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Sridhar S, Forrest S, Pickard D, Cormie C, Lees EA, Thomson NR, Dougan G, Baker S. Inhibitory Concentrations of Ciprofloxacin Induce an Adaptive Response Promoting the Intracellular Survival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. mBio 2021; 12:e0109321. [PMID: 34154399 PMCID: PMC8262899 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01093-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing global health crisis, which has been fueled by the sustained use of certain classes of antimicrobials, including fluoroquinolones. While the genetic mutations responsible for decreased fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) susceptibility are known, the implications of ciprofloxacin exposure on bacterial growth, survival, and interactions with host cells are not well described. Aiming to understand the influence of inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin in vitro, we subjected three clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to differing concentrations of ciprofloxacin, dependent on their MICs, and assessed the impact on bacterial growth, morphology, and transcription. We further investigated the differential morphology and transcription that occurred following ciprofloxacin exposure and measured the ability of ciprofloxacin-treated bacteria to invade and replicate in host cells. We found that ciprofloxacin-exposed S. Typhimurium is able to recover from inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin and that the drug induces specific morphological and transcriptional signatures associated with the bacterial SOS response, DNA repair, and intracellular survival. In addition, ciprofloxacin-treated S. Typhimurium has increased capacity for intracellular replication in comparison to that of untreated organisms. These data suggest that S. Typhimurium undergoes an adaptive response under ciprofloxacin perturbation that promotes cellular survival, a consequence that may justify more measured use of ciprofloxacin for Salmonella infections. The combination of multiple experimental approaches provides new insights into the collateral effects that ciprofloxacin and other antimicrobials have on invasive bacterial pathogens. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance is a critical concern in global health. In particular, there is rising resistance to fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, a first-line antimicrobial for many Gram-negative pathogens. We investigated the adaptive response of clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to ciprofloxacin, finding that the bacteria adapt in short timespans to high concentrations of ciprofloxacin in a way that promotes intracellular survival during early infection. Importantly, by studying three clinically relevant isolates, we were able to show that individual isolates respond differently to ciprofloxacin and that for each isolate, there was a heterogeneous response under ciprofloxacin treatment. The heterogeneity that arises from ciprofloxacin exposure may drive survival and proliferation of Salmonella during treatment and lead to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Sridhar
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Forrest
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Pickard
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Cormie
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily A. Lees
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Zhang CZ, Zhang Y, Ding XM, Lin XL, Lian XL, Trampari E, Thomson NM, Ding HZ, Webber MA, Jiang HX. Emergence of ciprofloxacin heteroresistance in foodborne Salmonella enterica serovar Agona. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:2773-2779. [PMID: 32747937 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial heteroresistance has been increasingly identified as an important phenomenon for many antibiotic/bacterium combinations. OBJECTIVES To investigate ciprofloxacin heteroresistance in Salmonella and characterize mechanisms contributing to ciprofloxacin heteroresistance. METHODS Ciprofloxacin-heteroresistant Salmonella were identified by population analysis profiling (PAP). Target mutations and the presence of PMQR genes were detected using PCR and sequencing. Expression of acrB, acrF and qnrS was conducted by quantitative RT-PCR. Competition ability and virulence were also compared using pyrosequencing, blue/white screening, adhesion and invasion assays and a Galleria model. Two subpopulations were whole-genome sequenced using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina platforms. RESULTS PAP identified one Salmonella from food that yielded a subpopulation demonstrating heteroresistance to ciprofloxacin at a low frequency (10-9 to 10-7). WGS and PFGE analyses confirmed that the two subpopulations were isogenic, with six SNPs and two small deletions distinguishing the resistant from the susceptible. Both subpopulations possessed a T57S substitution in ParC and carried qnrS. The resistant subpopulation was distinguished by overexpression of acrB and acrF, a deletion within rsxC and altered expression of soxS. The resistant population had a competitive advantage against the parental population when grown in the presence of bile salts but was attenuated in the adhesion and invasion of human intestinal cells. CONCLUSIONS We determined that heteroresistance resulted from a combination of mutations in fluoroquinolone target genes and overexpression of efflux pumps associated with a deletion in rsxC. This study warns that ciprofloxacin heteroresistance exists in Salmonella in the food chain and highlights the necessity for careful interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Zhen Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Min Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin-Lei Lian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Eleftheria Trampari
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Nicholas M Thomson
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Huan-Zhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hong-Xia Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Soltan Dallal MM, Ehrampoush MH, Aminharati F, Dehghani Tafti AA, Yaseri M, Memariani M. Associations between climatic parameters and the human salmonellosis in Yazd province, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109706. [PMID: 32485358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in developing countries. Climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity can directly increase the growth and spread of these pathogens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate long-term temporal trends and seasonal patterns of Salmonella infections as well as evaluating the effects of demographic and climatic factors on the infection incidence in Yazd province, Iran during 2012-2015. The incidence of Salmonella infections was highest among patients with the age group of ≤5 years and peaked in summer, especially during June. Contrary to expectations, no significant associations were seen between the average monthly temperature, rainfall or humidity and incidence rate (IR) of salmonellosis. Interestingly, atmospheric dust hovering was significantly associated with an increased risk of salmonellosis. Transmission pathways of Salmonella spp. in communities should be considered as a complex ecological process that animal reservoirs, socio-economic factors, and lifestyle behaviors need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Aminharati
