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Ng CYJ, Lai NPY, Ng WM, Siah KTH, Gan RY, Zhong LLD. Chemical structures, extraction and analysis technologies, and bioactivities of edible fungal polysaccharides from Poria cocos: An updated review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129555. [PMID: 38278384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Poria cocos is a popular medicinal food. Polysaccharides are the key component of Poria cocos, forming 70-90 % of the dry sclerotia mass. Recent studies indicate that Poria cocos polysaccharides (PCP-Cs) have multiple beneficial functions and applications. A literature search was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection and PubMed databases. For this review, we provided an updated research progress in chemical structures, various extraction and analysis technologies, bioactivities of PCP-Cs, and insights into the directions for future research. The main polysaccharides identified in Poria cocos are water-soluble polysaccharides and acidic polysaccharides. Hot water, alkali, supercritical fluid, ultrasonic, enzyme, and deep eutectic solvent-based methods are the most common methods for PCP-Cs extraction. Technologies such as near-infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, are commonly used to evaluate the qualities of PCP-Cs. In addition, PCP-Cs have antioxidant, immunomodulatory, neuroregulatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and gut microbiota regulatory properties. Future research is needed to focus on scaling up extraction, enhancing quality control, elucidating mechanisms of bioactivities, and the utilisation of PCP-Cs in food industries. Overall, Poria cocos is a good source of edible fungi polysaccharides, which can be developed into functional foods with potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester Yan Jie Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Nicole Poh Yee Lai
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Wen Min Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Kewin Tien Ho Siah
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore.
| | - Linda L D Zhong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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2
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Xu T, Zhang H, Wang S, Xiang Z, Kong H, Xue Q, He M, Yu X, Li Y, Sun D, Gao P, Cong Z. A review on the advances in the extraction methods and structure elucidation of Poria cocos polysaccharide and its pharmacological activities and drug carrier applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:536-551. [PMID: 35843404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Poria cocos polysaccharide (PCP) is one of the main active components of Poria cocos that is extensively used in the world. PCP can be divided into intro-polysaccharides and exopolysaccharides. PCP is mainly composed of glucose, galactose and mannose. There are many methods to exact PCP, and methods can affect its yield. PCP and its derivatives exhibit diverse biological functions such as antitumour, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-regulatory, hepatoprotective, etc. There is the potential application of PCP as drug carriers. The review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest extraction and purification methods of PCP, its chemistry, synthesis of PCP derivates, their pharmacological activities and their applications as drug carriers. This review provides comprehensive information on PCP, which can be used as the basis for further research on PCP and its derivates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hongmeng Zhang
- Laboratory management office, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Shengguang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zedong Xiang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hongwei Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Qing Xue
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Mengyuan He
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yanan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Dongjie Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Zhufeng Cong
- Shandong First Medical University Affiliated Shandong Tumor Hospital and Institute: Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan 250117, China.
