1
|
Altwaim SA, Alsaady IM, Gattan HS, Alruhaili MH, Khateb AM, El-Daly MM, Dubey A, Dwivedi VD, Azhar EI. Exploring the anti-protozoal mechanisms of Syzygium aromaticum phytochemicals targeting Cryptosporidium parvum lactate dehydrogenase through molecular dynamics simulations. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 760:110124. [PMID: 39154815 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), a protozoan parasite, is known to induce significant gastrointestinal disease in humans. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a protein of C. parvum, has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for developing effective drugs against infection. This study utilized a computational drug discovery approach to identify potential drug molecules against the LDH protein of C. parvum. In the present investigation, we conducted a structure-based virtual screening of 55 phytochemicals from the Syzygium aromaticum (S. aromaticum). This process identified four phytochemicals, including Gallotannin 23, Eugeniin, Strictinin, and Ellagitannin, that demonstrated significant binding affinity and dynamic stability with LDH protein. Interestingly, these four compounds have been documented to possess antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The docked complexes were simulated for 100 ns using Desmond to check the dynamic stability. Finally, the free binding energy was computed from the last 10ns MD trajectories. Gallotannin 23 and Ellagitannin exhibited considerable binding affinity and stability with the target protein among all four phytochemicals. These findings suggest that these predicted phytochemicals from S. aromaticum could be further explored as potential hit candidates for developing effective drugs against C. parvum infection. The in vitro and in vivo experimental validation is still required to confirm their efficacy and safety as LDH inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Altwaim
- Special Infectious Agents Unit - BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, 20136, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine. King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 20136, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isra M Alsaady
- Special Infectious Agents Unit - BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, 20136, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 20136, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan S Gattan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit - BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, 20136, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 20136, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Alruhaili
- Special Infectious Agents Unit - BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, 20136, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine. King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 20136, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiah M Khateb
- Special Infectious Agents Unit - BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, 20136, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai M El-Daly
- Special Infectious Agents Unit - BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, 20136, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 20136, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amit Dubey
- Computational Chemistry & Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, 605102, India; Bioinformatics Research Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida, India.
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit - BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, 20136, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 20136, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lenière AC, Vlandas A, Follet J. Treating cryptosporidiosis: A review on drug discovery strategies. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100542. [PMID: 38669849 PMCID: PMC11066572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Despite several decades of research on therapeutics, cryptosporidiosis remains a major concern for human and animal health. Even though this field of research to assess antiparasitic drug activity is highly active and competitive, only one molecule is authorized to be used in humans. However, this molecule was not efficacious in immunocompromised people and the lack of animal therapeutics remains a cause of concern. Indeed, the therapeutic arsenal needs to be developed for both humans and animals. Our work aims to clarify research strategies that historically were diffuse and poorly directed. This paper reviews in vitro and in vivo methodologies to assess the activity of future therapeutic compounds by screening drug libraries or through drug repurposing. It focuses on High Throughput Screening methodologies (HTS) and discusses the lack of knowledge of target mechanisms. In addition, an overview of several specific metabolic pathways and enzymatic activities used as targets against Cryptosporidium is provided. These metabolic processes include glycolytic pathways, fatty acid production, kinase activities, tRNA elaboration, nucleotide synthesis, gene expression and mRNA maturation. As a conclusion, we highlight emerging future strategies for screening natural compounds and assessing drug resistance issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Charlotte Lenière
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Junia, Université Polytechnique Hauts de France, UMR 8520, IEMN Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Alexis Vlandas
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Junia, Université Polytechnique Hauts de France, UMR 8520, IEMN Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Jérôme Follet
