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Ghattavi S, Homaei A. Marine enzymes: Classification and application in various industries. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123136. [PMID: 36621739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oceans are regarded as a plentiful and sustainable source of biological compounds. Enzymes are a group of marine biomaterials that have recently drawn more attention because they are produced in harsh environmental conditions such as high salinity, extensive pH, a wide temperature range, and high pressure. Hence, marine-derived enzymes are capable of exhibiting remarkable properties due to their unique composition. In this review, we overviewed and discussed characteristics of marine enzymes as well as the sources of marine enzymes, ranging from primitive organisms to vertebrates, and presented the importance, advantages, and challenges of using marine enzymes with a summary of their applications in a variety of industries. Current biotechnological advancements need the study of novel marine enzymes that could be applied in a variety of ways. Resources of marine enzyme can benefit greatly for biotechnological applications duo to their biocompatible, ecofriendly and high effectiveness. It is beneficial to use the unique characteristics offered by marine enzymes to either develop new processes and products or improve existing ones. As a result, marine-derived enzymes have promising potential and are an excellent candidate for a variety of biotechnology applications and a future rise in the use of marine enzymes is to be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ghattavi
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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2
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Shan Y, Shang J, Zhang D, Cui Y, Wang Y, Zhu J, Ma Y, Song P, Qin K, Ji X, Wei Y, Wu L. Cloning, Expression and Biochemical Characterization of the Recombinant
α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis YX48. CURR PROTEOMICS 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164618666210726161428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Amylase used in the market is mostly medium-temperature enzyme or
high-temperature enzyme and has poor enzyme activity under low-temperature environment. Acid
α-amylase can be used to develop digestion additives in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries.
The amino acid sequence and structural differences among α-amylases obtained from various
organisms are high enough to confer interesting biochemical diversity to the enzymes. However,
low- temperature (0-50°C) amylase, with an optimum temperature and heat sensitivity, has a
greater potential value than medium (50-80°C) and high (80-110°C) temperature amylases.
Methodology:
The gene amy48 from encoding extracellular α-amylase in Bacillus subtilis YX48
was successfully cloned into the pET30a (+) vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)
for biochemical characterization.
Results and Conclusion:
The molecular weight of α-amylase was 75 kDa. The activity of α-amylase
was not affected by Ca2+, and Amy48 had the best activity at pH 5.0 and 37°C. AMY48 has
high stability over a narrow pH and temperature range (5.0-8.0 and 30-45°C). Amylase activity
was strongly inhibited by Zn2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ ions, but Na+, K+, and Co2+ ions stimulate its activity
slightly. The purified enzyme showed gradually reduced activity in the presence of detergents.
However, it was remarkably stable against EDTA and urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shan
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Junjie Shang
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Dongfang Zhang
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Yinshan Cui
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Yi Wang
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Yunnan Kunming 650000, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Yunnan Kunming 650000, China
| | - Yongkai Ma
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Yunnan Kunming 650000, China
| | - Pengfei Song
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Yunnan Kunming 650000, China
| | - Kunhao Qin
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Xiuling Ji
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Yunlin Wei
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Yunnan Kunming 650000, China
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Jin M, Gai Y, Guo X, Hou Y, Zeng R. Properties and Applications of Extremozymes from Deep-Sea Extremophilic Microorganisms: A Mini Review. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120656. [PMID: 31766541 PMCID: PMC6950199 DOI: 10.3390/md17120656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The deep sea, which is defined as sea water below a depth of 1000 m, is one of the largest biomes on the Earth, and is recognised as an extreme environment due to its range of challenging physical parameters, such as pressure, salinity, temperature, chemicals and metals (such as hydrogen sulphide, copper and arsenic). For surviving in such extreme conditions, deep-sea extremophilic microorganisms employ a variety of adaptive strategies, such as the production of extremozymes, which exhibit outstanding thermal or cold adaptability, salt tolerance and/or pressure tolerance. Owing to their great stability, deep-sea extremozymes have numerous potential applications in a wide range of industries, such as the agricultural, food, chemical, pharmaceutical and biotechnological sectors. This enormous economic potential combined with recent advances in sampling and molecular and omics technologies has led to the emergence of research regarding deep-sea extremozymes and their primary applications in recent decades. In the present review, we introduced recent advances in research regarding deep-sea extremophiles and the enzymes they produce and discussed their potential industrial applications, with special emphasis on thermophilic, psychrophilic, halophilic and piezophilic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361000, China; (M.J.); (Y.G.); (X.G.); (Y.H.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Yingbao Gai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361000, China; (M.J.); (Y.G.); (X.G.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xun Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361000, China; (M.J.); (Y.G.); (X.G.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yanping Hou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361000, China; (M.J.); (Y.G.); (X.G.); (Y.H.)
| | - Runying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361000, China; (M.J.); (Y.G.); (X.G.); (Y.H.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-592-2195323
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Hu Y, Yu D, Wang Z, Hou J, Tyagi R, Liang Y, Hu Y. Purification and characterization of a novel, highly potent fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis DC27 screened from Douchi, a traditional Chinese fermented soybean food. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9235. [PMID: 31239529 PMCID: PMC6592948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly fibrinolytic enzyme-producing bacterium was identified as Bacillus subtilis DC27 and isolated from Douchi, a traditional fermented soybean food. The DFE27 enzyme was purified from the fermentation broth of B. subtilis DC27 by using UNOsphere Q column chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and high-performance liquid chromatography. It was 29 kDa in molecular mass and showed the optimal reaction temperature and pH value of 45 °C and 7.0, respectively, with a stable fibrinolytic activity below 50 °C and within the pH range of 6.0 to 10.0. DFE27 was identified as a serine protease due to its complete inhibition by phenylmethysulfony fluoride. The first 24 amino acid residues of the N-terminal sequence of the enzyme were AQSVPYGVSQIKAPALHSQGFTGS. The enzyme displayed the highest specificity toward the substrate D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA for plasmin and it could not only directly degrade but also hydrolyze fibrin by activating plasminogen into plasmin. Overall, the DFE27 enzyme was obviously different from other known fibrinolytic enzymes in the optimum substrate specificity or fibrinolytic action mode, suggesting that it is a novel fibrinolytic enzyme and may have potential applications in the treatment and prevention of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation& Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002, China
| | - Dan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhaoting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianjun Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation& Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002, China
| | - Rohit Tyagi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunxiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Wuhan, 430068, China.
