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O'Connor M, O'Connor PM, Hourigan D, Murray E, de Farias FM, Field D, Hill C, Ross RP. Screening canine sources for novel antimicrobials reveals the circular broad-spectrum bacteriocin, caledonicin, produced by Staphylococcus caledonicus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1470988. [PMID: 39252830 PMCID: PMC11381294 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1470988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens present an ongoing threat to human and animal health, with deaths linked to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) predicted to increase annually. While the misuse and overuse of antibiotics in humans undoubtedly contribute to this escalation, antibiotic use in the veterinary field, including companion animals, also plays a contributing role. Pet owners' desire to improve the quality of life of their pets is likely to support antibiotic use in this field. Consequently, there is a need for antibiotic alternatives to treat bacterial infections. This study set out to screen for antimicrobial peptides known as bacteriocins from bacterial isolates of aerobic/microaerophilic environments of canine sources and determine their potential as antibiotic alternatives against clinically relevant pathogens. Methods Following a laboratory-based protocol, 22 bacterial isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and a total of 14 putative novel bacteriocins were identified from both class I and II bacteriocin classes. One particular bacteriocin, herein named caledonicin, was identified via in silico analysis from a Staphylococcus caledonicus strain and partially purified for further in vitro evaluation. Results Caledonicin is a 64-amino acid (IAANLGVSSGTAYS MANALNNISNVATA LTIIGTFTGVGTIGSGIA ATILAILKKKGVAAAAAF) novel circular bacteriocin most closely related to enterocin_NKR-5-3B based on core peptide alignment (39.1%), with a molecular weight of 6077.1 Da. Caledonicin exhibits a broad-spectrum of activity against a range of pathogenic bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), and Listeria monocytogenes; and the gut-related bacterium associated with Crohn's disease, Mediterraneibacter gnavus ATCC 29149 (previously Ruminococcus gnavus ATCC 29149). Discussion This represents the first bacteriocin screening study involving bacteria from canine sources and confirms this is a rich environment for bacteriocin-producing strains. This study also identifies and characterises the first novel bacteriocin from the staphylococcal species, Staphylococcus caledonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle O'Connor
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paula M O'Connor
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - David Hourigan
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ellen Murray
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Des Field
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Yadav MK, Tiwari SK. Mechanism of Cell-Killing Activity of Plantaricin LD1 Against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04927-1. [PMID: 38526659 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Plantaricin LD1 was purified from a potential probiotic strain, Lactobacillus plantarum LD1 previously isolated from indigenous food, Dosa. In this study, we have performed a detailed mechanism of action of plantaricin LD1 against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 considering Micrococcus luteus MTCC 106 as control. The plantaricin LD1 showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 34.57 µg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 138.3 µg/mL against M. luteus MTCC 106, whereas MIC 69.15 µg/mL and MBC 276.6 µg/mL were found against E. coli ATCC 25922. The efflux of potassium ions, dissipation of membrane potential (∆ψ), and transmembrane pH gradient (∆pH) of plantaricin LD1-treated cells suggested the membrane-acting nature of plantaricin LD1. Plantaricin LD1 also caused degradation of the genomic DNA of the target strains tested. The cell killing was confirmed by staining with propidium iodide and visualized under light and electron microscopes. The bacteriocin-treated cells were found to be ruptured, swollen, and elongated. Thus, the findings indicate plantaricin LD1 kills E. coli ATCC 25922 by interacting with the cell membrane resulting in the efflux of intracellular contents and also causing degradation of nucleic acids leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
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Garmasheva IL, Oleschenko LT. Screening of bacteriocin-producing dairy Enterococcus strains using low-cost culture media. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1168835. [PMID: 37333643 PMCID: PMC10272557 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1168835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to select the bacteriocinogenic strains among Enterococcus strains isolated from Ukrainian traditional dairy products using a low-cost media for screening, that containing molasses and steep corn liquor. A total of 475 Enterococcus spp. strains were screened for antagonistic activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes indicator strains. The initial screening revealed that 34 Enterococcus strains during growth in low-cost medium containing corn steep liquor, peptone, yeast extract, and sucrose produced metabolites with inhibition activity against at least of the indicator strains used. Enterocin genes entA, entP, and entB were detected in 5 Enterococcus strains by PCR assay. Genes of enterocins A and P were found in E. faecalis 58 and Enterococcus sp. 226 strains, enterocins B and P - in Enterococcus sp. 423, enterocin A - in E. faecalis 888 and E. durans 248 strains. Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) produced by these Enterococcus strains were thermostable and sensitive to proteolytic enzymes. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of enterocin-producing wild Enterococcus strains from traditional Ukrainian dairy products using a low-cost media for screening bacteriocinogenic strains. Strains E. faecalis 58, Enterococcus sp. 423, and Enterococcus sp. 226 are promising candidates for practical use as producers of bacteriocins with inhibitory activity against L. monocytogenes using molasses and steep corn liquor as cheap sources of carbon and nitrogen, that can significantly reduce the cost of industrial bacteriocin production. Further studies will be required to determine the dynamic of bacteriocin production, its structure, and mechanisms of antibacterial action.