- University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Junia, Université Polytechnique Hauts de France, UMR 8520, IEMN Institut d'Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, F, 59000, Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Springer AL, Agrawal S, Chang EP. Malate dehydrogenase in parasitic protozoans: roles in metabolism and potential therapeutic applications. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230075. [PMID: 38938216 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The role of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in the metabolism of various medically significant protozoan parasites is reviewed. MDH is an NADH-dependent oxidoreductase that catalyzes interconversion between oxaloacetate and malate, provides metabolic intermediates for both catabolic and anabolic pathways, and can contribute to NAD+/NADH balance in multiple cellular compartments. MDH is present in nearly all organisms; isoforms of MDH from apicomplexans (Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp.), trypanosomatids (Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi) and anaerobic protozoans (Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia duodenalis) are presented here. Many parasitic species have complex life cycles and depend on the environment of their hosts for carbon sources and other nutrients. Metabolic plasticity is crucial to parasite transition between host environments; thus, the regulation of metabolic processes is an important area to explore for therapeutic intervention. Common themes in protozoan parasite metabolism include emphasis on glycolytic catabolism, substrate-level phosphorylation, non-traditional uses of common pathways like tricarboxylic acid cycle and adapted or reduced mitochondria-like organelles. We describe the roles of MDH isoforms in these pathways, discuss unusual structural or functional features of these isoforms relevant to activity or drug targeting, and review current studies exploring the therapeutic potential of MDH and related genes. These studies show that MDH activity has important roles in many metabolic pathways, and thus in the metabolic transitions of protozoan parasites needed for success as pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Springer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, U.S.A
| | - Swati Agrawal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | - Eric P Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gattan HS, Wakid MH, Qahwaji RM, Altwaim S, Mahjoub HA, Alfaifi MS, Elshazly H, Al-Megrin WAI, Alshehri EA, Elshabrawy HA, El-kady AM. In silico and in vivo evaluation of the anti-cryptosporidial activity of eugenol. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1374116. [PMID: 38515537 PMCID: PMC10954888 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1374116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic parasitic disease widely distributed worldwide. Although Cryptosporidium sp. causes asymptomatic infection in healthy people, it may lead to severe illness in immunocompromised individuals. Limited effective therapeutic alternatives are available against cryptosporidiosis in this category of patients. So, there is an urgent need for therapeutic alternatives for cryptosporidiosis. Recently, the potential uses of Eugenol (EUG) have been considered a promising novel treatment for bacterial and parasitic infections. Consequently, it is suggested to investigate the effect of EUG as an option for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis. Materials and methods The in silico bioinformatics analysis was used to predict and determine the binding affinities and intermolecular interactions of EUG and Nitazoxanide (NTZ) toward several Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) lowa II target proteins. For animal study, five groups of immunosuppressed Swiss albino mice (10 mice each) were used. Group I was left uninfected (control), and four groups were infected with 1,000 oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. The first infected group was left untreated. The remaining three infected groups received NTZ, EUG, and EUG + NTZ, respectively, on the 6th day post-infection (dpi). All mice were sacrificed 30 dpi. The efficacy of the used formulas was assessed by counting the number of C. parvum oocysts excreted in stool of infected mice, histopathological examination of the ileum and liver tissues and determination of the expression of iNOS in the ileum of mice in different animal groups. Results treatment with EUG resulted in a significant reduction in the number of oocysts secreted in stool when compared to infected untreated mice. In addition, oocyst excretion was significantly reduced in mice received a combination therapy of EUG and NTZ when compared with those received NTZ alone. EUG succeeded in reverting the histopathological alterations induced by Cryptosporidium infection either alone or in combination with NTZ. Moreover, mice received EUG showed marked reduction of the expression of iNOS in ileal tissues. Conclusion Based on the results, the present study signified a basis for utilizing EUG as an affordable, safe, and alternative therapy combined with NTZ in the management of cryptosporidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hattan S. Gattan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed H. Wakid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowaid M. Qahwaji
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Altwaim
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifaa A. Mahjoub
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Sciences and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael S. Alfaifi
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayam Elshazly
