1
|
Bharwad K, Shekh S, Singh NK, Patel A, Joshi C. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of novel multifunctional thermostable α-amylase from hot-spring metagenome. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124810. [PMID: 37182622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hot-springs are regarded as the best source of industrially significant biocules and one of the unique locations for extremophiles. The α-amylase is one of the most important enzymes used in starch consuming industries, where the need of thermostability is paramount. In this study, the full metagenome sequences obtained from the soil of Tuwa hot-spring (Gujarat, India) were examined for the presence of several thermostable enzymes using bioinformatic techniques. The whole gene sequence for α-amylase was found from the metagenome. The α-amylase gene was amplified, cloned, and expressed in Escherichia coli and further characterized in vitro. The rm-α-amylase was found optimally active at 60 °C and at pH 6.0 and showed significantly high activity in 0.1 mM Co2+ as well as in other heavy metal ions without any effect on its thermostability. Apart from α-amylase activity the purified rm-α-amylase was also shown to hydrolyse agar, xylan, pectin, alginate and cellulose. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a new, multifunctional, thermostable amylase that was discovered from the hot-spring metagenomes. Owing to their multifunctionality, resilience towards high temperature and heavy metal ions, stability with solvents, additives and inhibitors, rm-α-amylase can be exploited for a variety of biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Bharwad
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar 382011, India
| | - Satyamitra Shekh
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar 382011, India
| | | | - Amrutlal Patel
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar 382011, India
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar 382011, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kee PE, Cheng YS, Chang JS, Yim HS, Tan JCY, Lam SS, Lan JCW, Ng HS, Khoo KS. Insect biorefinery: A circular economy concept for biowaste conversion to value-added products. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115284. [PMID: 36640934 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With rapid growing world population and increasing demand for natural resources, the production of sufficient food, feed for protein and fat sources and sustainable energy presents a food insecurity challenge globally. Insect biorefinery is a concept of using insect as a tool to convert biomass waste into energy and other beneficial products with concomitant remediation of the organic components. The exploitation of insects and its bioproducts have becoming more popular in recent years. This review article presents a summary of the current trend of insect-based industry and the potential organic wastes for insect bioconversion and biorefinery. Numerous biotechnological products obtained from insect biorefinery such as biofertilizer, animal feeds, edible foods, biopolymer, bioenzymes and biodiesel are discussed in the subsequent sections. Insect biorefinery serves as a promising sustainable approach for waste management while producing valuable bioproducts feasible to achieve circular bioeconomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phei Er Kee
- Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shen Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hip Seng Yim
- Booya Holdings, Northpoint Mid Valley City, No. 1 Medan Syed Putra Utara, 59200 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - John Choon Yee Tan
- Zelcos Biotech Sdn Bhd, No. 1 Lorong Nagasari 11, Taman Nagasari, 13600 Prai, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - John Chi-Wei Lan
- Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hui Suan Ng
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Centre for Research and Graduate Studies, University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Starch and pullulan degrading enzymes are essential industrial biocatalysts. Pullulan-degrading enzymes are grouped into pullulanases (types I and type II) and pullulan hydrolase (types I, II and III). Generally, these enzymes hydrolyse the α-1,6 glucosidic bonds (and α-1,4 for certain enzyme groups) of substrates and form reducing sugars such as glucose, maltose, maltotriose, panose or isopanose. This review covers two main aspects: (i) bibliometric analysis of publications and patents related to pullulan-degrading enzymes and (ii) biological aspects of free and immobilised pullulan-degrading enzymes and protein engineering. The collective data suggest that most publications involved researchers within the same institution or country in the past and current practice. Multi-national interaction shall be improved, especially in tapping the enzymes from unculturable prokaryotes. While the understanding of pullulanases may reach a certain extend of saturation, the discovery of pullulan hydrolases is still limited. In this report, we suggest readers consider using the next-generation sequencing technique to fill the gaps of finding more new sequences encoding pullulan-degrading enzymes to expand the knowledge body of this topic.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim SY, Kim H, Kim YJ, Jung DH, Seo DH, Jung JH, Park CS. Enzymatic analysis of truncation mutants of a type II pullulanase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis P2P3, a resistant starch-degrading gut bacterium. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1340-1349. [PMID: 34740684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A putative type II pullulanase gene, pulP, was identified in Bifidobacterium adolescentis P2P3. PulP possesses an α-amylase domain at the N-terminus and a pullulanase type I domain at the C-terminus, as well as three carbohydrate-binding modules (one CBM25 and two CBM41s) between them. The native PulP and four truncated mutant recombinant proteins (PulPΔCΔP, PulPΔP, PulPΔAΔC, and PulPΔA), in which each of the two catalytic domains and/or the CBMs were deleted, were produced in Escherichia coli and their specific properties were characterized. The removal of either catalytic domain abolished the corresponding catalytic activity of the wild-type enzyme. Deletion of the C-terminal domain resulted in a drastic decrease in the optimal temperature and thermostability, indicating that the pullulanase domain might be related to the temperature dependency of the enzyme. In addition, the elimination of the CBMs in the mutant proteins led to a loss of binding affinity toward raw substrates as well as the loss of their hydrolysis activities compared to the wild-type enzyme. HPAEC and TLC analyses proved that PulP and its mutants could hydrolyze α-glucans into maltotriose as their main product. These results suggest that PulP may play an important role in α-glucan metabolism in B. adolescentis P2P3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Jung
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Seo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Jung
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheon-Seok Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Microbial starch debranching enzymes: Developments and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 50:107786. [PMID: 34147588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Starch debranching enzymes (SDBEs) hydrolyze the α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides such as starch, amylopectin, pullulan and glycogen. SDBEs are also important enzymes for the preparation of sugar syrup, resistant starch and cyclodextrin. As the synergistic catalysis of SDBEs and other starch-acting hydrolases can effectively improve the raw material utilization and production efficiency during starch processing steps such as saccharification and modification, they have attracted substantial research interest in the past decades. The substrate specificities of the two major members of SDBEs, pullulanases and isoamylases, are quite different. Pullulanases generally require at least two α-1,4 linked glucose units existing on both sugar chains linked by the α-1,6 bond, while isoamylases require at least three units of α-1,4 linked glucose. SDBEs mainly belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13 and 57. Except for GH57 type II pullulanse, GH13 pullulanases and isoamylases share plenty of similarities in sequence and structure of the core catalytic domains. However, the N-terminal domains, which might be one of the determinants contributing to the substrate binding of SDBEs, are distinct in different enzymes. In order to overcome the current defects of SDBEs in catalytic efficiency, thermostability and expression level, great efforts have been made to develop effective enzyme engineering and fermentation strategies. Herein, the diverse biochemical properties and distinct features in the sequence and structure of pullulanase and isoamylase from different sources are summarized. Up-to-date developments in the enzyme engineering, heterologous production and industrial applications of SDBEs is also reviewed. Finally, research perspective which could help understanding and broadening the applications of SDBEs are provided.
Collapse
|
6
|
Characterizing a thermostable amylopullulanase from Caldisericum exile with wide pH adaptation and broad substrate specificity. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
7
|
Zhineng Y, Ying M, Bingjie T, Rouxian Z, Qiang Z. Intestinal microbiota and functional characteristics of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). ANN MICROBIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Black soldier fly transforms organic waste into insect protein and fat, which makes it valuable for ecological utilization. This process is associated with the intestinal microbiota. This research was developed to determine the type and functional characteristics of intestinal microbiota present in black soldier fly larvae.
Methods
In this research, metagenomics has been used to study black soldier fly larvae gut bacteria, which involves the high abundance of the gut microbe advantage bacterium group, the impact, and the physiological functions of the microbiota. Furthermore, intestinal bacteria and their related functions were investigated by bioinformatics analysis to evaluate potential microbial strains that may be used to improve feed utilization efficiency in factory farming.
Result
The results showed that black soldier fly larvae’s intestine contains more than 11,000 bacteria. The high relative abundance of group W (larvae fed with 75% wheat bran and 25% soybean powder) may promote feed utilization efficiency, whereas high relative abundance of group T microbiota (larvae fed with 75% wheat bran and 25% soybean powder supplemented with 1% tetracycline) may play an important role in black soldier fly larvae survival.
