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Bilal M, Ashraf SS, Cui J, Lou WY, Franco M, Mulla SI, Iqbal HMN. Harnessing the biocatalytic attributes and applied perspectives of nanoengineered laccases-A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 166:352-373. [PMID: 33129906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the recent past, numerous new types of nanostructured carriers, as support matrices, have been engineered to advance the traditional enzyme immobilization strategies. The current research aimed to develop a robust enzyme-based biocatalytic platform and its effective deployment in the industrial biotechnology sectors at large and catalysis area, in particular, as low-cost biocatalytic systems. Suitable coordination between the target enzyme molecules and surface pendent multifunctional entities of nanostructured carriers has led an effective and significant contribution in myriad novel industrial, biotechnological, and biomedical applications. As compared to the immobilization on planar two-dimensional (2-D) surface, the unique physicochemical, structural and functional attributes of nano-engineered matrices, such as high surface-to-volume ratio, surface area, robust chemical and mechanical stability, surface pendant functional groups, outstanding optical, thermal, and electrical characteristics, resulted in the concentration of the immobilized entity being substantially higher, which is highly requisite from applied bio-catalysis perspective. Besides inherited features, nanostructured materials-based enzyme immobilization aided additional features, such as (1) ease in the preparation or green synthesis route, (2) no or minimal use of surfactants and harsh reagents, (3) homogeneous and well-defined core-shell nanostructures with thick enzyme shell, and (4) nano-size can be conveniently tailored within utility limits, as compared to the conventional enzyme immobilization. Moreover, the growing catalytic needs can be fulfilled by multi-enzymes co-immobilization on these nanostructured materials-based support matrices. This review spotlights the unique structural and functional attributes of several nanostructured materials, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and its derivate constructs, nanoparticles, nanoflowers, and metal-organic frameworks as robust matrices for laccase immobilization. The later half of the review focuses on the applied perspective of immobilized laccases for the degradation of emergent contaminants, biosensing cues, and lignin deconstruction and high-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jiandong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- Lab of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Marcelo Franco
- Department of Exact and Technological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, 45654-370 Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Sikandar I Mulla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
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Bebić J, Banjanac K, Ćorović M, Milivojević A, Simović M, Marinković A, Bezbradica D. Immobilization of laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila on functionalized silica nanoparticles: Optimization and application in lindane degradation. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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3
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Tunable Effect of the Calcination of the Silanol Groups of KIT-6 and SBA-15 Mesoporous Materials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10030970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The calcination process is a crucial step during SBA-15 and KIT-6 synthesis. It is used to completely remove the organic template and condense silanol groups, and it allows the determination of the textural and physical properties of these materials, depending on the adopted conditions. Moreover, calcination influences the number of silanols available on the surface of the material. The concentration of silanols is important if these materials were synthesized for use in adsorption or functionalization. To understand and optimize the silanol groups of SBA-15 and KIT-6, in this study, the temperature and time calcination parameters were varied. The experiments were performed at 300, 400, and 500 °C for 300, 400, and 500 min. The results show that the ideal temperature to preserve the silanol groups is 300 °C, but to optimize the textural properties, it is better to calcine these molecular sieves at 400 °C. A calcination for 10 h did not give better results than a calcination for 5 h, demonstrating that the former duration is excessive for use.
