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Wang J, Zhu M, Wang P, Chen W. Biochemical Properties of a Cold-Active Chitinase from Marine Trichoderma gamsii R1 and Its Application to Preparation of Chitin Oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:332. [PMID: 37367657 DOI: 10.3390/md21060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic degradation of different chitin polymers into chitin oligosaccharides (COSs) is of great significance given their better solubility and various biological applications. Chitinase plays a pivotal role in the enzymatic preparation of COSs. Herein, a cold-adapted and efficient chitinase (ChiTg) from the marine Trichoderma gamsii R1 was purified and characterized. The optimal temperature of ChiTg was 40 °C, and the relative activity at 5 °C was above 40.1%. Meanwhile, ChiTg was active and stable from pH 4.0 to 7.0. As an endo-type chitinase, ChiTg exhibited the highest activity with colloidal chitin, then with ball-milled and powdery chitin. In addition, ChiTg showed high efficiency when hydrolyzing colloidal chitin at different temperatures, and the end products were mainly composed of COSs with one to three degrees of polymerization. Furthermore, the results of bioinformatics analysis revealed that ChiTg belongs to the GH18 family, and its acidic surface and the flexible structure of its catalytic site may contribute to its high activity in cold conditions. The results of this study provide a cold-active and efficient chitinase and ideas for its application regarding the preparation of COSs from colloidal chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Wang
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518102, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mujin Zhu
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518102, China
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Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6: A nematocidal activity of endochitinase gene exploration and its function identification. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1641-1652. [PMID: 36273547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Endochitinase is a natural extracellular protein in Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6, which can degrade the eggshell of Heterodera avenae significantly, however the related genes that coding this protein was rarely characterized. In the present study, the endochitinase 18-5 gene (T6-Echi18-5) of T. longibrachiatum T6 was cloned and sequenced. The expression level of T6-Echi18-5 gene in T. longibrachiatum T6 was induced and increased after the H. avenae cysts inoculation. The full-length cDNA sequence of T6-Echi18-5 was 1671 bp that contained an ORF of 1275 bp, corresponding to 424 amino acids with a 45.9 kDa molecular weight. A single band of 60.04 kDa was detected and identified using SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis after transferring the T6-Echi18-5 gene to Escherichia coli BL21 Rosetta (DE3). The concentration of purified recombinant T6-Echi18-5 protein was 1.53 mg·ml-1, and the optimal temperature and pH were 50 °C and 5.0, respectively. The eggshell and content were dissolved and exuded from 4 to10 days after treatment with the purified recombinant T6-Echi18-5 protein. The relative inhibition rate of eggs hatching was 86.79 % at 12 days after treatment. Our study demonstrated the key role of T6-Echi18-5 gene in degrading the H. avenae eggshell and inhibiting the eggs hatching.
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Sharma A, Salwan R, Kaur R, Sharma R, Sharma V. Characterization and evaluation of bioformulation from antagonistic and flower inducing Trichoderma asperellum isolate UCRD5. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Bhagwat P, Amobonye A, Singh S, Pillai S. A comparative analysis of GH18 chitinases and their isoforms from Beauveria bassiana: An in-silico approach. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Salwan R, Sharma A, Sharma V. Recent Advances in Molecular Approaches for Mining Potential Candidate Genes of Trichoderma for Biofuel. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dario Rafael OH, Luis Fernándo ZG, Abraham PT, Pedro Alberto VL, Guadalupe GS, Pablo PJ. Production of chitosan-oligosaccharides by the chitin-hydrolytic system of Trichoderma harzianum and their antimicrobial and anticancer effects. Carbohydr Res 2019; 486:107836. [PMID: 31669568 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan-oligosaccharides (COS) are low-molecular weight chitosan derivatives with interesting clinical applications. The optimization of both COS production and purification is an important step in the design of an efficient production system and for the exploration of new COS applications. Trichoderma harzianum is an innocuous biocontrol agent that represents a novel biotechnological tool due to the production of extracellular enzymes, including those that produce a COS mixture. In this work, we propose different systems for the production of COS using the T. harzianum chitinolitic system. A complete qualitative and quantitative analysis of a partially purified COS mixture were performed. Also, an evaluation of the anticancer and antimicrobial effects of the COS mixture was carried out. Three chitosan variants (colloidal, solid and solution) and two fungus stages (spores and mycelia) were tested for COS production. The best system consisted of the interaction of the solid chitosan and the fungal spores, producing a COS mixture containing species from the monomer to the hexamer, in a concentration range of 7-238 mg/mL, according to chromatographic analysis. The proposed purification method isolated the monomer and the dimer from the COS mixture. Moreover, the COS mixture has an inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria and changes the morphology of yeasts. As anticancer compounds, COS inhibited the growth of cervical cancer cells at concentration of 4 mg/mL and significantly reduced the survival rate of the cells. In conclusion, T. harzianum proved to be an efficient system for COS mixture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olicón-Hernández Dario Rafael