Conclusion
The gut bacteria in black soldier fly larvae were involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis and metabolism, translation, membrane transport, energy metabolism, cytoskeleton, extracellular structures, inorganic ion transport and metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and coenzyme transport physiological processes. The 35 significant differential microbes in group W may have a positive impact on feed utilization and physiological process.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gene cloning, expression and biochemical characterization of a new multi-domain, halotolerant and SDS-resistant alkaline pullulanase from Alkalibacterium sp. SL3. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
9
|
Cloning and characterization of a novel amylopullulanase from Bacillus megaterium Y103 with transglycosylation activity. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1719-1726. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
10
|
Gao Z, Deng W, Zhu F. Reference gene selection for quantitative gene expression analysis in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221420. [PMID: 31419256 PMCID: PMC6697329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hermetia illucens is an important resource insect for the conversion of organic waste. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is the primary tool of gene expression analysis and a core technology of molecular biology research. Reference genes are essential for qPCR analysis; however, a stability analysis of H. illucens reference genes has not yet been carried out. To find suitable reference genes for normalizing gene expression data, the stability of eight housekeeping genes (including ATP6V1A, RPL8, EF1, Tubulin, TBP, GAPDH, Actin and RP49) was investigated under both biotic (developmental stages, tissues and sex) and abiotic (heavy metals, food, antibiotics) conditions. Gene expression data were analysed by geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt programs. A set of specific reference genes was recommended for each experimental condition using the results of RefFinder synthesis analysis. This study offers a solid foundation for further studies of the molecular biology of H. illucens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Gao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhui Deng
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fen Zhu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion by Insects, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu C, Wang C, Yao H. Comprehensive Resource Utilization of Waste Using the Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens (L.)) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E349. [PMID: 31200503 PMCID: PMC6616655 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is a saprophytic insect that can digest organic wastes, such as animal manure, plant residues, and food and agricultural wastes. In the degradation process, organic wastes are converted into protein, grease, and polypeptides, which can be applied in medicine, the refining of chemicals, and the manufacturing of feedstuffs. After their conversion by the H. illucens, organic wastes not only become useful but also environmentally friendly. To date, the H. illucens has been widely used to treat food waste and to render manure harmless. The protein and grease obtained via this insect have been successfully used to produce livestock feed and biodiesel. In this article, the biological characteristics, resource utilization of protein and grease, and environmental functions of the H. illucens are summarized. This article provides a theoretical basis for investigating potential applications of the H. illucens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuncheng Liu
- Ecology and Biological Engineering, School of Environmental Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Cunwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
- Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Huaiying Yao
- Ecology and Biological Engineering, School of Environmental Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Arabacı N, Arıkan B. An amylopullulanase (ApuNP1) from Geobacillus thermoleovorans NP1: biochemical characterization and its potential industrial applications. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:127-135. [PMID: 30620883 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1550655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An amylopullulanase was produced by Geobacillus thermoleovorans NP1. The optimum enzyme production occurred at 45°C and pH 7.0 (12 hr). NP1 amylopullulanase (ApuNP1) exhibited the maximal activity at 50°C and pH 6.0 and was stable between 30-50°C, and pH 3.0-12.0 for 24 hr. The enzyme showed two bands with molecular weights of 112 and 107 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The amylopullulanase retained 100% of its activity in the presence of 10 mM of Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, EDTA, and PMSF. While the enzyme showed resistance to 5% of TritonX-100, Tween 20, and Tween 80, the activity was inhibited by 5% β-mercaptoethanol and H2O2. While the hydrolysis products of pullulan were maltose, maltotriose, and maltodextrin, the starch was hydrolyzed to maltose, maltotriose, and maltodextrin units. This shows that NP1 pullulanase is a type II pullulanase (amylopullulanase). After the liquefaction assay, 12% glucose content was measured with a refractometer in the presence of 20% starch. According to the wash performance tests, the mixture of ApuNP1 and 1% detergent removed almost all of the stains. This novel thermo-acidic amylopullulanase has a potency to be used in detergent, starch, food, baking, textile, and cosmetic industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Arabacı
- a Department of Biology , Çukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Burhan Arıkan
