Response surface optimization of enzyme-assisted extraction polysaccharides from Dictyophora indusiata

Structural analysis and biological activity of cell wall polysaccharides and enzyme-extracted polysaccharides from pomelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.)

Pomelo peel is a valuable source of pectin, but research on its cell wall polysaccharides is limited. This study compared the cell wall polysaccharides of pomelo peel, enzyme-extracted polysaccharides of pomelo peel, and enzyme-extracted polysaccharides of whole pomelo fruit. Cell wall polysaccharides, including water-soluble pectin (WSP), chelator-soluble pectin (CSP), sodium carbonate-soluble pectin (NSP), 1 mol/L KOH soluble hemicellulose (KSH-1), and 4 mol/L KOH soluble hemicellulose (KSH-2), were obtained by sequence-extraction method. Total polysaccharides from whole pomelo fruit (TP) and peel-polysaccharides from pomelo pericarps (PP) were obtained using enzyme-extraction method. The structural, thermal, rheological, antioxidant properties, and wound healing effect in vitro were described for each polysaccharide. WSP had a uniform molecular weight distribution and high uronic acid (UA) content, suitable for commercial pectin. NSP had the highest Rhamnose (Rha)/UA ratio and a rich side chain with highest viscosity and water retention. PP displayed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing capacity at 0.1 to 2.0 mg/mL concentration range, with an IC50 of 1.05 mg/mL for DPPH free radicals. NSP also demonstrated the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and promoted Human dermal keratinocyte proliferation and migration at 10 μg/mL, suggesting potential applications in daily chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

Isolation, structures, bioactivities, and utilizations of polysaccharides from Dictyophora species: A review

Dictyophora species is an edible and medicinal fungus belonging to the Basidiomycotina, Gasteromycetes, Phallales, family Phallaceae, and genus Dictyophora, which is popular with consumers in China and across various Asian regions. Polysaccharides from Dictyophora species (DPs) are important bioactive macromolecules with multiple health benefits, according to published studies, including anti-tumor, antioxidative, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, regulation of gut microbiota, antibacterial, renoprotective, and other pharmacological effects. Based on their rich pharmacological activities, the preparation techniques, structural characteristics and pharmacological activities of DPs have been extensively studied. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no dedicated review to shed light on recent advances in DPs. Therefore, in order to fill this gap, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the research on DPs, including the latest advances in extraction, isolation and purification, structural characteristics, pharmacological properties, safety assessment and potential utilizations, which will provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of subsequent DPs-related products.

Extraction of Radix trichosanthis Polysaccharides for Potential Antihyperlipidemic Application

This study focused on the optimization of ultrasound-assisted compound enzyme extraction for polysaccharides (RTPs) from Radix trichosanthis by orthogonal experiment and response surface methodology, and then its extraction kinetics model and antihyperlipidemic activities were studied. The optimum extraction process was as follows: cellulase—1.0%, papain—1.0%, pectase—0.5%, pH—5, extraction temperature—50°C, and liquid-to-solid ratio—30 mL/g; prediction value of RTPs was 7.54%; the experimental yield of RTPs was 7.22%, while 50 minutes was optimized in Weibull kinetics model. Then high-dose groups of RTP extract could reduce the TC, TG, and LDL-C levels and increase the level of HDL-C in high-fat mice, with the ability to lower the MDA content and enhance SOD level.

Characterization, antioxidant and anticoagulant properties of exopolysaccharide from marine microalgae

The sulfated exopolysaccharide extracted from marine microalgae attracted considerable attention from both the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. In the present study biomass of five marine microalgae were screened to find strains with high capacity for the production of sulfated exopolysaccharides. The anticoagulant and antioxidant activities of extracted sulfated polysaccharides were evaluated using activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The sulfated polysaccharides extracted from Picochlorum sp. showed a strong DPPH scavenging effect with 85% antioxidant activity. The sulfated polysaccharides of Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlorella sp. (L₂) and Chlorella sp. (D₁) scavenged more than 90% of the ABTS radicals. However, the sulfated polysaccharide extracted from Chlorella sorokiniana, and Chlorella sp. (N4) showed anticoagulant properties. The dual anticoagulant-antioxidant activities in Chlorella sorokiniana could be explained by the combination of various factors including sulfate content and their binding site, monosaccharide residue and glycoside bond which are involved in the polysaccharide’s bioactivity.

