Effect of Ca +2 ion on the release of diltiazem hydrochloride from matrix tablets of carboxymethyl xanthan gum graft polyacrylamide

Research progresses on carboxymethyl xanthan gum: Review of synthesis, physicochemical properties, rheological characterization and applications in drug delivery

Xanthan gum is a nonionic polysaccharide widely explored in biomedical, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical fields. XG suffers from several drawbacks like poor dissolution, lower bioavailability and an inability to form hydrogels. The carboxymethyl derivative of XG, CMX, has better solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability characteristics. Moreover, due to its anionic character, it forms water insoluble hydrogels upon crosslinking with metal cations. CMX hydrogels are used to prepare matrix tablets, microparticles, beads, and films. CMX hydrogels has been used in drug delivery and tissue engineering fields. CMX hydrogels are used for sustained gastrointestinal, colon targeted, and transdermal delivery of drugs. CMX nanoparticles have been used for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs to tumor cells. CMX hydrogels have already made significant strides in drug delivery and tissue engineering fields. Further understanding of the physicochemical properties and rheological characteristics of CMX would enable researchers to explore newer applications of CMX. This review article thus aims to discuss the synthesis, physicochemical properties, and rheological characteristics of CMX. The article also gives critical insights on the versatility of CMX as a drug delivery carrier and presents prospective trends on applications of CMX.

Review on emerging trends and challenges in the modification of xanthan gum for various applications

This review explores the realm of structural modifications and broad spectrum of their potential applications, with a special focus on the synthesis of xanthan gum derivatives through graft copolymerization methods. It delves into the creation of these derivatives by attaching functional groups (-OH and -COOH) to xanthan gum, utilizing a variety of initiators for grafting, and examining their diverse applications, especially in the areas of food packaging, pharmaceuticals, wastewater treatment, and antimicrobial activities. Xanthan gum is a biocompatible, biodegradable, less toxic, bioactive, and cost-effective natural polymer derived from Xanthomonas species. The native properties of xanthan gum can be improved by cross-linking, grafting, curing, blending, and various modification techniques. Grafted xanthan gum has excellent biodegradability, metal binding, dye adsorption, immunological properties, and wound healing ability. Owing to its remarkable properties, such as biocompatibility and its ability to form gels resembling the extracellular matrix of tissues, modified xanthan gum finds extensive utility across biomedicine, engineering, and the food industry. Furthermore, the review also covers various modified derivatives of xanthan gum that exhibit excellent biodegradability, metal binding, dye adsorption, immunological properties, and wound healing abilities. These applications could serve as important resources for a wide range of industries in future product development.

In vitro profiling of fenofibrate solid dispersion mediated tablet formulation to treat high blood cholesterol

OBJECTIVE

Fenofibrate (FNF), an anti-hyperlipidemic agent, suffers from poor water solubility (0.000707mg/ml) and belongs to class II drug as per BCS, shows a slow dissolution rate. The current investigation aimed to fabricate a fast-dissolving tablet of FNF (not available in the commercial market) using solid dispersion technique employing Vitamin E-D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS) as molecular biomaterial to enhance dissolution rate and reduce the time required to reach the systemic circulation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Firstly, carrier material was selected based on the release study via preparing solid dispersion using the melting method, and prepared solid dispersion was characterized. Secondly, fast-dissolving tablets from solid dispersion were fabricated using the direct compression tool and characterized for X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, friability, hardness, content uniformity, weight variation and in vitro disintegration test.

RESULTS

The X-ray diffraction study confirmed the successful formation of solid dispersion using vitamin E TPGS by analyzing the change in physical state. The fabricated solid dispersion exhibited higher drug content than a physical mixture of FNF. An excipient interference study was also performed in methanol and 0.75% w/v sodium lauryl sulphate. It revealed no significant alterations in the absorption peak of FNF as analyzed using UV spectroscopy at 287nm. In addition, water absorption ratio phase solubility and wetting time were also assessed. In -vitro release of FNF from developed tablets was found significantly higher (93.23%±3.11; p<0.001) as compared to prepared compressed tablet of pure FNF (12.21±2.34%). The dissolution rate was also determined, and data were then kept to various kinetic models such as zero-order chemical kinetic, first-order chemical kinetic, Hixon-Crowell and Higuchi chemical kinetic.

CONCLUSION

A complete and sequential in vitro and physicochemical characterization of developed formulation was carried out to set-up improved and effective treatment for high blood cholesterol.

A review on challenges and issues with carboxymethylation of natural gums: The widely used excipients for conventional and novel dosage forms

Diverse properties of natural gums have made them quite useful for various pharmaceutical applications. However, they suffer from various problems, including unregulated hydration rates, microbial degradation, and decline in viscosity during warehousing. Among various chemical procedures for modification of gums, carboxymethylation has been widely studied due to its simplicity and efficiency. Despite the availability of numerous research articles on natural gums and their uses, a comprehensive review on carboxymethylation of natural gums and their applications in the pharmaceutical and other biomedical fields is not published until now. This review outlines the classification of gums and their derivatization methods. Further, we have discussed various techniques of carboxymethylation, process of determination of degree of substitution, and functionalization pattern of substituted gums. Detailed information about the application of carboxymethyl gums as drug delivery carriers has been described. The article also gives a brief account on tissue engineering and cell delivery potential of carboxymethylated gums.

Moringa gum and its modified form as a potential green polymer used in biomedical field

Over the past few decades, natural gums are extensively investigated by the researchers due to their beneficial physicochemical properties. Among them, the polysaccharide exudates obtained from the stem of the plant Moringa oleifera, known as moringa gum, is investigated widely in the food, pharmaceutical, and other areas. The moringa gum is used in the form of dried powder as a pharmaceutical excipient in various formulations. It is also derivatized either by grafting or by other chemical modifications for enhancing its properties. The research on moringa gum and modified moringa gum has diversified in numerous biomedical fields. However, summarization of these progress are not available in the literature. This article gives an overview of the collection, purification, structural elucidation, and modification of moringa gum. Moreover, the present review furnishes complete information on the various aspects of moringa gum and its applications in various industrial and biomedical fields.

Understanding the Significance of Microwave Radiation for the Graft Copolymerization of Acrylamide on Carboxymethyl Xanthan Gum

Background:

Nowadays, microwave assisted techniques are becoming popular ecofriendly approaches in Green Chemistry. However, to date, no study has reported the microwave assisted graft copolymerization of acrylamide on carboxymethyl xanthan gum backbone.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to study the effect of microwave radiations on graft copolymerization of acrylamide on carboxymethyl xanthan gum.

Methods:

Carboxymethyl xanthan gum was grafted with acrylamide under microwave irradiation. The grafting process is optimized by varying the amount of carboxymethyl xanthan gum, acrylamide, ammonium persulphate, microwave power and exposure time. The graft copolymer was further characterized and evaluated for its efficacy.

Results:

Grafting was successfully optimized for higher grafting efficiency (92.4 %) and grafting (410.5 %) in a short reaction time of 150 s, at 40 times less concentration of ammonium persulphate. The characterization study confirmed the grafting of acrylamide on the hydroxyl group of carboxymethyl xanthan gum backbone.

Conclusion:

Microwave radiations play a vital role in graft copolymerization of acrylamide on carboxymethyl xanthan gum, in short reaction time, at 40 times less concentration of initiator. The synthesized graft copolymers remain nontoxic and also showed more antimicrobial activity than carboxymethyl xanthan gum.