- a Department of Biology , Çukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ngara TR, Zhang H. Recent Advances in Function-based Metagenomic Screening. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 16:405-415. [PMID: 30597257 PMCID: PMC6411959 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Metagenomes from uncultured microorganisms are rich resources for novel enzyme genes. The methods used to screen the metagenomic libraries fall into two categories, which are based on sequence or function of the enzymes. The sequence-based approaches rely on the known sequences of the target gene families. In contrast, the function-based approaches do not involve the incorporation of metagenomic sequencing data and, therefore, may lead to the discovery of novel gene sequences with desired functions. In this review, we discuss the function-based screening strategies that have been used in the identification of enzymes from metagenomes. Because of its simplicity, agar plate screening is most commonly used in the identification of novel enzymes with diverse functions. Other screening methods with higher sensitivity are also employed, such as microtiter plate screening. Furthermore, several ultra-high-throughput methods were developed to deal with large metagenomic libraries. Among these are the FACS-based screening, droplet-based screening, and the in vivo reporter-based screening methods. The application of these novel screening strategies has increased the chance for the discovery of novel enzyme genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanyaradzwa Rodgers Ngara
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Houjin Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Song J, Kim SY, Kim DH, Lee YS, Sim JS, Hahn BS, Lee CM. Characterization of an inhibitor-resistant endo-1,4-β-mannanase from the gut microflora metagenome of Hermetia illucens. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:1377-1387. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
15
|
Lee CM, Kim SY, Song J, Lee YS, Sim JS, Hahn BS. Isolation and characterization of a halotolerant and protease-resistant α-galactosidase from the gut metagenome of Hermetia illucens. J Biotechnol 2018; 279:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
16
|
Microbial Community Dynamics during Rearing of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) and Impact on Exploitation Potential. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02722-17. [PMID: 29475866 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02722-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The need to increase sustainability in agriculture, to ensure food security for the future generations, is leading to the emergence of industrial rearing facilities for insects. One promising species being industrially reared as an alternative protein source for animal feed and as a raw material for the chemical industry is the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). However, scientific knowledge toward the optimization of the productivity for this insect is scarce. One knowledge gap concerns the impact of the microbial community associated with H. illucens on the performance and health of this insect. In this review, the first steps in the characterization of the microbiota in H. illucens and the analysis of substrate-dependent dynamics in its composition are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, this review zooms in on the interactions between microorganisms and the insect during H. illucens development. Finally, attention is paid to how the microbiome research can lead to alternative valorization strategies for H. illucens, such as (i) the manipulation of the microbiota to optimize insect biomass production and (ii) the exploitation of the H. illucens-microbiota interplay for the discovery of new enzymes and novel antimicrobial strategies based on H. illucens immunity using either the whole organism or its molecules. The next decade promises to be extremely interesting for this research field and will see an emergence of the microbiological optimization of H. illucens as a sustainable insect for industrial rearing and the exploitation of its microbiome for novel biotechnological applications.
Collapse
|
17
|
Berini F, Casciello C, Marcone GL, Marinelli F. Metagenomics: novel enzymes from non-culturable microbes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:4329276. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|
18
|
Møller MS, Henriksen A, Svensson B. Structure and function of α-glucan debranching enzymes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2619-41. [PMID: 27137180 PMCID: PMC11108273 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Glucan debranching enzymes hydrolyse α-1,6-linkages in starch/glycogen, thereby, playing a central role in energy metabolism in all living organisms. They belong to glycoside hydrolase families GH13 and GH57 and several of these enzymes are industrially important. Nine GH13 subfamilies include α-glucan debranching enzymes; isoamylase and glycogen debranching enzymes (GH13_11); pullulanase type I/limit dextrinase (GH13_12-14); pullulan hydrolase (GH13_20); bifunctional glycogen debranching enzyme (GH13_25); oligo-1 and glucan-1,6-α-glucosidases (GH13_31); pullulanase type II (GH13_39); and α-amylase domains (GH13_41) in two-domain amylase-pullulanases. GH57 harbours type II pullulanases. Specificity differences, domain organisation, carbohydrate binding modules, sequence motifs, three-dimensional structures and specificity determinants are discussed. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that GH13_39 enzymes could represent a "missing link" between the strictly α-1,6-specific debranching enzymes and the enzymes with dual specificity and α-1,4-linkage preference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sofie Møller
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anette Henriksen
- Global Research Unit, Department of Large Protein Biophysics and Formulation, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|