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Lauková A, Micenková L, Kubašová I, Bino E, Kandričáková A, Plachá I, Štrkolcová G, Gálik B, Kováčik A, Halo M, Simonová MP. Microbiota, Phagocytic Activity, Biochemical Parameters and Parasite Control in Horses with Application of Autochthonous, Bacteriocin-Producing, Probiotic Strain Enterococcus faecium EF 412. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:139-148. [PMID: 35119612 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial influence of bacteriocin-producing, probiotic, mostly non-autochthonous bacteria has already been reported in various animals. However, their use in horses provides limited information, and results with autochthonous bacteria have not been reported. Therefore, the main objective of this model study was to test the effect of autochthonous, bacteriocin-producing faecal strain Enterococcus faecium EF 412 application in horses. One gram of freeze-dried EF 412 strain (109 CFU/mL for 21 days) was applied to horses in a small feed ball. Clinically healthy horses (12), Slovak warm-blood breed of various ages (5-13 years), were involved in a 35-day-long experiment, also functioning as control for themselves. They were stabled in separate boxes (university property), fed twice a day (hay, whole oats or grazed) with water access ad libitum. Sampling was performed at the start of the experiment, i.e. at days 0/1, 21 (3 weeks of EF 412 application) and at day 35 (2 weeks of EF 412 cessation). EF 412 colonized GIT of horses was 3.54 ± 0.75 CFU/g (log 10) at day 21. The eggs of the nematode Strongylus spp. were not found in horses after EF 412 application, and Eimeria spp. oocysts were similarly not found. The other microbiota were not reduced as evaluated by the use of standard method. Using next-generation sequencing, at phylum level, phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominated and at family level, they were Bacteroidales BS11 and S24-7 gut goups and Lentisphaerae. In horses, the increasing tendency in phagocytic activity was noted after EF 412 application. Biochemical parameters were in the physiological range. Total protein value was significantly decreased at day 21 compared with day 0/1 as well as with day 35 (P < 0.05). Cholesterol and triglycerides were influenced (decreased) at day 21 compared with day 0/1 and day 35. Neither nematode eggs Strongylus spp. nor Eimeria spp. oocysts were found in faeces after EF 412 application. Autochthonous, faecal strain E. faecium EF 412 showed promising application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lauková
- Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. Institute of Animal Physiology, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Lenka Micenková
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kotlárska 2, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Kubašová
- Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. Institute of Animal Physiology, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Eva Bino
- Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. Institute of Animal Physiology, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Anna Kandričáková
- Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. Institute of Animal Physiology, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Plachá
- Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. Institute of Animal Physiology, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Štrkolcová
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 83, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Gálik
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sources, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Anton Kováčik
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sources, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Marko Halo
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sources, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku, 949 76, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Monika Pogány Simonová
- Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. Institute of Animal Physiology, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
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Slovak Local Ewe's Milk Lump Cheese, a Source of Beneficial Enterococcus durans Strain. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123091. [PMID: 34945639 PMCID: PMC8701886 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Slovak ewe's milk lump cheese is produced from unpasteurized ewe's milk without any added culture. Because of the traditional processing and shaping by hand into a lump, this cheese was given the traditional specialty guaranteed (TSG) label. Up till now, there have existed only limited detailed studies of individual microbiota and their benefits in ewe's milk lump cheese. Therefore, this study has been focused on the beneficial properties and safety of Enterococcus durans strains with the aim to contribute to basic dairy microbiology but also for further application potential and strategy. The total enterococcal count in cheeses reached 3.93 CFU/g (log 10) ± 1.98 on average. Based on a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry evaluation, the strains were allotted to the species E. durans (score, 1.781-2.245). The strains were gelatinase and hemolysis-negative (γ-hemolysis) and were mostly susceptible to commercial antibiotics. Among the strains, E. durans ED26E/7 produced the highest value of lactase enzyme β-galactosidase (10 nmoL). ED26E/7 was absent of virulence factor genes such as Hyl (hyaluronidase), IS 16 element and gelatinase (GelE). To test safety, ED26E/7 did not cause mortality in Balb/c mice. Its partially purified bacteriocin substance showed the highest inhibition activity/bioactivity against Gram-positive indicator bacteria: the principal indicator Enterococcus avium EA5 (102,400 AU/mL), Staphylococcus aureus SA5 and listeriae (25,600 AU/mL). Moreover, 16 staphylococci (out of 22) were inhibited (100 AU/mL), and the growth of 36 (out of 51) enterococcal indicators was as well. After further technological tests, E. durans ED26E/7, with its bacteriocin substance, can be supposed as a promising additive to dairy products.