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Sharifi M, Sohrabi MJ, Hosseinali SH, Hasan A, Kani PH, Talaei AJ, Karim AY, Nanakali NMQ, Salihi A, Aziz FM, Yan B, Khan RH, Saboury AA, Falahati M. Enzyme immobilization onto the nanomaterials: Application in enzyme stability and prodrug-activated cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 143:665-676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Gamasaee NA, Muhammad HA, Tadayon E, Ale-Ebrahim M, Mirpour M, Sharifi M, Salihi A, Shekha MS, Alasady AAB, Aziz FM, Akhtari K, Hasan A, Falahati M. The effects of nickel oxide nanoparticles on structural changes, heme degradation, aggregation of hemoglobin and expression of apoptotic genes in lymphocytes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:3676-3686. [PMID: 31476976 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1662850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) have received great interests in medical and biotechnological applications. However, their adverse impacts against biological systems have not been well-explored. Herein, the influence of NiO NPs on structural changes, heme degradation and aggregation of hemoglobin (Hb) was evaluated by UV-visible (Vis) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and molecular modeling investigations. Also, the morphological changes and expression of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA in human lymphocyte cell exposed to NiO NPs were assayed by DAPI staining and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), respectively. The UV-Vis study depicted that NiO NPs resulted in the displacement of aromatic residues and heme groups and production of the pro-aggregatory species. Intrinsic and Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence studies revealed that NiO NPs resulted in heme degradation and amorphous aggregation of Hb, respectively, which the latter result was also confirmed by TEM study. Moreover, far UV-CD study depicted that NiO NPs lead to substantial secondary structural changes of Hb. Furthermore, near UV-CD displayed that NiO NPs cause quaternary conformational changes of Hb as well as heme displacement. Molecular modelling study also approved that NiO NPs resulted in structural alterations of Hb and heme deformation. Moreover, morphological and genotoxicity assays revealed that the DNA fragmentation and expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA increased in lymphocyte cells treated with NiO NPs for 24 hr. In conclusion, this study indicates that NiO NPs may affect the biological media and their applications should be limited.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Abbasi Gamasaee
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hawzheen A Muhammad
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Elahe Tadayon
- Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ale-Ebrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mirsasan Mirpour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Lahijan, Guilan, Iran
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Salihi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.,Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mudhir Sabir Shekha
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.,Department of Pathological Analysis, College of Science, Knowledge University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Asaad A B Alasady
- Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Falah Mohammad Aziz
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Keivan Akhtari
- Department of Physics, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Sharifi M, Karim AY, Mustafa Qadir Nanakali N, Salihi A, Aziz FM, Hong J, Khan RH, Saboury AA, Hasan A, Abou-Zied OK, Falahati M. Strategies of enzyme immobilization on nanomatrix supports and their intracellular delivery. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2746-2762. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1643787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Sharifi
- Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Department of Nanotechnology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdulkarim Yasin Karim
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Research Center, Knowledge University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Nadir Mustafa Qadir Nanakali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Cihan University, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Abbas Salihi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Falah Mohammad Aziz
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Jun Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Inistitute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Center of Excellence in Biothermodynamics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Osama K. Abou-Zied
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Department of Nanotechnology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Enzymes and nanoparticles: Modulation of enzymatic activity via nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1833-1847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Study of the physicochemical interactions between Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase and silica-based supports and their correlation with the biochemical activity of the biocatalysts. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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A spectroscopic study on the absorption of carbonic anhydrase onto the nanoporous silica nanoparticle. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:739-745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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Enhancement of thermal reversibility and stability of human carbonic anhydrase II by mesoporous nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Ma'mani L, Nikzad S, Kheiri-Manjili H, Al-Musawi S, Saeedi M, Askarlou S, Foroumadi A, Shafiee A. Curcumin-loaded guanidine functionalized PEGylated I3ad mesoporous silica nanoparticles KIT-6: practical strategy for the breast cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:646-54. [PMID: 25014638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we have synthesized guanidine functionalized PEGylated mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a novel and efficient drug delivery system (DDS). For this purpose, guanidine functionalized PEGylated I3ad mesoporous silica nanoparticle KIT-6 [Gu@PEGylated KIT-6] was utilized as a promising system for the effective delivery of curcumin into the breast cancer cells. The modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) was fully characterized by different techniques such as transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM & SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption measurement, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The average particle size of [Gu@PEGylated KIT-6] and curcumin loaded [Gu@PEGylated KIT-6] nanoparticles were about 60 and 70 nm, respectively. This new system exhibited high drug loading capacity, sustained drug release profile, and high and long term anticancer efficacy in human cancer cell lines. It showed pH-responsive controlled characteristics and highly programmed release of curcumin leading to the satisfactory results in in vitro breast cancer therapy. Our results depicted that the pure nanoparticles have no cytotoxicity against human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7), mouse breast cancer cells (4T1), and human mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ma'mani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176, Iran
| | - Safoora Nikzad
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Kheiri-Manjili
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharafaldin Al-Musawi
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Saeedi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176, Iran
| | - Sonia Askarlou
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176, Iran
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176, Iran.