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-Scientific Departments, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Wafa Abdullah I. Al-Megrin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hatem A. Elshabrawy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX, United States
| | - Asmaa M. El-kady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khan SM, Bajwa MR, Lahar RY, Witola WH. Combination of inhibitors for two glycolytic enzymes portrays high synergistic efficacy against Cryptosporidium parvum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0056923. [PMID: 37655889 PMCID: PMC10583678 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00569-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes serious enteric disease in humans and in a wide range of animals worldwide. Despite its high prevalence, no effective therapeutic drugs are available against life-threatening cryptosporidiosis in at-risk populations including malnourished children, immunocompromised patients, and neonatal calves. Thus, new efficacious drugs are urgently needed to treat all susceptible populations with cryptosporidiosis. Unlike other apicomplexans, Cryptosporidium parvum lacks the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation steps, making it solely dependent on glycolysis for metabolic energy production. We have previously reported that individual inhibitors of two unique glycolytic enzymes, the plant-like pyruvate kinase (CpPyK) and the bacterial-type lactate dehydrogenase (CpLDH), are effective against C. parvum, both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we have derived combinations of CpPyK and CpLDH inhibitors with strong synergistic effects against the growth and survival of C. parvum, both in vitro and in an infection mouse model. In infected immunocompromised mice, compound combinations of NSC303244 + NSC158011 and NSC252172 + NSC158011 depicted enhanced efficacy against C. parvum reproduction and ameliorated intestinal lesions of cryptosporidiosis at doses fourfold lower than the total effective doses of individual compounds. Importantly, unlike individual compounds, NSC303244 + NSC158011 combination was effective in clearing the infection completely without relapse in immunocompromised mice. Collectively, our study has unveiled compound combinations that simultaneously block two essential catalytic steps for metabolic energy production in C. parvum to achieve improved efficacy against the parasite. These combinations are, therefore, lead compounds for the development of a new generation of efficacious anti-cryptosporidial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahbaz M. Khan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Muhammad Rashid Bajwa
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Rachael Y. Lahar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - William H. Witola
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
El-Wakil ES, Abdelmaksoud HF, Wakid MH, Alsulami MN, Hammam O, Albohiri HH, Ghallab MMI. Annona muricata Leaf as an Anti-Cryptosporidial Agent: An In Silico Molecular Docking Analysis and In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:878. [PMID: 37375825 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a serious parasitic diarrheal disease linked to the occurrence of colorectal cancer in immunocompromised patients. The FDA-approved drug nitazoxanide (NTZ) achieved a temporary effect, and relapses occur. Annona muricata leaf is widely used in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of disorders, including antiparasitic and anticancer effects. So, this study aimed to investigate Annona muricata leaf antiparasitic and anticancer properties compared to NTZ in Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) acutely and chronically infected immunosuppressed mice. A molecular docking analysis was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of some biologically active compounds that represented the pharmacological properties of Annona muricata leaf-rich extract toward C. parvum lactate dehydrogenase compared to NTZ. For the in vivo study, eighty immunosuppressed albino mice were classified into four groups as follows: group I: infected and treated with A. muricata; group II: infected and treated with nitazoxanide; group III: infected and received no treatment; and group IV: were neither infected nor treated. Furthermore, half of the mice in groups I and II received the drugs on the 10th day post-infection (dpi), and the other half received treatment on the 90th day post-infection. Parasitological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed. The docking analysis showed that the lowest estimated free energy of binding of annonacin, casuarine, L-epigallocatechin, P-coumaric acid, and ellagic acid toward C. parvum LDH, were -6.11, -6.32, -7.51, -7.81, and -9.64 kcal/mol, respectively, while NTZ was -7.03 kcal/mol. Parasitological examination displayed a significantly high difference in C. parvum oocyst mean counts in groups I and II compared to group III (p-value < 0.001), with group I demonstrating the highest efficacy. The analyses of histopathological and immunohistochemical results revealed that group I showed restoration of the normal villous pattern without evidence of dysplasia or malignancy. A. muricata leaf has proved to be a reliable agent for Cryptosporidium treatment. This paper argues for its promising use as an antiparasitic agent and for the prevention of neoplastic sequels of Cryptosporidium infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman S El-Wakil
- Department of Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba 12411, Egypt
| | - Hagar F Abdelmaksoud
- Department of Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba 12411, Egypt