| | - Yongmei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Gao B, Jin M, Li L, Qu W, Zeng R. Genome Sequencing Reveals the Complex Polysaccharide-Degrading Ability of Novel Deep-Sea Bacterium Flammeovirga pacifica WPAGA1. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:600. [PMID: 28443080 PMCID: PMC5385347 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flammeovirga pacifica strain WPAGA1 is a Gram-negative, polysaccharide-degrading bacterium isolated from the marine sediment of the West Pacific Ocean. This strain is a cosmopolitan marine bacterium that uses complex polysaccharides as exclusive source of carbon and energy and plays a key role in the marine carbon cycle. Genome sequence analysis of strain WPAGA1 revealed that the assembled fine genome contains 6,610,326 bp with 32.89% G+C content, 5036 open reading frames (ORFs) and abundant genomic elements. Amongst these ORFs, 1022 genes encoding carbohydrate enzymes were found in the F. pacifica WPAGA1 genome. In addition, abundant putative enzymes involved in degrading polysaccharide were found. These enzymes include amylase, xylosidase, cellulase, alginate lyase, pectate lyase, rhamnogalacturonan lyase, chitinase, carrageenase, heparinase and fucosidase. To further investigate the use of these polysaccharides in strain WPAGA1, a schematic of various polysaccharide-degrading metabolic pathways were deduced from the genome sequence. This study showed that strain WPAGA1 may serve as a potential candidate for research of glycometabolism and have potential biotechnological and industrial applications and play key roles in the marine carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boliang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Min Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOAXiamen, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOAXiamen, China
| | - Wu Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Runying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOAXiamen, China
- Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological ResourcesXiamen, China
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation CenterGuangzhou, China
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6
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Chen XL, Hou YP, Jin M, Zeng RY, Lin HT. Expression and Characterization of a Novel Thermostable and pH-Stable β-Agarase from Deep-Sea Bacterium Flammeovirga Sp. OC4. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7251-7258. [PMID: 27594377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel gene (aga4436), encoding a potential agarase of 456 amino acids, was identified in the genome of deep-sea bacterium Flammeovirga sp. OC4. Aga4436 belongs to the glycoside hydrolase 16 β-agarase family. Aga4436 was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein and purified. Recombinant Aga4436 showed an optimum agarase activity at 50-55 °C and pH 6.5, with a wide active range of temperatures (30-80 °C) and pHs (5.0-10.0). Notably, Aga4436 retained more than 90%, 80%, and 35% of its maximum activity after incubation at 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C for 144 h, respectively, which exhibited an excellent thermostability in medium-high temperatures. Besides, Aga4436 displayed a remarkable tolerance to acid and alkaline environments, as it retained more than 70% of its maximum activity at a wide range of pHs from 3.0 to 10.0 after incubation in tested pHs for 60 min. These desirable properties of Aga4436 could make Aga4436 attractive in the food and nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Lin Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yan-Ping Hou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Min Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Run-Ying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - He-Tong Lin
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Novel Alginate Lyase (Aly5) from a Polysaccharide-Degrading Marine Bacterium, Flammeovirga sp. Strain MY04: Effects of Module Truncation on Biochemical Characteristics, Alginate Degradation Patterns, and Oligosaccharide-Yielding Properties. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:364-74. [PMID: 26519393 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03022-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alginate lyases are important tools for oligosaccharide preparation, medical treatment, and energy bioconversion. Numerous alginate lyases have been elucidated. However, relatively little is known about their substrate degradation patterns and product-yielding properties, which is a limit to wider enzymatic applications and further enzyme improvements. Herein, we report the characterization and module truncation of Aly5, the first alginate lyase obtained from the polysaccharide-degrading bacterium Flammeovirga. Aly5 is a 566-amino-acid protein and belongs to a novel branch of the polysaccharide lyase 7 (PL7) superfamily. The protein rAly5 is an endolytic enzyme of alginate and associated oligosaccharides. It prefers guluronate (G) to mannuronate (M). Its smallest substrate is an unsaturated pentasaccharide, and its minimum product is an unsaturated disaccharide. The final alginate digests contain unsaturated oligosaccharides that generally range from disaccharides to heptasaccharides, with the tetrasaccharide fraction constituting the highest mass concentration. The disaccharide products are identified as ΔG units. While interestingly, the tri- and tetrasaccharide fractions each contain higher proportions of ΔG to ΔM ends, the larger final products contain only ΔM ends, which constitute a novel oligosaccharide-yielding property of guluronate lyases. The deletion of the noncatalytic region of Aly5 does not alter its M/G preference but significantly decreases the enzymatic activity and enzyme stability. Notably, the truncated protein accumulates large final oligosaccharide products but yields fewer small final products than Aly5, which are codetermined by its M/G preference to and size enlargement of degradable oligosaccharides. This study provides novel enzymatic properties and catalytic mechanisms of a guluronate lyase for potential uses and improvements.
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