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Azizi N, Eslami R, Goudarzi S, Younesi H, Zarrin H. A Review of Current Achievements and Recent Challenges in Bacterial Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Production and Potential Applications. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2679-2700. [PMID: 38656151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Using petroleum-derived plastics has contributed significantly to environmental issues, such as greenhouse gas emissions and the accumulation of plastic waste in ecosystems. Researchers have focused on developing ecofriendly polymers as alternatives to traditional plastics to address these concerns. This review provides a comprehensive overview of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs), biodegradable biopolymers produced by microorganisms that show promise in replacing conventional plastics. The review discusses the classification, properties, and potential substrates of less studied mcl-PHAs, highlighting their greater ductility and flexibility compared to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), a well-known but brittle PHA. The authors summarize existing research to emphasize the potential applications of mcl-PHAs in biomedicine, packaging, biocomposites, water treatment, and energy. Future research should focus on improving production techniques, ensuring economic viability, and addressing challenges associated with industrial implementation. Investigating the biodegradability, stability, mechanical properties, durability, and cost-effectiveness of mcl-PHA-based products compared to petroleum-based counterparts is crucial. The future of mcl-PHAs looks promising, with continued research expected to optimize production techniques, enhance material properties, and expand applications. Interdisciplinary collaborations among microbiologists, engineers, chemists, and materials scientists will drive progress in this field. In conclusion, this review serves as a valuable resource to understand mcl-PHAs as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. However, further research is needed to optimize production methods, evaluate long-term ecological impacts, and assess the feasibility and viability in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Azizi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Research and Innovation Department, Sensofine Inc., Innovation Boost Zone (IBZ), Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C2, Canada
| | - Reza Eslami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Research and Innovation Department, Sensofine Inc., Innovation Boost Zone (IBZ), Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C2, Canada
| | - Shaghayegh Goudarzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Habibollah Younesi
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Nour 64414-356, Iran
| | - Hadis Zarrin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Research and Innovation Department, Sensofine Inc., Innovation Boost Zone (IBZ), Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C2, Canada
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Naitam MG, Tomar GS, Kaushik R. Optimization and production of holocellulosic enzyme cocktail from fungi Aspergillus nidulans under solid-state fermentation for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2022; 9:17. [PMID: 36527155 PMCID: PMC9758824 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-022-00147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of petroleum-based plastics increased dramatically following industrialization. Because of multifaceted properties such as durability, thermostability, water resistance, and many others, these plastics have become an indispensable part of daily life. However, while improving people's quality of life, indiscriminate use of plastics has caused pollution and raised environmental concerns. To address this situation and reduce environmental risks, microbially produced biopolymers such as poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates can be used to make bioplastics that are completely biodegradable under normal environmental conditions. At the moment, the cost of bioplastic production is high when compared to petroleum-based plastics, so alternate strategies for making the bioplastic process economical are urgently needed. Agricultural waste is abundant around the world and can be efficiently used as a low-cost renewable feedstock after pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Fungi are well known as primary degraders of lignocellulosic waste, and this property was used in the current study to enzymatically hydrolyze the pretreated paddy straw for the production of reducing sugars, which were then used in the microbial fermentation for the production of PHB. In this study, Aspergillus nidulans was used to advance a low-cost and efficient enzyme hydrolysis system for the generation of reducing sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. For the production of the holocellulosic enzyme complex, the fungus was grown on wheat straw with Reese mineral medium as a wetting agent. After 216 h of solid-state fermentation at 30 °C, pH 6.0, the enzyme extract from A. nidulans demonstrated the highest activity, CMCase 68.58 (± 0.55), FPase 12.0 (± 0.06), Xylanase 27.17 (± 0.83), and β-glucosidase 1.89 (± 0.037). The initial pH, incubation temperature, and time all had a significant impact on final enzyme activity. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated paddy straw produced reducing sugars (8.484 to 30.91 gL-1) that were then used to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) using halophilic bacterial isolates. Burkholderia gladioli 2S4R1 and Bacillus cereus LB7 accumulated 26.80% and 20.47% PHB of the cell dry weight, respectively. This suggests that the holocellulosic enzyme cocktail could play a role in the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials and the production of PHA from less expensive feedstocks such as agricultural waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur G. Naitam
- grid.418196.30000 0001 2172 0814Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Govind Singh Tomar
- grid.418196.30000 0001 2172 0814Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Rajeev Kaushik