| | - Majed H Wakid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muslimah N Alsulami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olfat Hammam
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba 12411, Egypt
| | - Haleema H Albohiri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa M I Ghallab
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ghareeb MA, Sobeh M, Aboushousha T, Esmat M, Mohammed HS, El-Wakil ES. Polyphenolic Profile of Herniaria hemistemon Aerial Parts Extract and Assessment of Its Anti-Cryptosporidiosis in a Murine Model: In Silico Supported In Vivo Study. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020415. [PMID: 36839737 PMCID: PMC9964224 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herniaria hemistemon J.Gay is widely used in folk medicine to treat hernia. The present study aimed to annotate the phytoconstituents of H. hemistemon aerial-part extract and investigate its in vivo anticryptosporidial activity. The chemical characterization was achieved via the LC-ESI-MS/MS technique resulting in the annotation of 37 phytocompounds comprising flavonoids and phenolic acids. Regarding the anticryptosporidial activity, fifty dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice were separated into five groups: GI, un-infected (normal control); GII, infected but not treated (model); GIII, infected and received NTZ, the reference drug; GIV, infected and received H. hemistemon extract (100 mg/kg); and GV, infected and received H. hemistemon extract (200 mg/kg). When GIII, GIV, and GV were compared to GII, parasitological analyses displayed highly significant differences in the mean numbers of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in the stool between the different groups. GV demonstrated the highest efficacy of 79%. Histopathological analyses displayed improvement in the small intestine and liver pathology in the treated groups (GIII, IV, and V) related to the model (GII), with GV showing the highest efficacy. Moreover, the docking-based study tentatively highlighted the potential of benzoic acid derivatives as lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors. The docked compounds showed the same binding interactions as oxamic acid, where they established H-bond interactions with ARG-109, ASN-140, ASP-168, ARG-171, and HIS-195. To sum up, H. hemistemon is a promising natural therapeutic agent for cryptosporidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mosad A. Ghareeb
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El-Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba, Giza 12411, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.G.); (M.S.); Tel.: +20-(02)-010-1234-6834 (M.A.G.); Fax: +20-(02)-35408125 (M.A.G.)
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- AgroBioSciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben-Guerir 43150, Morocco
- Correspondence: (M.A.G.); (M.S.); Tel.: +20-(02)-010-1234-6834 (M.A.G.); Fax: +20-(02)-35408125 (M.A.G.)
| | - Tarek Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El-Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba, Giza 12411, Egypt
| | - Marwa Esmat
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th October City 12566, Egypt
| | - Hala Sh. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11311, Egypt
| | - Eman S. El-Wakil
- Department of Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El-Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba, Giza 12411, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheng YY, Park TH, Seong H, Kim TJ, Han NS. Biological characterization of D-lactate dehydrogenase responsible for high-yield production of D-phenyllactic acid in Sporolactobacillus inulinus. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2717-2729. [PMID: 35921426 PMCID: PMC9618312 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PLA (3‐D‐phenyllactic acid) is an ideal antimicrobial and immune regulatory compound present in honey and fermented foods. Sporolactobacillus inulinus is regarded as a potent D‐PLA producer that reduces phenylpyruvate (PPA) with D‐lactate dehydrogenases. In this study, PLA was produced by whole‐cell bioconversion of S. inulinus ATCC 15538. Three genes encoding D‐lactate dehydrogenase (d‐ldh1, d‐ldh2, and d‐ldh3) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and their biochemical and structural properties were characterized. Consequently, a high concentration of pure D‐PLA (47 mM) was produced with a high conversion yield of 88%. Among the three enzymes, D‐LDH1 was responsible for the efficient conversion of PPA to PLA with kinetic parameters of Km (0.36 mM), kcat (481.10 s−1), and kcat/Km (1336.39 mM−1 s−1). In silico structural analysis and site‐directed mutagenesis revealed that the Ile307 in D‐LDH1 is a key residue for excellent PPA reduction with low steric hindrance at the substrate entrance. This study highlights that S. inulinus ATCC 15538 is an excellent PLA producer, equipped with a highly specific and efficient D‐LDH1 enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Cheng
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Tae Hyeon Park
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hyunbin Seong
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Tae-Jip Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Nam Soo Han