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Noushahi HA, Khan AH, Noushahi UF, Hussain M, Javed T, Zafar M, Batool M, Ahmed U, Liu K, Harrison MT, Saud S, Fahad S, Shu S. Biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoids and strategies to improve their Biosynthetic Efficiency. PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2022; 97:439-454. [PMID: 35382096 PMCID: PMC8969394 DOI: 10.1007/s10725-022-00818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
"Triterpenoids" can be considered natural products derived from the cyclization of squalene, yielding 3-deoxytriterpenes (hydrocarbons) or 3-hydroxytriterpenes. Triterpenoids are metabolites of these two classes of triterpenes, produced by the functionalization of their carbon skeleton. They can be categorized into different groups based on their structural formula/design. Triterpenoids are an important group of compounds that are widely used in the fields of pharmacology, food, and industrial biotechnology. However, inadequate synthetic methods and insufficient knowledge of the biosynthesis of triterpenoids, such as their structure, enzymatic activity, and the methods used to produce pure and active triterpenoids, are key problems that limit the production of these active metabolites. Here, we summarize the derivatives, pharmaceutical properties, and biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoids and review the enzymes involved in their biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, we concluded the screening methods, identified the genes involved in the pathways, and highlighted the appropriate strategies used to enhance their biosynthetic production to facilitate the commercial process of triterpenoids through the synthetic biology method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Armghan Noushahi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
- Plant Breeding and Phenomic Centre, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Aamir Hamid Khan
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetics Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Usama Farhan Noushahi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mubashar Hussain
- Institute of Applied Mycology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Talha Javed
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, China
| | - Maimoona Zafar
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Maria Batool
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Umair Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, 7250 Burnie, Tasmania Australia
| | - Matthew Tom Harrison
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, 7250 Burnie, Tasmania Australia
| | - Shah Saud
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, 276000 Linyi, Shandong China
| | - Shah Fahad
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, 22620 Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Shaohua Shu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
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Li L, Zuo ZT, Wang YZ. The Traditional Usages, Chemical Components and Pharmacological Activities of Wolfiporia cocos: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:389-440. [PMID: 35300566 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As an endemic species,Wolfiporia cocos (F.A. Wolf) Ryvarden & Gilb. is widely distributed, such as in China, Korea, Japan, and North America, which have had a dual-purpose resource for medicines and food for over 2000 years. The applications of W. cocos were used to treat diseases including edema, insomnia, spleen deficiency, and vomiting. What's more, there have been wide uses of such edible fungi as a function food or dietary supplement recently. Up until now, 166 kinds of chemical components have been isolated and identified from W. cocos including triterpenes, polysaccharides, sterols, diterpenes, and others. Modern pharmacological studies showed that the components hold a wide range of pharmacological activities both in vitro and in vivo, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-oxidant, and antidepressant activities. In addition, present results showed that the mechanisms of pharmacological activities were closely related to chemical structures, molecular signaling paths and the expression of relate proteins for polysaccharides and triterpenes. For further in-depth studies on this fungus based on the recent research status, this review provided some perspectives and systematic summaries of W. cocos in traditional uses, chemical components, pharmacological activities, separation and analysis technologies, and structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Tian Zuo
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, P. R. China
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Azad MAK, Wang H, Yang H, Tan B, Zhou S, Guan G. Effects of dietary carboxymethyl pachyman on oxidative stress and inflammation in weaned piglets challenged with diquat. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wu P, Tan H, Zhan J, Wang W, Hu T, Li S. Optimization of Bioprocess Extraction of Poria cocos Polysaccharide (PCP) with Aspergillus niger β-Glucanase and the Evaluation of PCP Antioxidant Property. Molecules 2020; 25:E5930. [PMID: 33333769 PMCID: PMC7765248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poria cocos mushroom is widely used as a food and an herb in East Asian and other countries due to its high nutritional value. Research has demonstrated that Poria cocos polysaccharides (PCP) are the major bioactives and possess antioxidation, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, and other health promoting properties. However, the efficient preparation of PCP has been a challenge, particularly in large scale for industry. Herein, we investigated the biotransformation of PCP from Poria cocos, catalyzed by β-glucanase from Aspergillus niger and focused on optimizing the most four influencing parameters: Temperature, time, pH, and enzyme dosage in this study. After numerous optimizations with the assistance of response surface optimization methodology, we have established that the optimal conditions for the biotransformation PCP preparation were as following: Enzymolysis temperature 60 °C, time 120 min, pH 5.0 and enzyme dose 20 mL. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of PCP reached as high as 12.8%. In addition, the antioxidant activities of PCP were evaluated by reducing power assay and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals scavenging assays. Resulting data showed that PCP presented outstanding antioxidant capacity. Thus, these findings indicate that PCP could be produced as a natural antioxidant for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountain, Hubei Zhongke Industrial Technology Research Institute, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (P.W.); (H.T.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Hongyuan Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountain, Hubei Zhongke Industrial Technology Research Institute, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (P.W.); (H.T.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Jianfeng Zhan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountain, Hubei Zhongke Industrial Technology Research Institute, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (P.W.); (H.T.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Weixin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountain, Hubei Zhongke Industrial Technology Research Institute, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (P.W.); (H.T.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Ting Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountain, Hubei Zhongke Industrial Technology Research Institute, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (P.W.); (H.T.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountain, Hubei Zhongke Industrial Technology Research Institute, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (P.W.); (H.T.); (J.Z.); (W.W.)