- grid.418196.30000 0001 2172 0814Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Hydrothermal treatment of lignocellulose waste for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates copolymer with potential application in food packaging. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gupta S, Nadda AK, Gupta A, Singh J, Mulla SI, Sharma S. Transforming Wastes into High Value-Added Products: An Introduction. Biopolymers 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-98392-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gomez-Ramirez LF, Uribe-Velez D. Phosphorus Solubilizing and Mineralizing Bacillus spp. Contribute to Rice Growth Promotion Using Soil Amended with Rice Straw. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:932-943. [PMID: 33580332 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for more than two billion people worldwide. Its cultivation demands large amounts of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus (P). Consequently, low availability of these nutrients in the soil has led to the use of chemical fertilizers, generating increases in production costs and environmental damage. Soil host microorganisms known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) colonize the rhizosphere and facilitate the uptake of nutrients by the plants. In this study, rice seeds inoculated with PGPR were grown for 30 days in an inert substrate and fertilized with modified Hoagland nutrient solution with phosphate rock as a source of P. Treatments were repeated over time, obtaining five isolates which significantly increased plant length by up to 56% and dry weight of stems and roots up to 45% and 169% respectively relative to an uninoculated control. Selected strains showed in vitro tri-calcium phosphate solubilizing activity, mineralizing phytate activity, and phosphate release from rice straw (RS). Based on the above criteria, three isolates (IBUN-02755, -02,704 and -02,724) that contained β propeller phytase (BPP) genes, were selected to evaluate their effect as PGPR in rice seedlings. These were planted in a soil amended with RS under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that selected Bacillus spp. strains significantly increased plant length and dry weight or increased plant phosphate uptake up to two times compared to an un-inoculated control. This suggests that selected strains may have a capacity as PGPR using RS as carbon and a P amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Gomez-Ramirez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Cundinamarca, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Daniel Uribe-Velez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Cundinamarca, Bogota D.C, Colombia.
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El-Malek FA, Rofeal M, Farag A, Omar S, Khairy H. Polyhydroxyalkanoate nanoparticles produced by marine bacteria cultivated on cost effective Mediterranean algal hydrolysate media. J Biotechnol 2021; 328:95-105. [PMID: 33485864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Algae are omnipresent in all seas and oceans, which make thema target for many applications such as bio-fertilizers, fish feeding and removal of heavy metals. In the present study, different algal species were examined as sustainable alternatives substrates for PHA production by Halomonas sp. Several media simulations were utilized to achieve high polymer productivity. The maximum poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) concentrations were determined by using Corallina mediterranea hydrolysates as a carbon and nitrogen source. The isolates Halomonas pacifica ASL10 and Halomonas salifodiane ASL11 were found to be able to produce PHA by 67 % wt and 63 % wt CDW, respectively. PHB nanoparticles (NPs) had high zeta potential values and small particle sizes. These properties make it suitable for several drug delivery and pharmaceutical applications. Interestingly, NPs showed a potent antibacterial activity against several reference strains. The antibacterial efficacy of PHA-NPs has not been previously studied, thus this study opens a promising use of PHA-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady Abd El-Malek
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Marian Rofeal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Aida Farag
- Marine Biotechnology and Natural Products Extract Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sanaa Omar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Heba Khairy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
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Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis from directly valorized ragi husk and sesame oil cake by Bacillus megaterium strain Ti3: Statistical optimization and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:20-30. [PMID: 31926923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) signify the most promising biological substitute to petrochemical plastics. Renewable and inexpensive agro-industrial by-products can be used as potent fermentation feedstocks for sustainable PHA biosynthesis. This study aimed at using a wild type B. megaterium strain Ti3 innate hydrolytic enzyme/s for eco-friendly valorization of 16 lignocellulosic agrowastes to PHA without pretreatments. Initial hydrolytic screening PHA concentration of (0.04-0.17 g/L), highlighted the strain's metabolic versatility. Pareto ranking of Taguchi orthogonal array (TOA) established ragi husk (RH), sesame oil cake (SOC) and KH2PO4 as the most influential factors (p < 0.05). The optimized and validated Response surface methodology (RSM) model (R2, 0.979; desirability, 1) resulted in 3.8 and 3.6 fold increased PHA production, 4.3 and 3.25 fold increased PHA productivity. A positive correlation (r2, 0.5-0.97) was observed amid the producer innate hydrolytic enzymes (lipase, amylase and cellulase) and PHA production. The PHA was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, GPC, TGA. The polymer was identified as a scl-mcl copolyester with 92% 3HB (3-hydroxybutyrate) and 8% 3HHp (3-hydroxyheptanoate) monomers by NMR. This the first report on B. megaterium self-enzyme reliant non-food agrowastes bioconversion to PHA with 3HHp (3-hydroxyheptanoate) monomers excluding precursor addition, commercial enzymes, pure carbon and nitrogen sources.