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Development, Division of Animal, Horticultural, and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schadow G, Borodina YV, Delannée V, Ihlenfeldt WD, Godfrey AG, Nicklaus MC. Reaction SPL – extension of a public document markup standard to chemical reactions. PURE APPL CHEM 2022. [PMCID: PMC9189732 DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous formats and data models for describing reaction-related data. However, each offers only a limited coverage of the multitude of information that can be of interest to a broad user base in the context of chemical reactions. Structured Product Labeling (SPL) is a robust yet fairly light public XML document standard. It uses a highly generic but usefully refinable data schema, which is, like a language, highly expressive. We are therefore presenting an extension of SPL to chemical reactions (“Reaction SPL”). This extension is designed to support chemical manufacturing processes, which include as a minimum the chemical reaction and the procedures and conditions to run it. We provide an overview of the SPL reaction specification structures followed by some examples of documents with reaction data: predicted single-step reactions, a two-step synthesis, an enzymatic reaction, an example how to represent a reaction center, a patent, and a fully annotated reaction with by-products. Special attention is given to a mechanism for atom-atom mapping of reactions as well as to the possibility to integrate Reaction SPL with laboratory automation equipment, in particular automated synthesis devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alexander G. Godfrey
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH , Rockville , MD , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase: Potential antiparasitic targets for drug development studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 50:116458. [PMID: 34687983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases remain a major public health concern for humans, claiming millions of lives annually. Although different treatments are required for these diseases, drug usage is limited due to the development of resistance and toxicity, which necessitate alternative therapies. It has been shown in the literature that parasitic lactate dehydrogenases (LDH) and malate dehydrogenases (MDH) have unique pharmacological selective and specificity properties compared to other isoforms, thus highlighting them as viable therapeutic targets involved in aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic pathways. LDH and MDH are important therapeutic targets for invasive parasites because they play a critical role in the progression and development of parasitic diseases. Any strategy to impede these enzymes would be fatal to the parasites, paving the way to develop and discover novel antiparasitic agents. This review aims to highlight the importance of parasitic LDH and MDH as therapeutic drug targets in selected obligate apicoplast parasites. To the best of our knowledge, this review presents the first comprehensive review of LDH and MDH as potential antiparasitic targets for drug development studies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Khan AA, Allemailem KS, Alhumaydhi FA, Gowder SJT, Rahmani AH. The Biochemical and Clinical Perspectives of Lactate Dehydrogenase: An Enzyme of Active Metabolism. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:855-868. [PMID: 31886754 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666191230141110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a group of oxidoreductase isoenzymes catalyzing the reversible reaction between pyruvate and lactate. The five isoforms of this enzyme, formed from two subunits, vary in isoelectric points and these isoforms have different substrate affinity, inhibition constants and electrophoretic mobility. These diverse biochemical properties play a key role in its cellular, tissue and organ specificity. Though LDH is predominantly present in the cytoplasm, it has a multi-organellar location as well. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this review article is to provide an update in parallel, the previous and recent biochemical views and its clinical significance in different diseases. METHODS With the help of certain inhibitors, its active site three-dimensional view, reactions mechanisms and metabolic pathways have been sorted out to a greater extent. Overexpression of LDH in different cancers plays a principal role in anaerobic cellular metabolism, hence several inhibitors have been designed to employ as novel anticancer agents. DISCUSSION LDH performs a very important role in overall body metabolism and some signals can induce isoenzyme switching under certain circumstances, ensuring that the tissues consistently maintain adequate ATP supply. This enzyme also experiences some posttranslational modifications, to have diversified metabolic roles. Different toxicological and pathological complications damage various organs, which ultimately result in leakage of this enzyme in serum. Hence, unusual LDH isoform level in serum serves as a significant biomarker of different diseases. CONCLUSION LDH is an important diagnostic biomarker for some common diseases like cancer, thyroid disorders, tuberculosis, etc. In general, LDH plays a key role in the clinical diagnosis of various common and rare diseases, as this enzyme has a prominent role in active metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad A Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sivakumar J T Gowder
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam
| | - Arshad H Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vélez J, Velasquez Z, Silva LMR, Gärtner U, Failing K, Daugschies A, Mazurek S, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. Metabolic Signatures of Cryptosporidium
parvum-Infected HCT-8 Cells and Impact of Selected Metabolic Inhibitors on C. parvum Infection under Physioxia and Hyperoxia. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10010060. [PMID: 33467500 PMCID: PMC7831031 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an apicomplexan zoonotic parasite recognized as the second leading-cause of diarrhoea-induced mortality in children. In contrast to other apicomplexans, C.