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13
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Shahbazi MA, Herranz B, Santos HA. Nanostructured porous Si-based nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. BIOMATTER 2014; 2:296-312. [PMID: 23507894 PMCID: PMC3568114 DOI: 10.4161/biom.22347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the backbones in nanomedicine is to deliver drugs specifically to unhealthy cells. Drug nanocarriers can cross physiological barriers and access different tissues, which after proper surface biofunctionalization can enhance cell specificity for cancer therapy. Recent developments have highlighted the potential of mesoporous silica (PSiO2) and silicon (PSi) nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. In this review, we outline and discuss the most recent advances on the applications and developments of cancer therapies by means of PSiO2 and PSi nanomaterials. Bio-engineering and fine tuning of anti-cancer drug vehicles, high flexibility and potential for sophisticated release mechanisms make these nanostructures promising candidates for “smart” cancer therapies. As a result of their physicochemical properties they can be controllably loaded with large amounts of drugs and coupled to homing molecules to facilitate active targeting. The main emphasis of this review will be on the in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Masuda Y, Kugimiya SI, Kawachi Y, Kato K. Interparticle mesoporous silica as an effective support for enzyme immobilisation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46122j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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15
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Masuda Y, Kugimiya SI, Kawachi Y, Kato K. Enhancement of Cost-effectiveness and Activity of Formaldehyde Dehydrogenase by Immobilization onto Mesoporous Silica with an Interparticle Pore Structure. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Masuda
- Materials Chemistry Course, Graduate School of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Shin-ichi Kugimiya
- Materials Chemistry Course, Graduate School of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology
| | - Yuki Kawachi
- Materials Chemistry Course, Graduate School of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Katsuya Kato
- Materials Chemistry Course, Graduate School of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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Chen B, Qi W, Li X, Lei C, Liu J. Heated proteins are still active in a functionalized nanoporous support. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2228-2232. [PMID: 23401249 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Even under heated conditions, the nearly native conformation and activity of a protein can be hoarded in a functionalized nanoporous support via non-covalent interaction. Surprisingly, the protein released from the heated protein-nanoporous composite can maintain its nearly native conformation and activity, while free proteins are permanently denatured under the same treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Chen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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Jiang YR, Zhang ZH, Liu QY, Hu SY, Chen XY, Jia XB. Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of tanshinone IIA solid dispersions with silica nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:2285-93. [PMID: 23836971 PMCID: PMC3699171 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s40374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We prepared solid dispersions (SDs) of tanshinone IIA (TSIIA) with silica nanoparticles, which function as dispersing carriers, using a spray-drying method and evaluated their in vitro dissolution and in vivo performance. The extent of TSIIA dissolution in the silica nanoparticles/TSIIA system (weight ratio, 5:1) was approximately 92% higher than that of the pure drug after 60 minutes. However, increasing the content of silica nanoparticles from 5:1 to 7:1 in this system did not significantly increase the rate or extent of TSIIA dissolution. The physicochemical properties of SDs were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. Studying the stability of the SDs of TSIIA revealed that the drug content of the formulation and dissolution behavior was unchanged under the applied storage conditions. In vivo tests showed that SDs of the silica nanoparticles/TSIIA had a significantly larger area under the concentration-time curve, which was 1.27 times more than that of TSIIA (P < 0.01). Additionally, the values of maximum plasma concentration and the time to reach maximum plasma concentration of the SDs were higher than those of TSIIA and the physical mixing system. Based on these results, we conclude that the silica nanoparticle based SDs achieved complete dissolution, increased absorption rate, maintained drug stability, and showed improved oral bioavailability compared to TSIIA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-rong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Grasso G, Spoto G. Plasmonics for the study of metal ion–protein interactions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1833-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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