nociceptive behaviors, linked to the presence of a chronic inflammatory state, in both peripheral tissue and the central nervous system. Artesunate is a more stable derivative of its precursor artemisin and has been shown to be a pluripotent agent with different pharmacological actions. Methods: In this study, we investigated the effects of artesunate in Leishmaniaamazonensi- infected BALB/c mice, evaluating its effectiveness in reducing inflammation, neuroinflammation, and nociceptive and sickness behaviors. Results: Our results demonstrate a significant increase in pain sensitivity and sickness behaviors after L. amazonensis infection. Moreover, the infection induced a significant increase in inflammatory response at both the paw and spinal cord level. Treatment with artesunate was able to induce a significant decrease in tissue inflammation and neuroinflammation and thus induce a significant decrease in pain sensitivity and sickness behaviors. Conclusions: The results from this study indicate that artesunate is a good candidate for treatment and/or as an adjuvant in leishmanicidal therapy, and to prevent and alleviate leishmaniasis-induced pain and neuroinflammation and thereby improve the quality of life of leishmaniasis patients.
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Raffetin A, Bruneel F, Roussel C, Thellier M, Buffet P, Caumes E, Jauréguiberry S. Use of artesunate in non-malarial indications. Med Mal Infect 2018; 48:238-249. [PMID: 29422423 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Artesunate and other artemisinin derivatives are used in various infectious and non-infectious diseases. We aimed to analyze available data on artesunate and artemisinin derivatives activity in humans and their potential clinical benefits in non-malarial indications. MATERIAL AND METHODS Literature review performed on PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases using the PRISMA method. We analyzed studies published in English from January 2008 to August 2017 using the same indicators of drug efficacy. RESULTS We included 19 studies performed in humans (1 meta-analysis, 1 literature review, 4 randomized controlled trials, 3 prospective controlled trials, 3 prospective uncontrolled trials, 2 exploratory phase 1 or 2 trials, 1 case series, and 4 case reports). Artesunate and artemisinin derivatives demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of schistosomiasis in combination with praziquantel (P=0.003). Artesunate monotherapy was less effective than praziquantel alone (P<0.001) probably because its activity only affects the early stages of Schistosoma parasites. Artesunate monotherapy could be interesting as a chemoprophylactic drug against schistosomiasis (P<0.001). Findings seem promising but are still controversial in the treatment of multidrug-resistant CMV infections. Studies do not conclude on artesunate and artemisinin derivatives efficacy in the treatment of cervix, breast, colorectal, and lung cancers. CONCLUSION Artesunate and artemisinin derivatives in combination with praziquantel were effective against schistosomiasis, and could be used as a chemoprophylactic drug alone. They could be interesting as anti-CMV and anti-tumor treatment. Additional trials in humans are required to assess the efficacy of artesunate and artemisinin derivatives in diseases other than malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raffetin
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales et de médecine interne, CHI Lucie-et-Raymond-Aubrac, 94190 Villeneuve Saint-Georges, France
| | - F Bruneel
- Service de réanimation médicale, centre hospitalier de Versailles, hôpital André-Mignot, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - C Roussel
- Inserm, unité biologie intégrée du globule rouge, laboratoire d'excellence GR-Ex, Sorbonne universités, université Paris Descartes, INTS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - M Thellier
- Centre national de référence pour le paludisme, 75013 Paris, France; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - P Buffet
- Inserm, unité biologie intégrée du globule rouge, laboratoire d'excellence GR-Ex, Sorbonne universités, université Paris Descartes, INTS, 75015 Paris, France; Centre national de référence pour le paludisme, 75013 Paris, France
| | - E Caumes
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm, institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (UMRS 1136), Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, 75013 Paris, France
| | - S Jauréguiberry
- Centre national de référence pour le paludisme, 75013 Paris, France; Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm, institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique (UMRS 1136), Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, 75013 Paris, France.