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Ali Dehghani Tafti
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Memariani
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Genome analysis reveals insights into high-resistance and virulence of Salmonella Enteritidis involved in foodborne outbreaks. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 306:108269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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5
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Kuang D, Zhang J, Xu X, Shi W, Chen S, Yang X, Su X, Shi X, Meng J. Emerging high-level ciprofloxacin resistance and molecular basis of resistance in Salmonella enterica from humans, food and animals. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 280:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zhang CZ, Ren SQ, Chang MX, Chen PX, Ding HZ, Jiang HX. Resistance mechanisms and fitness of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis mutants evolved under selection with ciprofloxacin in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9113. [PMID: 28831084 PMCID: PMC5567280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in resistance mechanisms and fitness of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) and Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) mutants selected during the evolution of resistance under exposure to increasing ciprofloxacin concentrations in vitro. Mutations in quinolone target genes were screened by PCR. Phenotypic characterization included susceptibility testing by the broth dilution method, investigation of efflux activity and growth rate, and determination of the invasion of human intestinal epithelium cells in vitro. The two Salmonella serotypes exhibited differences in target gene mutations and efflux pump gene expression during the development of resistance. In the parental strains, ST had a competitive advantage over SE. During the development of resistance, initially, the SE strain was more competitive. However, once ciprofloxacin resistance was acquired, ST once again became the more competitive strain. In the absence of bile salts or at 0.1% bile, the growth rate of SE was initially greater than that of ST, but once ciprofloxacin resistance was acquired, ST had higher growth rates. ST strains showed decreased invasion of epithelial cells in 0.1% bile. These data indicate that ciprofloxacin-resistant ST strains are more competitive than ciprofloxacin-resistant SE strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Zhen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, 510642, China.,National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Si-Qi Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, 510642, China.,National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Man-Xia Chang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, 510642, China.,National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Pin-Xian Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, 510642, China.,National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huan-Zhong Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, 510642, China.,National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hong-Xia Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Borges KA, Furian TQ, de Souza SN, Tondo EC, Streck AF, Salle CTP, de Souza Moraes HL, do Nascimento VP. Spread of a Major Clone of Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis in Poultry and in Salmonellosis Outbreaks in Southern Brazil. J Food Prot 2017; 80:158-163. [PMID: 28221880 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are among the most important agents of foodborne diseases all over the world. Human Salmonella outbreaks are often associated with the consumption of poultry products (meat and eggs), and one of the most prevalent serotypes associated with these products is Salmonella Enteritidis. Brazil is one of the most important poultry exporters in the world. In southern Brazil, three closely related clones of Salmonella Enteritidis have been responsible for the majority of foodborne Salmonella outbreaks over the past decade. However, until now, there has been little information regarding the clonal relationship among the Brazilian Salmonella strains of avian origin and those involved in foodborne outbreaks. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to complete the molecular characterization of Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated from poultry and food sources involved in Salmonella outbreaks. PCR ribotyping was performed to discriminate the strains into different ribotype profiles according to the banding pattern amplification. This technique was able to differentiate the Salmonella Enteritidis strains into two banding patterns: R2 and R4. R2 accounted for 98.7% of the strains. DNA sequencing of the 600-bp fragment, present in all ribotypes, was applied to confirm this result. The sequences generated showed high levels of similarity, ranging from 99.7 to 100%, and were grouped into a single cluster. These results suggest that there is a clonal relationship among the Salmonella Enteritidis strains responsible for several salmonellosis outbreaks and the strains collected from poultry sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Apellanis Borges
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Thales Quedi Furian
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Sara Neves de Souza
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo César Tondo
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Agronomia, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil
| | - André Felipe Streck
- Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tadeu Pippi Salle
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Luiz de Souza Moraes
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Pinheiro do Nascimento
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 8824, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91540-000, Brazil
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Fàbrega A, Ballesté-Delpierre C, Vila J. Differential impact of ramRA mutations on both ramA transcription and decreased antimicrobial susceptibility in Salmonella Typhimurium. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:617-24. [PMID: 26679248 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was focused on analysing the heterogeneity of mutations occurring in the regulators of efflux-mediated MDR in Salmonella Typhimurium. Moreover, the impact of such mutations on impairing the transcription of ramA, acrB, tolC and acrF was also assessed as was the impact on the resistance or decreased susceptibility phenotype. METHODS Strains were selected in vitro under increasing ciprofloxacin concentrations. Etest and broth microdilution tests were used to determine the MICs of several unrelated compounds. Screening of mutations in the quinolone target genes and MDR regulators was performed. RT-PCR analysis was used to detect the levels of expression of acrB, tolC, ompF, acrF, emrB, acrR, ramA, soxS and marA. RESULTS All mutant strains showed increased MICs of most of the antimicrobials tested, with the exception of kanamycin. Mutations in the quinolone target genes did not occur in all the mutants, which all harboured mutations in the ramRA regulatory region. All the mutants overexpressed ramA, tolC and acrB (only tested in 60-wt derivatives), whereas differential results were seen for the remaining genes. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in the ramRA region related to resistance and/or decreased susceptibility to antimicrobials predominate in Salmonella. There is heterogeneity in the types of mutations, with deletions affecting RamR-binding sites having a greater impact on ramA expression and the MDR phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fàbrega
