Preparation and physicochemical stability of 50 mg/mL hydroxychloroquine oral suspension in SyrSpendⓇ SF PH4 (dry)

Research and development of Chinese anti-COVID-19 drugs

The outbreak and spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlighted the importance and urgency of the research and development of therapeutic drugs. Very early into the COVID-19 pandemic, China has begun developing drugs, with some notable progress. Herein, we summarizes the anti-COVID-19 drugs and promising drug candidates originally developed and researched in China. Furthermore, we discussed the developmental prospects, mechanisms of action, and advantages and disadvantages of the anti-COVID-19 drugs in development, with the aim to contribute to the rational use of drugs in COVID-19 treatment and more effective development of new drugs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the variants. Neutralizing antibody is an effective approach to overcome COVID-19. However, drug resistance induced by rapid virus mutation will likely to challenge neutralizing antibodies. Taking into account current epidemic trends, small molecule drugs have a crucial role in fighting COVID-19 due to their significant advantage of convenient administration and affordable and broad-spectrum. Traditional Chinese medicines, including natural products and traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions, contribute to the treatment of COVID-19 due to their unique mechanism of action. Currently, the research and development of Chinese anti-COVID-19 drugs have led to some promising achievements, thus prompting us to expect even more rapidly available solutions.

A simple and efficient derivatization strategy combined with switchable solvent liquid-liquid microextraction hydroxychloroquine methyl acetate-d3 -based quadruple isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry for the determination of hydroxychloroquine sulfate in biological fluids

RATIONALE

A derivatization switchable solvent liquid-liquid microextraction quadruple isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry (D-SS-LLME-ID⁴ -GC/MS) method is presented for the determination of hydroxychloroquine sulfate in human biofluids.

METHODS

While mixing type/period and concentration of NaOH were optimized via a univariate optimization approach, a multivariate optimization approach was used to determine optimum values for relatively more important parameters such as volumes of derivatization agent (acetic anhydride), NaOH and switchable solvent.

RESULTS

Under the optimum experimental conditions, limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated as 0.03 and 0.09 mg/kg (mass based), respectively. An isotopically labelled material (hydroxychloroquine methyl acetate-d₃ ) was firstly synthesized to be used in ID⁴ experiments which give highly accurate and precise recovery results. After the application of D-SS-LLME-ID⁴ , superior percent recovery results were recorded as 99.9 ± 1.6-101.3 ± 1.2 for human serum, 99.9 ± 1.7-99.8 ± 1.8 for urine and 99.6 ± 1.5-101.0 ± 1.1 for saliva samples.

CONCLUSIONS

The developed D-SS-LLME-ID⁴ -GC/MS method compensates the complicated matrix effects of human biofluids and provides highly accurate quantification of an analyte with precise results.