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Heras‐Mosteiro J, Monge‐Maillo B, Pinart M, Lopez Pereira P, Reveiz L, Garcia‐Carrasco E, Campuzano Cuadrado P, Royuela A, Mendez Roman I, López‐Vélez R. Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 12:CD005067. [PMID: 29192424 PMCID: PMC6485999 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005067.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by a parasitic infection, is considered one of the most serious skin diseases in many low- and middle-income countries. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (OWCL) is caused by species found in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and India. The most commonly prescribed treatments are antimonials, but other drugs have been used with varying success. As OWCL tends to heal spontaneously, it is necessary to justify the use of systemic and topical treatments. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2008. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of therapeutic interventions for the localised form of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. SEARCH METHODS We updated our searches of the following databases to November 2016: the Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS. We also searched five trials registers and checked the reference lists of included studies for further references to relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We wrote to national programme managers, general co-ordinators, directors, clinicians, WHO-EMRO regional officers of endemic countries, pharmaceutical companies, tropical medicine centres, and authors of relevant papers for further information about relevant unpublished and ongoing trials. We undertook a separate search for adverse effects of interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in September 2015 using MEDLINE. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of either single or combination treatments in immunocompetent people with OWCL confirmed by smear, histology, culture, or polymerase chain reaction. The comparators were either no treatment, placebo/vehicle, and/or another active compound. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias and extracted data. We only synthesised data when we were able to identify at least two studies investigating similar treatments and reporting data amenable to pooling. We also recorded data about adverse effects from the corresponding search. MAIN RESULTS We included 89 studies (of which 40 were new to this update) in 10,583 people with OWCL. The studies included were conducted mainly in the Far or Middle East at regional hospitals, local healthcare clinics, and skin disease research centres. Women accounted for 41.5% of the participants (range: 23% to 80%). The overall mean age of participants was 25 years (range 12 to 56). Most studies lasted between two to six months, with the longest lasting two years; average duration was four months. Most studies were at unclear or high risk for most bias domains. A lack of blinding and reporting bias were present in almost 40% of studies. Two trials were at low risk of bias for all domains. Trials reported the causative species poorly.Here we provide results for the two main comparisons identified: itraconazole (200 mg for six to eight weeks) versus placebo; and paromomycin ointment (15% plus 10% urea, twice daily for 14 days) versus vehicle.In the comparison of oral itraconazole versus placebo, at 2.5 months' follow up, 85/125 participants in the itraconazole group achieved complete cure compared to 54/119 in the placebo group (RR 3.70, 95% CI 0.35 to 38.99; 3 studies; 244 participants). In one study, microbiological or histopathological cure of skin lesions only occurred in the itraconazole group after a mean follow-up of 2.5 months (RR 17.00, 95% CI 0.47 to 612.21; 20 participants). However, although the analyses favour oral itraconazole for these outcomes, we cannot be confident in the results due to the very low certainty evidence. More side effects of mild abdominal pain and nausea (RR 2.36, 95% CI 0.74 to 7.47; 3 studies; 204 participants) and mild abnormal liver function (RR 3.08, 95% CI 0.53 to 17.98; 3 studies; 84 participants) occurred in the itraconazole group (as well as reports of headaches and dizziness), compared with the placebo group, but again we rated the certainty of evidence as very low so are unsure of the results.When comparing paromomycin with vehicle, there was no difference in the number of participants who achieved complete cure (RR of 1.00, 95% CI 0.86, 1.17; 383 participants, 2 studies) and microbiological or histopathological cure of skin lesions after a mean follow-up of 2.5 months (RR 1.03, CI 0.88 to 1.20; 383 participants, 2 studies), but the paromomycin group had more skin/local reactions (such as inflammation, vesiculation, pain, redness, or itch) (RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.67 to 3.01; 4 studies; 713 participants). For all of these outcomes, the certainty of evidence was very low, meaning we are unsure about these results.Trial authors did not report the percentage of lesions cured after the end of treatment or speed of healing for either of these key comparisons. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was very low-certainty evidence to support the effectiveness of itraconazole and paromomycin ointment for OWCL in terms of cure (i.e. microbiological or histopathological cure and percentage of participants completely cured). Both of these interventions incited more adverse effects, which were mild in nature, than their comparisons, but we could draw no conclusions regarding safety due to the very low certainty of the evidence for this outcome.We downgraded the key outcomes in these two comparisons due to high risk of bias, inconsistency between the results, and imprecision. There is a need for large, well-designed international studies that evaluate long-term effects of current therapies and enable a reliable conclusion about treatments. Future trials should specify the species of leishmaniasis; trials on types caused by Leishmania infantum, L aethiopica, andL donovani are lacking. Research into the effects of treating women of childbearing age, children, people with comorbid conditions, and those who are immunocompromised would also be helpful.It was difficult to evaluate the overall efficacy of any of the numerous treatments due to the variable treatment regimens examined and because RCTs evaluated different Leishmania species and took place in different geographical areas. Some outcomes we looked for but did not find were degree of functional and aesthetic impairment, change in ability to detect Leishmania, quality of life, and emergence of resistance. There were only limited data on prevention of scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Heras‐Mosteiro
- Rey Juan Carlos UniversityDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health & Immunology and MicrobiologyAvda. Atenas s/nAlcorcónMadridSpain28922
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthMadridSpain
| | - Begoña Monge‐Maillo
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalTropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases DepartmentCarretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100MadridSpain28034
| | - Mariona Pinart
- c/o Cochrane Skin Group, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UKNottinghamUK
| | - Patricia Lopez Pereira
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthMadridSpain
| | | | - Emely Garcia‐Carrasco
- National Referral Centre for Tropical DiseasesInfectious Diseases DepartmentCtra Colmenar, Km 9,100.MadridSpain28034
| | - Pedro Campuzano Cuadrado
- Rey Juan Carlos UniversityDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health & Immunology and MicrobiologyAvda. Atenas s/nAlcorcónMadridSpain28922
| | - Ana Royuela
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute,Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaDepartment of BiostatisticsMajadahondaSpain28222
| | - Irene Mendez Roman
- The University of Nottinghamc/o Cochrane Skin GroupA103, King's Meadow CampusLenton LaneNottinghamSpainNG7 2NR
| | - Rogelio López‐Vélez
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalTropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases DepartmentCarretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100MadridSpain28034
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Heras‐Mosteiro J, Monge‐Maillo B, Pinart M, Lopez Pereira P, Garcia‐Carrasco E, Campuzano Cuadrado P, Royuela A, Mendez Roman I, López‐Vélez R. Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 11:CD005067. [PMID: 29149474 PMCID: PMC6486265 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005067.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by a parasitic infection, is considered one of the most serious skin diseases in many low- and middle-income countries. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (OWCL) is caused by species found in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and India. The most commonly prescribed treatments are antimonials, but other drugs have been used with varying success. As OWCL tends to heal spontaneously, it is necessary to justify the use of systemic and topical treatments. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2008. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of therapeutic interventions for the localised form of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. SEARCH METHODS We updated our searches of the following databases to November 2016: the Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS. We also searched five trials registers and checked the reference lists of included studies for further references to relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We wrote to national programme managers, general co-ordinators, directors, clinicians, WHO-EMRO regional officers of endemic countries, pharmaceutical companies, tropical medicine centres, and authors of relevant papers for further information about relevant unpublished and ongoing trials. We undertook a separate search for adverse effects of interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in September 2015 using MEDLINE. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of either single or combination treatments in immunocompetent people with OWCL confirmed by smear, histology, culture, or polymerase chain reaction. The comparators were either no treatment, placebo/vehicle, and/or another active compound. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias and extracted data. We only synthesised data when we were able to identify at least two studies investigating similar treatments and reporting data amenable to pooling. We also recorded data about adverse effects from the corresponding search. MAIN RESULTS We included 89 studies (of which 40 were new to this update) in 10,583 people with OWCL. The studies included were conducted mainly in the Far or Middle East at regional hospitals, local healthcare clinics, and skin disease research centres. Women accounted for 41.5% of the participants (range: 23% to 80%). The overall mean age of participants was 25 years (range 12 to 56). Most studies lasted between two to six months, with the longest lasting two years; average duration was four months. Most studies were at unclear or high risk for most bias domains. A lack of blinding and reporting bias were present in almost 40% of studies. Two trials were at low risk of bias for all domains. Trials reported the causative species poorly.Here we provide results for the two main comparisons identified: itraconazole (200 mg for six to eight weeks) versus placebo; and paromomycin ointment (15% plus 10% urea, twice daily for 14 days) versus vehicle.In the comparison of oral itraconazole versus placebo, at 2.5 months' follow up, 85/125 participants in the itraconazole group achieved complete cure compared to 54/119 in the placebo group (RR 3.70, 95% CI 0.35 to 38.99; 3 studies; 244 participants). In one study, microbiological or histopathological cure of skin lesions only occurred in the itraconazole group after a mean follow-up of 2.5 months (RR 17.00, 95% CI 0.47 to 612.21; 20 participants). However, although the analyses favour oral itraconazole for these outcomes, we cannot be confident in the results due to the very low certainty evidence. More side effects of mild abdominal pain and nausea (RR 2.36, 95% CI 0.74 to 7.47; 3 studies; 204 participants) and mild abnormal liver function (RR 3.08, 95% CI 0.53 to 17.98; 3 studies; 84 participants) occurred in the itraconazole group (as well as reports of headaches and dizziness), compared with the placebo group, but again we rated the certainty of evidence as very low so are unsure of the results.When comparing paromomycin with vehicle, there was no difference in the number of participants who achieved complete cure (RR of 1.00, 95% CI 0.86, 1.17; 383 participants, 2 studies) and microbiological or histopathological cure of skin lesions after a mean follow-up of 2.5 months (RR 1.03, CI 0.88 to 1.20; 383 participants, 2 studies), but the paromomycin group had more skin/local reactions (such as inflammation, vesiculation, pain, redness, or itch) (RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.67 to 3.01; 4 studies; 713 participants). For all of these outcomes, the certainty of evidence was very low, meaning we are unsure about these results.Trial authors did not report the percentage of lesions cured after the end of treatment or speed of healing for either of these key comparisons. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was very low-certainty evidence to support the effectiveness of itraconazole and paromomycin ointment for OWCL in terms of cure (i.e. microbiological or histopathological cure and percentage of participants completely cured). Both of these interventions incited more adverse effects, which were mild in nature, than their comparisons, but we could draw no conclusions regarding safety due to the very low certainty of the evidence for this outcome.We downgraded the key outcomes in these two comparisons due to high risk of bias, inconsistency between the results, and imprecision. There is a need for large, well-designed international studies that evaluate long-term effects of current therapies and enable a reliable conclusion about treatments. Future trials should specify the species of leishmaniasis; trials on types caused by Leishmania infantum, L aethiopica, andL donovani are lacking. Research into the effects of treating women of childbearing age, children, people with comorbid conditions, and those who are immunocompromised would also be helpful.It was difficult to evaluate the overall efficacy of any of the numerous treatments due to the variable treatment regimens examined and because RCTs evaluated different Leishmania species and took place in different geographical areas. Some outcomes we looked for but did not find were degree of functional and aesthetic impairment, change in ability to detect Leishmania, quality of life, and emergence of resistance. There were only limited data on prevention of scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Begoña Monge‐Maillo
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalTropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases DepartmentCarretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100MadridSpain28034
| | - Mariona Pinart
- c/o Cochrane Skin Group, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UKNottinghamUK
| | - Patricia Lopez Pereira
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthMadridSpain
| | - Emely Garcia‐Carrasco
- National Referral Centre for Tropical DiseasesInfectious Diseases DepartmentCtra Colmenar, Km 9,100.MadridSpain28034
| | - Pedro Campuzano Cuadrado