Sulfated exopolysaccharides (sPS) were extracted from marine green microalgae by the heated acid extraction method.

sPS with the higher sulfate/sugar ratio presented potent ABTS radical scavenging activity.

Some of the sPS revealed anticoagulant effects in activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) assays.

Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Polysaccharides from Dictyophora indusiata Prepared by Different Extraction Techniques

In this study, different extraction techniques, including traditional hot water extraction (HWE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized assisted extraction (PAE), and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), were used to extract Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharides (DFPs), and their physicochemical and biological properties were compared. Results revealed that extraction yields of D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by different extraction techniques ranged from 5.62% to 6.48%. D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by different extraction techniques possessed similar chemical compositions and monosaccharide compositions, while exhibited different molecular weights (M_w), apparent viscosities, and molar ratios of constituent monosaccharides. In particularly, D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by HWE (DFP-H) had the highest M_w and apparent viscosity among all DFPs, while D. indusiata polysaccharides extracted by UAE (DFP-U) possessed the lowest M_w and apparent viscosity. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant effects of D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by PAE (DFP-P) and DFP-U were significantly higher than that of others. Indeed, both DFP-P and DFP-H exhibited much higher in vitro binding properties, including fat, cholesterol, and bile acid binding properties, and lipase inhibitory effects than that of D. indusiata polysaccharides prepared by MAE (DFP-M) and DFP-U. These findings suggest that the PAE technique has good potential for the preparation of D. indusiata polysaccharides with desirable bioactivities for the application in the functional food industry.

Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Coupled with HPLC-UV for Simultaneous Extraction, Purification and Determination of Six Lignans in Schisandra chinensis Fruits

An efficient method for simultaneous extraction, purification and determination of six lignans in Schisandra chinensis Baill was developed by employing matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) extraction followed by HPLC-UV determination analysis. Several sorbent and desorption solvent that affected the extraction yield of lignans were investigated; neutral alumina and absolute ethanol were selected as the best dispersing material and desorption agent, respectively. Other extraction conditions for MSPD were optimized as follows: 1:2 of S. chinensis raw material to neutral aluminum oxide mass ratio, 1:30 (g/mL) of sample to absolute ethanol, 2.5 h of desorption time and 50°C of desorption temperature. Under the above conditions, the total extraction yield for six lignans have reached (16.99 ± 0.33) x 103 mg/kg with a higher content of 6.88 ± 0.25% in the extracts. Comparative studies were explored by conducting other six extraction approaches including Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, smashing tissue extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction and ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction. Results showed MSPD technique not only improved the extraction yield, but also improved the purity of lignans, it can be generalized to more extraction of natural compounds. In addition, the validated HPLC-UV method had been successfully applied to analysis of lignans from 10 real S. chinensis samples.

Optimization of extraction techniques and RP-HPLC analysis of anti-parkinson drug levodopa from flowers of Vicia faba L

Vicia faba, also known as “bakla” in Turkey, is a species of Fabaceae family that is widely grown in Africa and Asia. It is rich in levodopa, a medicinal substance used to treat Parkinson's disease. Levodopa produced by chemical synthesis is expensive and causes various side effects. Therefore, it is recommended to use natural levodopa sources to prevent possible side effects. A Central Composite Design technique has been used in this study to optimize levodopa extraction from Vicia faba. First, a single factor analysis examined 3 variables such as extraction temperature, extraction time, and concentration of acetic acid. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of variables chosen on levodopa's extraction performance. By using variance and regression analyses, a second-order regression equation was determined as a predicted model. The value of R2 is 0.9882, which shows that the equation fits well. The best conditions are as follows: a temperature of 59.85 °C, an extraction time of 18.74 min, and an acetic acid content of 0.28%. Under optimum conditions, the maximum levodopa yield calculated from the predicted module was 4.53%. Extraction efficiency was determined as 4.54% experimentally under optimum conditions. A good relationship has been found between the experimental result and the predicted value.