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Bioquímica. Laboratorio 7. Circuito Interior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria CP, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Zepeda-Giraud Luis Fernándo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología. Laboratorio de bioquímica y biotecnología de hongos. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo. CP, 11350, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Pedroza-Torres Abraham
- Cátedra CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Clínica de Cáncer Hereditario. Avenida San Fernando 22, Belisario Domínguez Secc XVI, CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Vázquez-Landaverde Pedro Alberto
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Unidad Querétaro, Cerro Blanco 141. Colinas del Cimatario, CP 76090, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Guerra-Sánchez Guadalupe
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiología. Laboratorio de bioquímica y biotecnología de hongos. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo. CP, 11350, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Pardo Juan Pablo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Bioquímica. Laboratorio 7. Circuito Interior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria CP, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Identification and characterization of a marine-derived chitinolytic fungus, Acremonium sp. YS2-2. J Microbiol 2019; 57:372-380. [PMID: 30806979 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-8469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is the most abundant biopolymer in marine environments. To facilitate its utilization, our laboratory screened marine-derived fungal strains for chitinolytic activity. One chitinolytic strain isolated from seawater, designated YS2-2, was identified as Acremonium species based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Acremonium species are cosmopolitan fungi commonly isolated from both terrestrial and marine environments, but their chitinolytic activity is largely unknown. The extracellular crude enzyme of YS2-2 exhibited optimum chitinolytic activity at pH 6.0-7.6, 23-45°C, and 1.5% (w/v) NaCl. Degenerate PCR revealed the partial cDNA sequence of a putative chitinase gene, chiA, in YS2-2. The expression of chiA was dramatically induced in response to 1% (w/v) colloidal chitin compared to levels under starvation, chitin powder, and glucose conditions. Moreover, the chiA transcript levels were positively correlated with chitinolytic activities under various colloidal chitin concentrations, suggesting that ChiA mediates chitinolytic activity in this strain. Our results provide a basis for additional studies of marinederived chitinolytic fungi aimed at improving industrial applications.
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Abdel-Rahim IR, Abo-Elyousr KA. Talaromyces pinophilus strain AUN-1 as a novel mycoparasite of Botrytis cinerea, the pathogen of onion scape and umbel blights. Microbiol Res 2018; 212-213:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Sharma V, Salwan R, Shanmugam V. Molecular characterization of β-endoglucanase from antagonistic Trichoderma saturnisporum isolate GITX-Panog (C) induced under mycoparasitic conditions. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 149:73-80. [PMID: 30033019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The endoglucanase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 61 are little studied. In present study, a β-endoglucanase of ~37 kDa induced on autoclaved mycelium of Fusarium oxysporum was cloned and characterized. The molecular characterization of β-endoglucanase encoding gene revealed presence of a single intron and an open reading frame of 1044-bp which encoded a protein of 347 amino acid residues. The phylogenetic analysis of Eglu revealed its similarity to endo-β-glucanases of other Trichoderma spp. The catalytic site of β-endoglucanase contained Asp, Asn, His and Tyr residues. The cDNA encoding β-glucanase was cloned into E. coli and Pichia pastoris using pQUA-30 and pPIC9K vector system, respectively. The comparison of structure revealed that most similar structure to Eglu is Hypocrea jecorina template 5o2w.1.A of glycoside hydrolase family 61.The biochemical characterization of β-endoglucanase purified from T. saturnisporum isolate and the recombinant protein expressed in E. coli and P. pastoris was active under acidic conditions with a pH optima of 5 and temperature optima of 60 °C. The purified and expressed enzyme preparation was able to inhibit growth of F.oxysporum at 1 × 105 spores/mL which clearly revealed its significance in plant pathogen suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sharma
- University Centre for Research Development, Chandigarh University Gharuan, 140 413, India.