- Rey Juan Carlos UniversityDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health & Immunology and MicrobiologyAvda. Atenas s/nAlcorcónMadridSpain28922
| | - Ana Royuela
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute,Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaDepartment of BiostatisticsMajadahondaSpain28222
| | - Irene Mendez Roman
- The University of Nottinghamc/o Cochrane Skin GroupA103, King's Meadow CampusLenton LaneNottinghamSpainNG7 2NR
| | - Rogelio López‐Vélez
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalTropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases DepartmentCarretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100MadridSpain28034
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Artemisinin and its derivatives in treating protozoan infections beyond malaria. Pharmacol Res 2016; 117:192-217. [PMID: 27867026 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic protozoan diseases continue to rank among the world's greatest global health problems, which are also common among poor populations. Currently available drugs for treatment present drawbacks, urging the need for more effective, safer, and cheaper drugs. Artemisinin (ART) and its derivatives are some of the most important classes of antimalarial agents originally derived from Artemisia annua L. However, besides the outstanding antimalarial and antischistosomal activities, ART and its derivatives also possess activities against other parasitic protozoa. In this paper we review the activities of ART and its derivatives against protozoan parasites in vitro and in vivo, including Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Eimeria tenella, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Naegleria fowleri, Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Babesia spp. We conclude that ART and its derivatives may be good alternatives for treating other non-malarial protozoan infections in developing countries, although more studies are necessary before they can be applied clinically.
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Firoozeh F, Zahraei-Salehi T, Shahcheraghi F. Molecular clonality and detection of class 1 integron in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica isolates from animal and human in Iran. Microb Drug Resist 2015; 20:517-24. [PMID: 24866249 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 70 multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella isolates (44 human and 26 poultry) were examined. The conserved segment-PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR analysis, and DNA sequencing were used to determine the presence and cassette content of integrons. The genetic relatedness among the isolates was examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The rate of integron carriage for MDR Salmonella isolates was 91.4% and integron-positive isolates belonged to six distinct serovars. Out of 64 integron-positive isolates, only four Salmonella Paratyphi C isolates could transfer integrons to Escherichia coli K12 by conjugation. Thirty-three PFGE types were detected in 52 integron-positive isolates, including 22, 4, 3, 2, 1, and 1 patterns among Salmonella serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Paratyphi C, Paratyphi B, Paratyphi A, and Havana, respectively. The human and poultry Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from different regions with identical integrons had closely related PFGE patterns. Of the four integron-positive Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, the two poultry isolates with identical integron had very closely related PFGE patterns whereas the two human isolates with different integrons showed unrelated PFGE patterns. PFGE showed undistinguishable patterns in Salmonella Paratyphi C isolates with identical cassettes but revealed relatively unrelated patterns in those with different cassettes. Relatively unrelated and identical PFGE patterns were found in two Salmonella Paratyphi B and three Salmonella Paratyphi A isolates with the same integrons, respectively. In conclusion, PFGE patterns demonstrated more genetic relatedness among each Salmonella serovar with identical class 1 integrons than the same serovar with different class 1 integrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Firoozeh
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan, I.R. Iran
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Bruni B, Coran SA, Bartolucci G, Di Vaira M. 4-Amino-N-(3-meth-oxy-pyrazin-2-yl)benzene-sulfonamide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2663. [PMID: 21587634 PMCID: PMC2983257 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810038158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The overall molecular geometry of the title compound, C11H12N4O3S, is bent, with a dihedral angle of 89.24 (5)° between the best planes through the two aromatic rings. Each molecule behaves as a hydrogen-bond donor toward three different molecules, through its amidic and the two aminic H atoms, and it behaves as a hydrogen-bond acceptor from two other molecules via one of its sulfonamidic O atoms. In the crystal, molecules linked by N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form kinked layers parallel to (001), adjacent layers being connected by van der Waals interactions.
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