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 07102, USA
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Deng Z, Pei Y, Wang S, Zhou B, Hou X, Li J, Li B, Liang H. Designable Carboxymethylpachymaran/Metal Ion Architecture on Sunflower Sporopollenin Exine Capsules as Delivery Vehicles for Bioactive Macromolecules. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13990-14000. [PMID: 33174430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There are multiple obstacles in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for oral administration of bioactive macromolecules. Here, we engineered an oral delivery vehicle (sporopollenin exine capsules with carboxymethylpachymaran (CMP)/metal ion modification) with targeted release based on food-grade ingredients and processing operations. Then, the interaction and binding mechanisms between CMP and metal ions in the vehicle were investigated. By using β-galactosidase (β-Gal) as a model protein, the systems were characterized for the surface morphology and monitored by the in vitro release profile of β-Gal. Notably, the CMP/metal ion systems not only markedly decreased the CMP dosage but also achieved a valid long-term release compared with the previously reported CMP system. Among all the systems, the CMP/3% AlCl3 system showed the best ability to control the release with the maximum residual activity of β-Gal at nearly 72% after 24 h of treatment. Subsequently, the interaction mechanism between CMP and metal ions within the system was characterized by the perspectives of microstructure, rheological properties, and spectroscopy characteristics. The results indicated that the low pH conditions are conducive to the further cross-linking of CMP and metal ions, resulting in a high gel strength and thus a dense structure, which can impact the controlled release of β-Gal in the GIT. Overall, the system may be utilized in the administration of medical and functional foods, specifically for the delivery of bioactive proteins via the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
| | - Yaqiong Pei
- College of Culinary and Food Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Shishuai Wang
- College of Culinary and Food Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Ministry of Education; National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology; School of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xinyao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
- Functional Food Engineering & Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Hongshan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
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Kostoff RN, Briggs MB, Shores DR. Treatment repurposing for inflammatory bowel disease using literature-related discovery and innovation. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4889-4899. [PMID: 32952337 PMCID: PMC7476176 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i33.4889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) incidence has been increasing steadily, most dramatically in the Western developed countries. Treatment often includes lifelong immunosuppressive therapy and surgery. There is a critical need to reduce the burden of IBD and to discover medical therapies with better efficacy and fewer potential side-effects. Repurposing of treatments originally studied in other diseases with similar pathogenesis is less costly and time intensive than de novo drug discovery. This study used a treatment repurposing methodology, the literature-related discovery and innovation (LRDI) text mining system, to identify potential treatments (developed for non-IBD diseases) with sufficient promise for extrapolation to treatment of IBD. By searching for desirable patterns of twenty key biomarkers relevant to IBD (e.g., inflammation, reactive oxygen species, autophagy, barrier function), the LRDI-based query retrieved approximately 9500 records from Medline. The most recent 350 records were further analyzed for proof-of-concept. Approximately 18% (64/350) met the criteria for discovery (not previously studied in IBD human or animal models) and relevance for application to IBD treatment. Many of the treatments were compounds derived from herbal remedies, and the majority of treatments were being studied in cancer, diabetes, and central nervous system disease, such as depression and dementia. As further validation of the search strategy, the query identified ten treatments that have just recently begun testing in IBD models in the last three years. Literature-related discovery and innovation text mining contains a unique search strategy with tremendous potential to identify treatments for repurposing. A more comprehensive query with additional key biomarkers would have retrieved many thousands more records, further increasing the yield of IBD treatment repurposing discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Neil Kostoff
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA 20155, United States
| | | | - Darla Roye Shores