Enzyme-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Cobia Liver Oil and Protein Hydrolysates with Antioxidant Activity

Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, is a medium-size marine fish with emerging global potential for offshore aquaculture. The processing waste, cobia liver, is a raw material rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid oils. In this study, an environmentally friendly green process, aqueous extraction (AE), was used to extract the cobia liver oil. The effect of cooking time and substrate water ratio on the oil extractability was investigated herein. The cooking time of 15 min, and substrate water ratio of 1:2 obtained the highest extraction efficiency. However, the oil extractability was only 18.8%. Thus, enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction (EAAE) was used to increase oil extractability and recovery of protein hydrolysates. The commercial proteases—including alcalase, papain, trypsin, and pepsin—were employed in pretreated cobia liver in order to increase oil release during AE. The EAAE results showed that maximum oil extractability was 38% by papain pretreatment. EAAE greatly improved the extraction efficiency; the oil extractability was double than that of AE (18.8%). The fatty acid profiles revealed that ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid contents of extracted oil obtained from AE and EAAE were 21.3% and 19.5%, respectively. Besides, the cobia liver hydrolysates obtained from EAAE by alcalase, papain, pepsin, and trypsin pretreatment showed scavenge DPPH radical activity with EC50 values of 0.92, 1.03, 0.83, and 0.53 mg, respectively. After in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the protein hydrolysates exhibited scavenge DPPH radical activity with EC50 values of 1.15, 1.55, 0.98, and 0.76 mg for alcalase, papain, pepsin, and trypsin, respectively. The study showed that the EAAE process can be used for extracting fish oil from fish waste while simultaneously obtaining the protein hydrolysates with antioxidant activity.

Status of the application of exogenous enzyme technology for the development of natural plant resources

Exogenous enzymes are extraneous enzymes that are not intrinsic to the subject. The exogenous enzyme industry has been rapidly developing recently. Successful application of recombinant DNA amplification, high-efficiency expression, and immobilization technology to genetically engineered bacteria provides a rich source of enzymes. Amylase, cellulase, protease, pectinase, glycosidase, tannase, and polyphenol oxidase are among the most widely used such enzymes. Currently, the application of exogenous enzyme technology in the development of natural plant resources mainly focuses on improving the taste and flavor of the product, enriching the active ingredient contents, deriving and transforming the structure of a chosen compound, and enhancing the biological activity and utilization of the functional ingredient. In this review, we discuss the application status of exogenous enzyme technology for the development of natural plant resources using typical natural active ingredients from plant, such as resveratrol, steviosides, catechins, mogrosides, and ginsenosides, as examples, to provide basis for further exploitation and utilization of exogenous enzyme technology.

Response surface methodology: An effective optimization strategy for enhanced production of nitrile hydratase (NHase) by Rhodococcus rhodochrous (RS-6)

Nitrile hydratase is an enzyme which catalyze the hydration of nitriles into amide and their role as catalysts for acrylamide production in industries are well known. The present study aims at statistically optimizing physiological and nutritional parameters for NHase production from Rhodococcus rhodochrous (RS-6). The effect of incubation period, temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen sources on the production of NHase was investigated by one factor at a time strategy. Further optimization process was carried out by response surface methodology for studying the interactive effect of these variables using central composite design. The optimized levels of variables obtained by statistical analysis were: incubation period 48 h, temperature 33 °C, pH 7.0, glycerol 1% and urea 0.75%, which resulted in maximum NHase production. The results of ANOVA were significant with the F-value of the model being 296.78, value of R 2 is 0.9983 and the lack of fit test was not significant. The contour and response surface plots showed significant interaction between the variables. The NHase yield was enhanced up to 6.22 fold by statistical optimization using RSM. Thus, the developed experimental design is effective towards process optimization for NHase production from R. rhodochrous (RS-6).

Extraction, purification and characterization of sulphated polysaccharide from Bellamya quadrata and its stabilization roles on atherosclerotic plaque

The aim of this paper was to investigate the extraction, purification and characterization of sulphated polysaccharide (BQPS) from Bellamya quadrata and its stabilization roles on atherosclerotic plaque. Firstly, crude polysaccharide (CBQP) from Bellamya quadrata was extracted by protease enzyme assisted extraction. Moreover, its optimal parameters were obtained by the response surface method as follows: the ratio of water to raw material of 24:1, enzyme dosage of 285 U/g, enzymolysis pH value of 4.7 and temperature of 67 °C. Secondly, CBQP was further purified to obtain the target polysaccharide BQPS by Q Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-400 gel column chromatography. Then, the characterization of BQPS revealed that it possessed a total polysaccharide content of 91.88 ± 1.23%, sulfuric acid group content of 9.12 ± 1.59% and molecular weight of 91.1 kDa. BQPS was only consisted of glucose without any proteins. Finally, BQPS was confirmed to have a significant stabilizing effect on atherosclerotic plaque and its mechanism was related to the selective promotion of autophagy with the precisely right strength.

The Chemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of the Edible Mushroom Dictyophora indusiata (Vent ex. Pers.) Fischer (Synn. Phallus indusiatus)

Dictyophora indusiata (Vent. Ex. Pers.) Fischer or Phallus indusiatus is an edible member of the higher mushroom phylum of Basidiomycetes. Known for its morphological elegance that gave it the names bridal veil fungus, veiled lady or queen of the mushrooms, it has numerous medicinal values that are beginning to be acknowledged through pharmacological efficacy studies. In an attempt to promote research on this valuable natural resource, the present communication aims to provide a comprehensive review of the chemistry, pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of extracts and compounds isolated from D. indusiata. Of the bioactive compounds, the chemistry of the polysaccharides as major bioactive components primarily the β-(1 → 3)-D-glucan with side branches of β-(1 → 6)-glucosyl units are discussed, while small molecular weight compounds include terpenoids and alkaloids. Biochemical and cellular mechanisms of action from general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory to more specific signaling mechanisms are outlined along with potential applications in cancer and immunotherapy, neurodegenerative and chronic inflammatory diseases, etc. Further research areas and limitations of the current scientific data are also highlighted.

Anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant and organic protection effects of acidic-extractable polysaccharides from Dictyophora indusiata

In the present work, we investigated the anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant and organic protection effects of acidic-extractable Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharides (Ac-DPS) on hyperlipidemic mice induced by high-fat emulsion. The results demonstrated that Ac-DPS had impressive abilities to mitigate oxidative stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzyme and reducing the contents of lipid peroxide. Moreover, lipid levels in serum were returned to normal status. Besides, Ac-DPS exhibited potential hepatic and renal protection effects reflected by decreasing serum enzyme activities, lowering TBIL, UREA and CREA levels and increasing ALB content. At the same time, histopathological observations proved protective effects of Ac-DPS on organs. Subsequently, the physical properties of polysaccharide were also investigated by HPGPC and FT-IR. The above consequences confirmed the important role of Ac-DPS as a functional food and natural medicine in the fight against oxidative stress and the prevention of hyperlipidemia.

Ultrasound assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes and its anti-hepatitis B activity in vitro

The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction process of polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes and investigate its anti-hepatitis B virus activity. The extracting parameters including ultrasonic power (240-320W), extraction temperature (40-60°C) and extraction time (15-25min) was optimized by using three-variable-three-level Box-Behnken design based on the single-factor experiments. Data analysis results showed that the optimal conditions for extracting LEPs were an extraction temperature of 45°C, extraction time of 21min and ultrasonic power of 290W. Under these optimal conditions, the experimental yield of LEPs was 9.75%, a 1.62-fold increase compared with conventional heat water extraction (HWE). In addition, crude polysaccharides were purified to obtain two fractions (LEP-1 and LEP-2). Chemical analysis showed that these components were rich in glucose, arabinose and mannose. Furthermore, HepG2.2.15 cells were used as in vitro models to evaluate their anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity. The results suggest that LEPs possesses potent anti-HBV activity in vitro.

Optimization of cellulase-assisted extraction process and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Tricholoma mongolicum Imai

BACKGROUND

Tricholoma mongolicum Imai is a well-known edible and medicinal mushroom which in recent years has attracted increasing attention because of its bioactivities. In this study, water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from T. mongolicum Imai by cellulase-assisted extraction and their antioxidant activities were investigated.