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Ballesté-Delpierre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vila
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clínic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Ballesté-Delpierre C, Fàbrega A, Ferrer-Navarro M, Mathur R, Ghosh S, Vila J. Attenuation of in vitro host-pathogen interactions in quinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhi mutants. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:111-22. [PMID: 26446080 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship between quinolone resistance acquisition and invasion impairment has been studied in some Salmonella enterica serovars. However, little information has been reported regarding the invasive human-restricted pathogen Salmonella Typhi. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of quinolone resistance acquisition and its impact on virulence in this serovar. METHODS Two antibiotic-resistant mutants (Ty_c1 and Ty_c2) were generated from a Salmonella Typhi clinical isolate (Ty_wt). The three strains were compared in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility, molecular mechanisms of resistance, gene expression of virulence-related factors, ability to invade eukaryotic cells (human epithelial cells and macrophages) and cytokine production. RESULTS Multidrug resistance in Ty_c2 was attributed to AcrAB/TolC overproduction, decreased OmpF (both mediated by the mar regulon) and decreased OmpC. The two mutants showed a gradually reduced expression of virulence-related genes (invA, hilA, hilD, fliC and fimA), correlating with decreased motility, reduced infection of HeLa cells and impaired uptake by and intracellular survival in human macrophages. Moreover, Ty_c2 also showed reduced tviA expression. Additionally, we revealed a significant reduction in TNF-α and IL-1β production and decreased NF-κB activation. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we provide an in-depth characterization of the molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in the Salmonella Typhi serovar and evidence that acquisition of antimicrobial resistance is concomitantly detected with a loss of virulence (epithelial cell invasion, macrophage phagocytosis and cytokine production). We suggest that the low prevalence of clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi highly resistant to ciprofloxacin is due to poor immunogenicity and impaired dissemination ability of these isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ballesté-Delpierre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 149-153 Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Anna Fàbrega
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 149-153 Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Mario Ferrer-Navarro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 149-153 Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Ramkumar Mathur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jordi Vila
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 149-153 Barcelona, 08036, Spain
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Multidrug Efflux Systems in Microaerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015; 4:379-96. [PMID: 27025630 PMCID: PMC4790292 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics4030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Active drug efflux constitutes an important mechanism of antibiotic and multidrug resistance in bacteria. Understanding the distribution, expression, and physiological functions of multidrug efflux pumps, especially under physiologically and clinically relevant conditions of the pathogens, is the key to combat drug resistance. In animal hosts, most wounded, infected and inflamed tissues display low oxygen tensions. In this article, we summarize research development on multidrug efflux pumps in the medicinally relevant microaerobic and anaerobic pathogens and their implications in the effort to combat drug-resistant infections.
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11
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Monte DFM, Tavares AG, Albuquerque AR, Sampaio FC, Oliveira TCRM, Franco OL, Souza EL, Magnani M. Tolerance response of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica strains to habituation to Origanum vulgare L. essential oil. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:721. [PMID: 25566231 PMCID: PMC4271697 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica isolates from human outbreaks or from poultry origin were investigated for their ability to develop direct-tolerance or cross-tolerance to sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lactic acid, acetic acid, and ciprofloxacin after habituation in subinhibitory amounts ( of the minimum inhibitory concentration - (MIC) and of the minimum inhibitory concentration - MIC) of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil (OVEO) at different time intervals. The habituation of S. enterica to OVEO did not induce direct-tolerance or cross-tolerance in the tested strains, as assessed by the modulation of MIC values. However, cells habituated to OVEO maintained or increased susceptibility to the tested antimicrobials agents, with up to fourfold double dilution decrease from previously determined MIC values. This study reports for the first time the non-inductive effect of OVEO on the acquisition of direct-tolerance or cross-tolerance in multidrug-resistant S. enterica strains to antimicrobial agents that are largely used in food preservation, as well as to CIP, the therapeutic drug of salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F M Monte
- Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Paraiba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Adassa G Tavares
- Department of Nutrition, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Allan R Albuquerque
- Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fábio C Sampaio
- Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Tereza C R M Oliveira
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Londrina State University Londrina, Brazil
| | - Octavio L Franco
- Center of Biochemical and Proteomic Analysis, Catholic University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil ; S-Inova, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Evandro L Souza
- Department of Nutrition, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes in Foods, Department of Food Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Paraiba João Pessoa, Brazil
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