- The Hopkins Resource for Intestinal Vitality and Enhancement, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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Song HN. Functional Cordyceps Coffee Containing Cordycepin and β-Glucan. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2020; 25:184-193. [PMID: 32676470 PMCID: PMC7333010 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2020.25.2.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps coffee, containing Cordycepin and β-glucan, was developed to improve quality and functionality of coffee. We evaluated its biological activities and quality characteristics. We treated green coffee beans with mixed extracts from three medicinal mushrooms, Cordyceps mushroom (Cordyceps militaris), Phellinus mushroom (Phellinus linteus), and Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus). Both control [27.00 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g] and Cordyceps coffee (37.34 mg GAE/g) had higher contents of polyphenol than the Cordyceps mushroom raw materials (23.17 mg GAE/g). 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity was higher for both the control and Cordyceps coffee (80.56% and 82.21 %, respectively) compared with Cordyceps mushrooms (62.89%). β-Glucan content was determined by the enzyme method; the raw Cordyceps, Phellinus, and Chaga mushrooms contained 3.79%, 7.06%, and 8.57% β-glucan, respectively. However, β-glucan and total glucan contents were much lower in Cordyceps coffee (2.03% and 3.11%, respectively) than in the raw mushrooms. The amount of Cordycepin, as determined by high performance liquid chromatograph, was 2,274.70 mg/kg for the Cordyceps coffee and 11,533.22 mg/kg for the Cordyceps mushrooms. Through flavor pattern analysis using the electronic nose system, we showed Cordyceps coffee kept the original coffee aroma (similar as the control), and this was not obstructed by the off-flavor of the Cordyceps mushrooms. In conclusion, this study suggests that Cordyceps coffee may be a novel functional coffee containing the functional components Cordycepin and β-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Nam Song
- School of Food and Nutrition Science for Bioindustry, Semyung University, Chungbuk 27136, Korea
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Han B, Baruah K, Cox E, Vanrompay D, Bossier P. Structure-Functional Activity Relationship of β-Glucans From the Perspective of Immunomodulation: A Mini-Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:658. [PMID: 32391005 PMCID: PMC7188827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucans are a heterogeneous group of glucose polymers with a common structure comprising a main chain of β-(1,3) and/or β-(1,4)-glucopyranosyl units, along with side chains with various branches and lengths. β-Glucans initiate immune responses via immune cells, which become activated by the binding of the polymer to specific receptors. However, β-glucans from different sources also differ in their structure, conformation, physical properties, binding affinity to receptors, and thus biological functions. The mechanisms behind this are not fully understood. This mini-review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date commentary on the relationship between β-glucans' structure and function in relation to their use for immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Han
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kartik Baruah
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.,Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Preparation, characterization and antioxidant activities of derivatives of exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus helveticus MB2-1. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:1008-1017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Akaras N, Abuc OO, Koc K, Bal T, Geyikoglu F, Atilay H, Erol HS, Yigit S, Gul M. (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan enhances the toxicity induced by Bortezomib in rat testis. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13155. [PMID: 31960484 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the possible effects of the antioxidant agent (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan on bortezomib-induced rat testis damage. We used five groups of rats; control, (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan (75 mg/kg), bortezomib group, bortezomib + (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan groups (injection of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan after bortezomib and sacrificed at 48th or 72nd h). The effects of these substances were assessed by measuring the levels of the antioxidant enzymes and LPO, and by performing immunohistochemical analysis with NF-κB. The histology of testis was evaluated using aniline blue staining. (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan leads to significant reductions in the levels of antioxidant enzymes and increased levels of LPO in testes. Moreover, it increased the NF-κB immunopositivity significantly in testis, especially in Bortezomib + (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan group at 48th h. The histological changes were observed in the bortezomib and/or (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan groups. Our results demonstrated that testis damage caused by the treatment with bortezomib was not eliminated by (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan and shockingly it increased the damage. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The testis damage caused by the treatment with bortezomib was not eliminated by (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan and as a result, β-1,3-(D)-glucan enhanced the toxicity by leading a decrease in the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT, thus caused an elevation in the immunoreactivity of NF-κB and altered the histopathological changes by enhancing the toxic effects of bortezomib. The findings of the previous studies about the antioxidative activity of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan are controversial. So, it is necessary to consider the cytotoxicity of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan in testis tissue. Thus, more studies on testis tissue are necessary to confirm that (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan is safe as an antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhan Akaras
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ozgul Abuc
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Kubra Koc
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Tugba Bal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatime Geyikoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hilal Atilay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Serkan Erol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Serdar Yigit
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Murat Gul
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
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Li W, Zhao J, Yao Q, Li W, Zhi W, Zang L, Liu F, Niu X. Polysaccharides from Poria cocos (PCP) inhibits ox-LDL-induced vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration by suppressing TLR4/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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14
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Interaction between carboxymethyl pachyman and lotus seedpod oligomeric procyanidins with superior synergistic antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 212:11-20. [PMID: 30832837 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of carboxymethyl pachyman (CMP) mixed with lotus seedpod oligomeric procyanidins (LSPC) in certain ratios against E. coli 10899 was determined. Added low concentration of LSPC could improve the antibacterial activity of CMP, and a significant synergistic effect could be observed between them, especially when the concentration of CMP was below its critical concentration (1.35 mg/mL). Then, the interaction between CMP and LSPC was characterized after mixing; the changes in spectral characteristics, thermal properties, crystallinity pattern, molecular weight, chain morphology and microrheological behaviour explained the influence of interaction on the structure of CMP and LSPC. The smaller molecular size, electrostatic interaction and stronger hydrophobic interaction might play important roles in improving the antibacterial activity of mixture. The dissociation constant (Kd) was determined to be 0.102±0.0008 mg/mL using MicroScale Thermophoresis (MST), and the micromorphology was observed by SEM. Therefore, this mixture might be an effective natural bacteriostat.
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Zhang G, Wang H, Xie W, Wang Q, Wang X, Wang C, Du Y, Huo C, Wang Q. Comparison of triterpene compounds of four botanical parts from Poria cocos (Schw.) wolf using simultaneous qualitative and quantitative method and metabolomics approach. Food Res Int 2019; 121:666-677. [PMID: 31108794 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (PCW) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine and dietary supplement. Its four parts including Poriae Cutis (PC), Rubra Poria (RP), White Poria (WP) and Poria cum Radix Pini (PRP) have different pharmacological effects and clinical applications. It is necessary to establish analytical platforms for differentiating the chemical composition of four botanical parts for the rational utilization. We established a simultaneous qualitative and quantitative method based on UHPLC-MS combined metabolomics approach to give an explanation of the distribution of triterpene compounds in four parts. Eight triterpene compounds were determined absolutely and a total of 51 triterpene compounds were tentatively identified in PCW. PC and PRP showed a quite clear discrimination by the principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and twelve differential compounds were found. Four compounds including poricoic acid D, 16α-hydroxydehydrotrametenolic acid, 3-epidehydrotumulosic acid, 25-hydroxypolyporenic acid C were speculated to be related to diuretic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Wenyu Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Chunying Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Yingfeng Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Changhong Huo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