RESULTS

In order to improve the yield of polysaccharides, four variables, cellulase amount (X1 ), pH (X2 ), temperature (X3 ) and extraction time (X4 ), were investigated with a Box-Behnken design. The optimal conditions were predicted to be cellulase amount of 20 g kg(-1) , pH of 4.0, temperature of 50 °C and extraction time of 127 min, with a predicted polysaccharide yield of 190.1 g kg(-1) . The actual yield of polysaccharides under these conditions was 189.6 g kg(-1) , which matched the predicted value well. The crude polysaccharides were purified to obtain four fractions, and characterization of each was carried out. In addition, antioxidant properties of four polysaccharides assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays indicated that polysaccharides from T. mongolicum Imai (TMIPs) possessed antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

TMIPs show moderate antioxidant activities in vitro. Therefore it is suggested that TMIPs are potential natural antioxidants for use in functional foods. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Smashing Tissue Extraction of Five Lignans From the Fruit of Schisandra chinensis

Schisandra chinensis is one of the most famous herbal medicines in China, Korea and Japan. It has been widely used as a tonic, sedative, anti-aging and astringent agent. Lignans are one of its main bioactive components. The classical methods for extracting lignans, however, were tedious and energy-consuming. With the aim to develop an effective extraction method of lignans, the smashing tissue extraction (STE) technique was adopted and optimized in this study. Extraction conditions of STE have been optimized by the response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design. Results showed that 75% aqueous ethanol was the optimal extraction solvent, and the other optimal conditions were as follows: extraction voltage of 180 V, extraction time of 1 min, solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 19 and sample particle size of 120 mesh. Under these optimized conditions, the total content of the five lignans (Schisandrol A, Schisantherin A, Deoxyschisandrin, Schisandrin B and Schisandrin C) in S. chinensis collected from Baishan City located in the northeast of China was 13.89 ± 0.014 mg/g, which was well matched with the value predicted by the model. Other techniques, including heat reflux, Soxhlet, ultrasonic-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction, were further compared. Results suggested that STE had the highest extraction efficiency of lignans with the shortest time. It indicates that the approach proposed in this study is a simple and efficient technique for the extraction of lignans in S. chinensis.

PEG-based ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides from Ginkgo biloba leaves

In this study, one kind of environmentally friendly solvents named polyethylene glycol (PEG) was developed for the ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) of polysaccharides from Gingko biloba leaves (GBLP). Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the UAEE conditions of GBLP. Results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were: a pH of 4.34, an extraction temperature of 51.88 °C and an extraction time of 37.13 min. Under these optimal extraction conditions, the GBLP yield was 7.29±0.21%, which was well in agreement with the value predicted by the mathematical model.

Applied Orthogonal Experiment Design for Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Agaricus bisporus Mycelia

The purpose of this study to establish the optimum ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters of Polysaccharides from Agaricus bisporus mycelia (PABM). Single factor experiment was employed to determine the preliminary range of the extraction parameters including liquid-solid ratio, ultrasonic time, extraction temperature, and ultrasonic power. Then, an orthogonal experiment design was employed to determine the best extraction parameters of PABM. the results showed that the optimal UAE parameters of PABM was liquid-solid ratio of 40 ml/g, ultrasonic time of 70 min, extraction temperature of 55°C, and ultrasonic power of 660 W.

Optimization of enzyme-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from alfalfa and its antioxidant activity

In this present study, an efficient complex enzyme-assisted extraction technology was developed and optimized to extract polysaccharides from alfalfa using four factors at five levels central composite rotatable response surface design (CCRD). The experimental data was fitted to a second order polynomial equation with high coefficient of determination values (R(2)>0.95). The results of statistical analysis showed that the linear and quadratic terms of these four variables had significant effects (P<0.05) on the yield of polysaccharides from alfalfa. The optimum conditions were as follows: enzyme concentration of 2.5%, 2.0%, 3.0% (weight of alfalfa) of cellulase, papain and pectase, extraction temperature 52.7 °C, extraction pH 3.87, ratio of water to raw material 78.92 mL/g and extraction time 2.73 h. Under the optimal conditions, the experimental extraction yield of alfalfa polysaccharides was 5.05 ± 0.02%, which was well matched with the value (5.09%) predicted by the CCRD model. Moreover, evaluation of the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from alfalfa in vitro suggested that the polysaccharides had good antioxidant effect, especially scavenging activity for hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical, which indicated that the polysaccharides from alfalfa may be explored as a novel natural antioxidant.