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Özgören T, Pinar O, Bozdağ G, Denizci AA, Gündüz O, Çakır Hatır P, Kazan D. Assessment of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis from a novel obligate alkaliphilic Bacillus marmarensis and generation of its composite scaffold via electrospinning. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:982-991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Comparative evaluation of physico-chemical characteristics of biopolyesters P(3HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV) produced by endophytic Bacillus cereus RCL 02. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-018-1509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Acid pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of brown seaweed for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production using Cupriavidus necator. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:1029-1040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wu Y, Mao G, Fan H, Song A, Zhang YHP, Chen H. Biochemical properties of GH94 cellodextrin phosphorylase THA_1941 from a thermophilic eubacterium Thermosipho africanus TCF52B with cellobiose phosphorylase activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4849. [PMID: 28687766 PMCID: PMC5501786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A hypothetic gene (THA_1941) encoding a putative cellobiose phosphorylase (CBP) from Thermosipho africanus TCF52B has very low amino acid identities (less than 12%) to all known GH94 enzymes. This gene was cloned and over-expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant protein was hypothesized to be a CBP enzyme and it showed an optimum temperature of 75 °C and an optimum pH of 7.5. Beyond its CBP activity, this enzyme can use cellobiose and long-chain cellodextrins with a degree of polymerization of greater than two as a glucose acceptor, releasing phosphate from glucose 1-phosphate. The catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) indicated that cellotetraose and cellopentaose were the best substrates for the phosphorolytic and reverse synthetic reactions, respectively. These results suggested that this enzyme was the first enzyme having both cellodextrin and cellobiose phosphorylases activities. Because it preferred cellobiose and cellodextrins to glucose in the synthetic direction, it was categorized as a cellodextrin phosphorylase (CDP). Due to its unique ability of the reverse synthetic reaction, this enzyme could be a potential catalyst for the synthesis of various oligosaccharides. The speculative function of this CDP in the carbohydrate metabolism of T. africanus TCF52B was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Guotao Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Andong Song
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yi-Heng Percival Zhang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 304 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Hongge Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Singh S, Bajaj BK. Bioprocess optimization for production of thermoalkali-stable protease from Bacillus subtilis K-1 under solid-state fermentation. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 46:717-24. [PMID: 26760481 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2015.1135455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cost-effective production of proteases, which are robust enough to function under harsh process conditions, is always sought after due to their wide industrial application spectra. Solid-state production of enzymes using agro-industrial wastes as substrates is an environment-friendly approach, and it has several advantages such as high productivity, cost-effectiveness, being less labor-intensive, and less effluent production, among others. In the current study, different agro-wastes were employed for thermoalkali-stable protease production from Bacillus subtilis K-1 under solid-state fermentation. Agricultural residues such as cotton seed cake supported maximum protease production (728 U ml(-1)), which was followed by gram husk (714 U ml(-1)), mustard cake (680 U ml(-1)), and soybean meal (653 U ml(-1)). Plackett-Burman design of experiment showed that peptone, moisture content, temperature, phosphates, and inoculum size were the significant variables that influenced the protease production. Furthermore, statistical optimization of three variables, namely peptone, moisture content, and incubation temperature, by response surface methodology resulted in 40% enhanced protease production as compared to that under unoptimized conditions (from initial 728 to 1020 U ml(-1)). Thus, solid-state fermentation coupled with design of experiment tools represents a cost-effective strategy for production of industrial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satbir Singh
- a School of Biotechnology , University of Jammu , Bawe Wali Rakh , Jammu , India
| | - Bijender Kumar Bajaj
- a School of Biotechnology , University of Jammu , Bawe Wali Rakh , Jammu , India
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Aarthy M, Saravanan P, Ayyadurai N, Gowthaman MK, Kamini NR. A two step process for production of omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrates from sardine oil using Cryptococcus sp. MTCC 5455 lipase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sharma P, Bajaj BK. Production and characterization of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate from Bacillus cereus PS 10. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:241-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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