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16
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La L, Wang L, Qin F, Jiang J, He S, Wang C, Li Y. Zhen-wu-tang ameliorates adenine-induced chronic renal failure in rats: regulation of the canonical Wnt4/beta-catenin signaling in the kidneys. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 219:81-90. [PMID: 29248448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zhen-wu-tang (ZWT), composed of Radix Aconiti lateralis, Rhizoma Atractylodis macrocephalae, Poria, Radix Paeoniae alba and ginger, is a classic Chinese herbal formula for the treatment of chronic kidney diseases that may cause chronic renal failure (CRF). AIM OF THE STUDY To better understand its clinical use, this study investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of action of ZWT on CRF. MATERIALS AND METHODS CRF was induced by adenine. ZWT was given via an oral gavage method. The serum biochemical parameters were measured enzymatically or by ELISA. The kidneys were examined pathohistologically. The gene expression was analyzed by real time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS Similar to the positive control losartan, ZWT extract inhibited adenine-induced increase in serum concentrations of creatinine, BUN and advanced oxidation protein products in rats. These effects were accompanied by attenuation of proteinuria and renal pathological changes and suppression of renal mRNA and protein overexpression of Collagen IV and fibronectin, two of the key components of fibrosis. Mechanistically, renal mRNA and protein expression of Wnt4, a Wnt signaling ligand, was increased in the adenine-treated group, compared to the vehicle-treated control. Consistently, Wnt4 downstream genes beta-catenin and Axin were also overexpressed. Treatment with ZWT extract and losartan suppressed adenine-stimulated overexpression of these mRNAs and proteins. CONCLUSIONS The present results demonstrate that ZWT extract ameliorates adenine-induced CRF in rats by regulation of the canonical Wnt4/beta-catenin signaling in the kidneys. Our findings provide new insight into the underlying renoprotective mechanisms of the ancient formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei La
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China.
| | - Fei Qin
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Pharmaceutical Holdings CO. Ltd, BAIYUNSHAN Pharmaceutical General Factory, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jian Jiang
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - Songqi He
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yuhao Li
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NSW 2000, Australia.
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Liu Y, Sun Y, Huang G. Preparation and antioxidant activities of important traditional plant polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:780-786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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β-(1→6)-D-glucan secreted during the optimised production of exopolysaccharides by Paecilomyces variotii has immunostimulatory activity. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 111:981-994. [PMID: 29236232 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-1000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Paecilomyces variotii is a filamentous fungus that occurs worldwide in soil and decaying vegetation. Optimization of the fermentation process for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production from the fungus P. variotii, structure determination and immuno-stimulating activity of EPS were performed. Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the physical and chemical factors required to produce EPS in submerged fermentation. Preliminary investigations to choose the three factors for the present work were made using a factorial experimental design. Glucose, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and pH were used as variables for which, with constant temperature of 28 °C and agitation of 90 rpm, the optimal process parameters were determined as glucose values of 0.96%, NH4NO3 0.26% and pH 8.0. The three parameters presented significant effects. In this condition of culture, the main composition of the isolated EPS was a linear β-(1 → 6)-linked-D-glucan, as determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and methylation analysis. This polysaccharide is a very unusual as an EPS from fungi, especially a filamentous fungus such as P. variotii. Murine peritoneal macrophages cultivated with β-glucan for 6 and 48 h showed an increase in TNF-α, IL-6 and nitric oxide release with increased polysaccharide concentrations. Therefore, we conclude that the β-(1 → 6)-linked-D-glucan produced in optimised conditions of P. variotii cultivation has an immune-stimulatory activity on murine macrophages.