parvum has minimalistic metabolic capacities which are almost exclusively based on glycolysis. Consequently, C. parvum is highly dependent on its host cell metabolism. In vivo (within the intestine) infected epithelial host cells are typically exposed to low oxygen pressure (1-11% O2, termed physioxia). Here, we comparatively analyzed the metabolic signatures of C. parvum-infected HCT-8 cells cultured under both, hyperoxia (21% O2), representing the standard oxygen condition used in most experimental settings, and physioxia (5% O2), to be closer to the in vivo situation. The most pronounced effect of C. parvum infection on host cell metabolism was, on one side, an increase in glucose and glutamine uptake, and on the other side, an increase in lactate release. When cultured in a glutamine-deficient medium, C. parvum infection led to a massive increase in glucose consumption and lactate production. Together, these results point to the important role of both glycolysis and glutaminolysis during C. parvum intracellular replication. Referring to obtained metabolic signatures, we targeted glycolysis as well as glutaminolysis in C. parvum-infected host cells by using the inhibitors lonidamine [inhibitor of hexokinase, mitochondrial carrier protein (MCP) and monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) 1, 2, 4], galloflavin (lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor), syrosingopine (MCT1- and MCT4 inhibitor) and compound 968 (glutaminase inhibitor) under hyperoxic and physioxic conditions. In line with metabolic signatures, all inhibitors significantly reduced parasite replication under both oxygen conditions, thereby proving both energy-related metabolic pathways, glycolysis and glutaminolysis, but also lactate export mechanisms via MCTs as pivotal for C. parvum under in vivo physioxic conditions of mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vélez
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University-Giessen, Schubert Str. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (Z.V.); (L.M.R.S.); (C.H.); (A.T.)
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University-Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 100, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Zahady Velasquez
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University-Giessen, Schubert Str. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (Z.V.); (L.M.R.S.); (C.H.); (A.T.)
| | - Liliana M. R. Silva
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University-Giessen, Schubert Str. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (Z.V.); (L.M.R.S.); (C.H.); (A.T.)
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University-Giessen, Aulweg 123, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus Liebig University-Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 95, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Sybille Mazurek
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University-Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 100, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University-Giessen, Schubert Str. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (Z.V.); (L.M.R.S.); (C.H.); (A.T.)