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Enterococcal Species Associated with Slovak Raw Goat Milk, Their Safety and Susceptibility to Lantibiotics and Durancin ED26E/7. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Goat milk has become a popular item of human consumption due to its originality. Enterococci are ubiquitous bacteria, and they can also be found in traditional dairy products. This study focuses on the safety of enterococci from Slovak raw goat milk and on their susceptibility to lantibiotic bacteriocins and durancin ED26E/7, which has not previously been studied. Biofilm formation ability in enterococci, virulence factor genes, enzyme production and antibiotic profile were investigated. Samples of raw goat milk (53) were collected from 283 goats in Slovakia. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identified three enterococcal species: Enterococcus faecium, E. hirae and E. mundtii, with dominant occurrence of the species E. faecium. Low-grade biofilm formation ability (0.1 ≤ A570 < 1.0) was found in four strains of E. faecium. Gelatinase, hyaluronidase, aggregation substance and enterococcal surface protein genes were absent in these enterococci. Gene efaAfm (adhesin) was detected in five E. faecium strains. However, it was not detected in biofilm-forming strains. Enterococci detected in Slovak raw goat milk were found not to have pathogenic potential; four strains even produced high amounts of useful β-galactosidase. The strains were susceptible to lantibiotic bacteriocin treatment and to durancin ED26E/7 as well, which represents original information in dairy production.
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Bacteriocins from Lactic Acid Bacteria. A Powerful Alternative as Antimicrobials, Probiotics, and Immunomodulators in Veterinary Medicine. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040979. [PMID: 33915717 PMCID: PMC8067144 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for an alternative treatment to reduce antimicrobial resistance, bacteriocins shine a light on reducing this problem in public and animal health. Bacteriocins are peptides synthesized by bacteria that can inhibit the growth of other bacteria and fungi, parasites, and viruses. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a group of bacteria that produce bacteriocins; their mechanism of action can replace antibiotics and prevent bacterial resistance. In veterinary medicine, LAB and bacteriocins have been used as antimicrobials and probiotics. However, another critical role of bacteriocins is their immunomodulatory effect. This review shows the advances in applying bacteriocins in animal production and veterinary medicine, highlighting their biological roles.
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Yang JM, Moon GS. Partial Characterization of an Anti-Listerial Bacteriocin from Enterococcus faecium CJNU 2524. Food Sci Anim Resour 2021; 41:164-171. [PMID: 33506226 PMCID: PMC7810390 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a representative foodborne pathogen
and causes listeriosis. Enterococcus faecium CJNU 2524 was
confirmed to produce a bacteriocin with anti-listerial activity. To establish
optimal culture conditions for the production of the bacteriocin from E.
faecium CJNU 2524, different media (MRS and BHI broth) and
temperatures (25°C, 30°C, and 37°C) were investigated. The
results showed that the optimal culture conditions were MRS broth and
25°C or 30°C temperatures. The crude bacteriocin was stable in a
broad range of pH conditions (2.0–10.0), temperatures
(60°C–100°C), and organic solvents (methanol, ethanol,
acetone, acetonitrile, and chloroform). The bacteriocin activity was abolished
when treated with protease but not α-amylase or lipase, indicating the
proteinaceous nature of the bacteriocin. Finally, the bacteriocin showed a
bactericidal mode of action against L. monocytogenes.
Therefore, it can be a biopreservative candidate for controlling L.
monocytogenes in dairy and meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Mo Yang
- Major of Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong 27909, Korea
| | - Gi-Seong Moon
- Major of Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong 27909, Korea
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Lauková A, Focková V, Pogány Simonová M. Enterococcus mundtii Isolated from Slovak Raw Goat Milk and Its Bacteriocinogenic Potential. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249504. [PMID: 33352988 PMCID: PMC7765995 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are lactic acid bacteria. Most of them can adapt well to the food system due to their salt and acid-tolerance. Moreover, many enterococcal species have been found to produce antimicrobial substances of proteinaceous character, i.e., bacteriocins/enterocins. In this study, Enterococcus mundtii EM ML2/2 with bacteriocinogenic potential was identified in Slovak raw goat milk. This strain demonstrated inhibition activity against up to 36% of Gram-positive indicator bacteria, and in concentrated form the bacteriocin substance (pH 6.3) showed the highest inhibition activity (1600 AU/mL) against the principal indicator strain E. avium EA5. Semi-purified substance (SPS) EM ML2/2 produced inhibition activity up to 3200 AU/mL. Concentrated bacteriocin substance and SPS maintained active (inhibition activity up to 100 AU/mL) for three months under −20 °C storage conditions. The strain showed susceptible antibiotic profile, and it did not form biofilm. No production of damaging enzymes was noted. It was nonhemolytic, as well as DNase, and gelatinase-negative. It grew well in skim milk, and it was salt and acid-tolerant. The bacteriocin potential of E. mundtii species isolated from Slovak raw goat milk has not previously been detected, so this is an original contribution which may stimulate addtitional research and application studies.
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