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da Cunha MA, Albornoz S, Queiroz Santos V, Sánchez W, Barbosa-Dekker A, Dekker R. Structure and Biological Functions of d -Glucans and Their Applications. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63930-1.00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Effects of Huang Qi Decoction on Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Homocysteine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7272694. [PMID: 27725840 PMCID: PMC5048055 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7272694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial dysfunction can be induced by homocysteine (Hcy) through promoted oxidative stress. Huang Qi decoction (HQD) is a traditional Chinese medical formula and its components possess antioxidant effect. The study herein was therefore designed to investigate the effects of HQD at different dosage on endothelial dysfunction induced by Hcy. Tempol and apocynin were used to investigate whether antioxidant mechanisms were involved. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat aortas was investigated by isometric tension recordings. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was determined by DHE staining. The assessment related to oxidative stress and NO bioavailability was performed by assay kits and western blot. In isometric tension experiment, HQD at the dose of 30 or 100 μg/mL, tempol, or apocynin prevented impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in isolated aortas elicited by Hcy. In cellular experiments, substantial enhancement in NADPH oxidase and ROS generation and reduction in NO bioavailability triggered by Hcy were reversed by pretreatment of HQD at the dose of 100 μg/mL, tempol, or apocynin. The results proved that HQD at an appropriate dosage presented favorable effects on endothelial dysfunction initiated by Hcy through antioxidant mechanisms. HQD can act as a potent prescription for the treatment of endothelium related vascular complications.
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Wang G, Li Z, Li H, Li L, Li J, Yu C. Metabolic Profile Changes of CCl₄-Liver Fibrosis and Inhibitory Effects of Jiaqi Ganxian Granule. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060698. [PMID: 27248993 PMCID: PMC6273034 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Jiaqi Ganxian Granule (JGG) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine, which has been long used in clinical practice for treating liver fibrosis. However, the mechanism underlying its anti-hepatic fibrosis is still not clear. In this study, an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS)-based metabolomics strategy was used to profile the metabolic characteristic of serum obtained from a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with JGG treatment. Through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), it was shown that metabolic perturbations induced by CCl4 were inhibited after treatment of JGG, for 17 different metabolites related to CCl4. Among these compounds, the change tendency of eight potential drug targets was restored after the intervention with JGG. The current study indicates that JGG has a significant anti-fibrosis effect on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats, which might be by regulating the dysfunction of sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, N-acylethanolamine biosynthesis, fat digestion and absorption, while glycerophospholipid metabolism played vital roles in the inhibitory effects of JGG on hepatic fibrosis according to Metabolic Pathway Analysis (MetPA). Our findings indicated that the metabolomics approach may provide a useful tool for exploring potential biomarkers involved in hepatic fibrosis and elucidate the mechanisms underlying the action of therapies used in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zehao Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hao Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Lidan Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jian Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Changyuan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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β-(1→3),(1→6)-Glucans: medicinal activities, characterization, biosynthesis and new horizons. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7893-906. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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In vivo immunological activity of carboxymethylated-sulfated (1→3)-β-D-glucan from sclerotium of Poria cocos. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:511-7. [PMID: 26014139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucans are one of the polysaccharides known as biological response modifiers extracted from the sclerotium of Poria cocos which has been used for several decades as Traditional Chinese Medicine. Due to its ability to activate immune system, it can be applied in chemotherapy after being chemically modified. In this study, sulfated (1→3)-β-D-glucan (S-P), carboxymethyl (1→3)-β-D-glucan (CMP), and carboxymethylated-sulfated (1→3)-β-D-glucan (S-CMP), which are (1→3)-β-D-glucan derivatives were synthesized. The current study was aimed to investigate in vivo potential immunological activity of S-CMP in mice. In addition, mice were separately treated with S-P, CMP and S-CMP to evaluate the relationship between single and multiple functional groups. Interestingly, S-CMP exhibited the best in vivo immunological activities and the highest inhibition rate against the implanted HepG2 tumor in BALB/c mice, with significant increase in serum hemolysin antibody titer, spleen antibody production as well as delayed type hypersensitivity compared with S-P and CMP. Furthermore, it was assumed that simultaneous introduction of carboxymethyl and sulfate groups also had great potential effect on antioxidant activity, as substantial decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content was remarked. Therefore, it may suggest that S-CMP has better immunological and anti-tumor effects on mice in vivo.
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Ruthes AC, Smiderle FR, Iacomini M. d-Glucans from edible mushrooms: A review on the extraction, purification and chemical characterization approaches. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 117:753-761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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