| | - Anja Taubert
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University-Giessen, Schubert Str. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (Z.V.); (L.M.R.S.); (C.H.); (A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pereira SAP, Mota FAR, Çay I, Passos MLC, Araujo ARTS, Saraiva MLMFS. Automatic fluorometric lactate determination in human plasma samples. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04831f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new automatic, robust, economic and reliable methodology to determine the lactate levels in human plasma in a fast way and using low volume blood samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. P. Pereira
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
- Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira
| | - Fátima A. R. Mota
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
- Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira
| | - Ipek Çay
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
- Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira
| | - Marieta L. C. Passos
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
- Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira
| | - André R. T. S. Araujo
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
- Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira
| | - M. Lúcia M. F. S. Saraiva
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
- Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li K, Nader SM, Zhang X, Ray BC, Kim CY, Das A, Witola WH. Novel lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors with in vivo efficacy against Cryptosporidium parvum. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007953. [PMID: 31356619 PMCID: PMC6687188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a highly prevalent zoonotic and anthroponotic protozoan parasite that causes a diarrheal syndrome in children and neonatal livestock, culminating in growth retardation and mortalities. Despite the high prevalence of C. parvum, there are no fully effective and safe drugs for treating infections, and there is no vaccine. We have previously reported that the bacterial-like C. parvum lactate dehydrogenase (CpLDH) enzyme is essential for survival, virulence and growth of C. parvum in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we screened compound libraries and identified inhibitors against the enzymatic activity of recombinant CpLDH protein in vitro. We tested the inhibitors for anti-Cryptosporidium effect using in vitro infection assays of HCT-8 cells monolayers and identified compounds NSC158011 and NSC10447 that inhibited the proliferation of intracellular C. parvum in vitro, with IC50 values of 14.88 and 72.65 μM, respectively. At doses tolerable in mice, we found that both NSC158011 and NSC10447 consistently significantly reduced the shedding of C. parvum oocysts in infected immunocompromised mice’s feces, and prevented intestinal villous atrophy as well as mucosal erosion due to C. parvum. Together, our findings have unveiled promising anti-Cryptosporidium drug candidates that can be explored further for the development of the much needed novel therapeutic agents against C. parvum infections. Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that can cause a life-threatening gastrointestinal disease in children and in immunocompromised adults. The only approved drug for treatment of Cryptosporidium infections in humans is nitazoxanide, but it is not effective in immunocompromised individuals or in children with malnutrition. C. parvum possesses a unique lactate dehydrogenase (CpLDH) enzyme that it uses for generating metabolic energy (ATP) via the glycolytic pathway to fuel its growth and proliferation in the host. We have identified novel inhibitors for the enzymatic activity of CpLDH. Further, we have demonstrated that two of the CpLDH inhibitors effectively block the growth, proliferation and pathogenicity of C. parvum at tolerable doses in immunocompromised mice. Together, our findings have unveiled novel CpLDH inhibitors that can be explored for the development of efficacious therapeutic drugs against C. parvum infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sara M. Nader
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Benjamin C. Ray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chi Yong Kim
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - William H. Witola
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus reuteri: A versatile enzyme for oxidized cofactor regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:629-636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
16
|
Wu B, Yu Q, Zheng S, Pedroso MM, Guddat LW, He B, Schenk G. Relative catalytic efficiencies and transcript levels of three d- and two l-lactate dehydrogenases for optically pure d-lactate production in Sporolactobacillus inulinus. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00704. [PMID: 30066438 PMCID: PMC6528580 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the optical purity of the lactate monomer is pivotal for polymerization, the production of optically pure d‐lactate is of significant importance. Sporolactobacillus inulinus YBS1‐5 is a superior optically pure d‐lactate‐producing bacterium. However, little is known about the relationship between lactate dehydrogenases in S. inulinus YBS1‐5 and the optical purity of d‐lactate. Three potential d‐lactate dehydrogenase (D‐LDH1‐3)‐ and two putative l‐lactate dehydrogenase (L‐LDH1‐2)‐encoding genes were cloned from the YBS1‐5 strain and expressed in Escherichia coli D‐LDH1 exhibited the highest catalytic efficiency toward pyruvate, whereas two L‐LDHs showed low catalytic efficiency. Different neutralizers significantly affected the optical purity of d‐lactate produced by strain YBS1‐5 as well as the transcription levels of ldhDs and ldhLs. The high catalytic efficiency of D‐LDH1 and elevated ldhD1 mRNA levels suggest that this enzyme is essential for d‐lactate synthesis in S. inulinus YBS1‐5. The correlation between the optical purity of d‐lactate and transcription levels of ldhL1 in the case of different neutralizers indicate that ldhL1 is a key factor affecting the optical purity of d‐lactate in S. inulinus YBS1‐5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcelo Monteiro Pedroso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo C, Wang Y, Huang X, Wang N, Yan M, He R, Gu X, Xie Y, Lai W, Jing B, Peng X, Yang G. Molecular cloing and bioinformatics analysis of lactate dehydrogenase from Taenia multiceps. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2845-2852. [PMID: 28766153 PMCID: PMC5599447 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coenurus cerebralis, the larval stage (metacestode or coenurus) of Taenia multiceps, parasitizes sheep, goats, and other ruminants and causes coenurosis. In this study, we isolated and characterized complementary DNAs that encode lactate dehydrogenase A (Tm-LDHA) and B (Tm-LDHB) from the transcriptome of T. multiceps and expressed recombinant Tm-LDHB (rTm-LDHB) in Escherichia coli. Bioinformatic analysis showed that both Tm-LDH genes (LDHA and LDHB) contain a 996-bp open reading frame and encode a protein of 331 amino acids. After determination of the immunogenicity of the recombinant Tm-LDHB, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for preliminary evaluation of the serodiagnostic potential of rTm-LDHB in goats. However, the rTm-LDHB-based indirect ELISA developed here exhibited specificity of only 71.42% (10/14) and sensitivity of 1:3200 in detection of goats infected with T. multiceps in the field. This study is the first to describe LDHA and LDHB of T. multiceps; meanwhile, our results indicate that rTm-LDHB is not a specific antigen candidate for immunodiagnosis of T. multiceps infection in goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Guo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Vocational College, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Weimin Lai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- College of Life and Basic Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Varga MJ, Dzierlenga MW, Schwartz SD. Structurally Linked Dynamics in Lactate Dehydrogenases of Evolutionarily Distinct Species. Biochemistry 2017; 56:2488-2496. [PMID: 28445027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present new findings about how primary and secondary structure affects the role of fast protein motions in the reaction coordinates of enzymatic reactions. Using transition path sampling and committor distribution analysis, we examined the difference in the role of these fast protein motions in the reaction coordinate of lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs) of Apicomplexa organisms Plasmodium falciparum and Cryptosporidium parvum. Having evolved separately from a common malate dehydrogenase ancestor, the two enzymes exhibit several important structural differences, notably a five-amino acid insertion in the active site loop of P. falciparum LDH. We find that these active site differences between the two organisms' LDHs likely cause a decrease in the contribution of the previously determined LDH rate-promoting vibration to the reaction coordinate of P. falciparum LDH compared to that of C. parvum LDH, specifically in the coupling of the rate-promoting vibration and the hydride transfer. This effect, while subtle, directly shows how changes in structure near the active site of LDH alter catalytically important motions. Insights provided by studying these alterations would prove to be useful in identifying LDH inhibitors that specifically target the isozymes of these parasitic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Varga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Michael W Dzierlenga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Steven D Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tang P, Xu J, Oliveira CL, Li ZJ, Liu S. A mechanistic kinetic description of lactate dehydrogenase elucidating cancer diagnosis and inhibitor evaluation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:564-571. [PMID: 28114833 PMCID: PMC6010104 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1275606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key enzyme for glycolysis, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) remains as a topic of great interest in cancer study. Though a number of kinetic models have been applied to describe the dynamic behavior of LDH, few can reflect its actual mechanism, making it difficult to explain the observed substrate and competitor inhibitions at wide concentration ranges. A novel mechanistic kinetic model is developed based on the enzymatic processes and the interactive properties of LDH. Better kinetic simulation as well as new enzyme interactivity information and kinetic properties extracted from published articles via the novel model was presented. Case studies were presented to a comprehensive understanding of the effect of temperature, substrate, and inhibitor on LDH kinetic activities for promising application in cancer diagnosis, inhibitor evaluation, and adequate drug dosage prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Tang
- a Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering , SUNY ESF , Syracuse , NY , USA.,b Biologics Process Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , USA
| | - Jianlin Xu
- b Biologics Process Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , USA
| | - Christopher L Oliveira
- b Biologics Process Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- b Biologics Process Development, Global Manufacturing and Supply , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , USA
| | - Shijie Liu
- a Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering , SUNY ESF , Syracuse , NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|