| | - Richa Salwan
- University Centre for Research Development, Chandigarh University Gharuan, 140 413, India
| | - V Shanmugam
- Division of Plant Pathology, IARI, New Delhi, India
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Sharma V, Salwan R, Sharma PN, Gulati A. Integrated Translatome and Proteome: Approach for Accurate Portraying of Widespread Multifunctional Aspects of Trichoderma. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1602. [PMID: 28900417 PMCID: PMC5581810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide studies of transcripts expression help in systematic monitoring of genes and allow targeting of candidate genes for future research. In contrast to relatively stable genomic data, the expression of genes is dynamic and regulated both at time and space level at different level in. The variation in the rate of translation is specific for each protein. Both the inherent nature of an mRNA molecule to be translated and the external environmental stimuli can affect the efficiency of the translation process. In biocontrol agents (BCAs), the molecular response at translational level may represents noise-like response of absolute transcript level and an adaptive response to physiological and pathological situations representing subset of mRNAs population actively translated in a cell. The molecular responses of biocontrol are complex and involve multistage regulation of number of genes. The use of high-throughput techniques has led to rapid increase in volume of transcriptomics data of Trichoderma. In general, almost half of the variations of transcriptome and protein level are due to translational control. Thus, studies are required to integrate raw information from different “omics” approaches for accurate depiction of translational response of BCAs in interaction with plants and plant pathogens. The studies on translational status of only active mRNAs bridging with proteome data will help in accurate characterization of only a subset of mRNAs actively engaged in translation. This review highlights the associated bottlenecks and use of state-of-the-art procedures in addressing the gap to accelerate future accomplishment of biocontrol mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Choudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural UniversityPalampur, India
| | - Richa Salwan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Choudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural UniversityPalampur, India
| | - P N Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Choudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural UniversityPalampur, India
| | - Arvind Gulati
- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource TechnologyPalampur, India
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Cheng XX, Zhao LH, Klosterman SJ, Feng HJ, Feng ZL, Wei F, Shi YQ, Li ZF, Zhu HQ. The endochitinase VDECH from Verticillium dahliae inhibits spore germination and activates plant defense responses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 259:12-23. [PMID: 28483050 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases function in the digestion of chitin molecules, which are present principally in insects and fungi. In plants, chitinase genes play important roles in defense, and their expression can be triggered in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we cloned and characterized an endochitinase (VDECH) from Verticillium dahliae, strain Vd080. The VDECH coding region consists of 1845bp with two exons and one 54bp intron, encoding a 615 amino acid protein with the predicted molecular weight (MW) of 63.9kDa. The VDECH cDNA without signal peptide-encoding region was introduced into pCold-TF vector and the recombinant protein HIS-VDECH with a predicted MW of ∼114kDa was expressed. HIS-VDECH showed high tolerance to extreme temperature, exhibiting efficient chitinolytic activity at 50°C. In addition, VDECH triggered typical plant defense responses, including a hypersensitive response, oxidative burst, and elicited increased expression of defense-related genes in both Arabidopsis and cotton. VDECH-treatment of the conidial spores of V. dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum resulted in marked reductions in the germination of these spores in both fungi. After 36h of incubation with VDECH, the inhibition rate of germination was recorded at 99.57% for V. dahliae, and 96.89% for F. oxysporum. These results provide evidence that VDECH is recognized by the plant to elicit defense responses, and also that VDECH is an effective inhibitor of conidia germination, both of which may be exploited for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Li-Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | | | - Hong-Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Zi-Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China.
| | - He-Qin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China.
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Sharma V, Salwan R, Sharma PN, Kanwar SS. Elucidation of biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma harzianum against different plant fungal pathogens: Universal yet host specific response. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 95:72-79. [PMID: 27856319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, different transcripts of Trichoderma harzianum ThHP-3 were evaluated for their response against four fungal pathogens Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum capsici, Colletotrichum truncatum and Gloesercospora sorghi using RT-qPCR. The time course study of T. harzianum transcripts related to signal transduction, lytic enzymes, secondary metabolites and various transporters revealed variation in expression against four fungal pathogens. In a broader term, the transcripts were upregulated at various time intervals but the optimum expression of cyp3, abc, nrp, tga1, pmk, ech42 and glh20 varied with respect to host fungi. Additionally, the expression of transcripts related to transporters/cytochromes was also observed against Fusarium oxysporum after 96h whereas transcripts related to secondary metabolites and lytic enzymes showed significant difference in expression against Colletotrichum spp. from 72 to 96h. This is first study on transcriptomic response of T. harzianum against pathogenic fungi which shows their host specific response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sharma
- Department of Plant pathology, CSK-Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur 176062, India; Department of Microbiology, CSK-Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur 176062, India.
| | - Richa Salwan
- Department of Plant pathology, CSK-Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur 176062, India; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, CSK-Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur 176062, India
| | - Prem N Sharma
- Department of Plant pathology, CSK-Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur 176062, India
| | - S S Kanwar
- Department of Microbiology, CSK-Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur 176062, India
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