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Diniz-Sousa R, Silva CCA, Pereira SS, da Silva SL, Fernandes PA, Teixeira LMC, Zuliani JP, Soares AM. Therapeutic applications of snake venoms: An invaluable potential of new drug candidates. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124357. [PMID: 37028634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Animal venoms and their chemical compounds have aroused both empirical and scientific attention for ages. However, there has been a significant increase in scientific investigations in recent decades, allowing the production of various formulations that are helping in the development of many important tools for biotechnological, diagnostic, or therapeutic use, both in human and animal health, as well as in plants. Venoms are composed of biomolecules and inorganic compounds that may have physiological and pharmacological activities that are not related to their principal actions (prey immobilization, digestion, and defense). Snake venom toxins, mainly enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins, and peptides have been identified as potential prototypes for new drugs and/or models for the development of pharmacologically active structural domains for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases, pain, and infectious-parasitic diseases. This minireview aims to provide an overview of the biotechnological potential of animal venoms, with a focus on snakes, and to introduce the reader to the fascinating world of Applied Toxinology, where animal biodiversity can be used to develop therapeutic and diagnostic applications for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Diniz-Sousa
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde (LABIOPROT), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Lucas (UniSL), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Cleópatra C A Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde (LABIOPROT), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAmO), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Soraya S Pereira
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Saulo L da Silva
- LAQV/Requimte, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- LAQV/Requimte, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís M C Teixeira
- LAQV/Requimte, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde (LABIOPROT), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Lucas (UniSL), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EpiAmO), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil; Faculdade Católica de Rondônia (FCR), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
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2
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Zhou K, Luo W, Liu T, Ni Y, Qin Z. Neurotoxins Acting at Synaptic Sites: A Brief Review on Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 36668838 PMCID: PMC9865788 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxins generally inhibit or promote the release of neurotransmitters or bind to receptors that are located in the pre- or post-synaptic membranes, thereby affecting physiological functions of synapses and affecting biological processes. With more and more research on the toxins of various origins, many neurotoxins are now widely used in clinical treatment and have demonstrated good therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes the structural properties and potential pharmacological effects of neurotoxins acting on different components of the synapse, as well as their important clinical applications, thus could be a useful reference for researchers and clinicians in the study of neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weifeng Luo
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Zhenghong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Monteiro WM, Contreras-Bernal JC, Bisneto PF, Sachett J, Mendonça da Silva I, Lacerda M, Guimarães da Costa A, Val F, Brasileiro L, Sartim MA, Silva-de-Oliveira S, Bernarde PS, Kaefer IL, Grazziotin FG, Wen FH, Moura-da-Silva AM. Bothrops atrox, the most important snake involved in human envenomings in the amazon: How venomics contributes to the knowledge of snake biology and clinical toxinology. Toxicon X 2020; 6:100037. [PMID: 32550592 PMCID: PMC7285970 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bothrops atrox snakes are mostly endemic of the Amazon rainforest and is certainly the South American pit viper responsible for most of the snakebites in the region. The composition of B. atrox venom is significantly known and has been used to trace the relevance of the venom phenotype for snake biology and for the impacts in the clinics of human patients involved in accidents by B. atrox. However, in spite of the wide distribution and the great medical relevance of B. atrox snakes, B. atrox taxonomy is not fully resolved and the impacts of the lack of taxonomic resolution on the studies focused on venom or envenoming are currently unknown. B. atrox venom presents different degrees of compositional variability and is generally coagulotoxic, inducing systemic hematological disturbances and local tissue damage in snakebite patients. Antivenoms are the effective therapy for attenuating the clinical signs. This review brings a comprehensive discussion of the literature concerning B. atrox snakes encompassing from snake taxonomy, diet and venom composition, towards clinical aspects of snakebite patients and efficacy of the antivenoms. This discussion is highly supported by the contributions that venomics and antivenomics added for the advancement of knowledge of B. atrox snakes, their venoms and the treatment of accidents they evoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jorge Carlos Contreras-Bernal
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ferreira Bisneto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Iran Mendonça da Silva
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães da Costa
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fernando Val
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Lisele Brasileiro
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Sartim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Sâmella Silva-de-Oliveira
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Bernarde
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Centro Multidisciplinar, Campus Floresta, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brazil
| | - Igor L. Kaefer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Moura-da-Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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Purification and characterization of a thrombin-like enzyme isolated from Vipera lebetina venom: its interaction with platelet receptor. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2019; 31:1-10. [PMID: 31764002 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
: Snake venoms contain various molecules that can be used as tools in the diagnosis and in the treatment of hemostatic disorders. This study reports the isolation and functional characterization of a new thrombin-like enzyme and its role in the modulation of platelet aggregation and coagulation. The molecule was purified by gel filtration, anion exchange chromatography and reverse-phase-HPLC on C8 column; its molecular weight was determined. Natural and synthetic substrates were used to evaluate its enzymatic activities. The fibrinogenolytic activity was tested electrophoretically and by reverse-phase-HPLC on C18 column. Otherwise, the effect on blood coagulation and deficient plasma factors were also evaluated. The mechanism by which a thrombin-like enzyme VLCV (thrombin-like enzyme)-induced platelet aggregation was explored in presence of ticlopidin, clopidogrel and aspirin. VLCV (45 kDa) isolated from Vipera lebetina as a thrombin-like enzyme seems to be able to modulate platelet function. This enzyme showed an amidolytic activity by hydrolyzing the chromogenic-specific substrate of thrombin and the α-chain of fibrinogen. It is also able to clot human plasma and the deficient human plasma in factor X, suggesting that it is involved in the intrinsic and common pathways. The aggregating effect of VLCV is more sensitive to ticlopidine than to the clopidogrel suggesting the involvement of ADP/P2Y12/PI3K pathway. VLCV seems to be able to promote human platelet aggregation suggesting an interaction between P2Y12 and PAR1. Due to its ability to replace the missing factor X and its proaggregating activity, VLCV could be used as molecular tool to better understand the hemostasis mechanism.
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Torres-Huaco FD, Maruñak S, Teibler P, Bustillo S, Acosta de Pérez O, Leiva LC, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S. Local and systemic effects of BtaMP-1, a new weakly hemorrhagic Snake Venom Metalloproteinase purified from Bothriopsis taeniata Snake Venom. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:1044-1054. [PMID: 31494155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A new weak hemorrhagic metalloproteinase named BtaMP-1 was purified from Bothriopsis taeniata snake venom by molecular exclusion followed by anion exchange chromatographies. This protein showed a molecular mass of 25,968.16 Da and is composed of 218 amino acid residues. The multiple alignments of its partial amino acid sequence showed high structural identity with other P-I class SVMP. BtaMP-1 showed caseinolytic activity that was enhanced by Ca2+ ion, completely inhibited by chelating and reducing agents and can be classified as an α-fibrinogenolytic enzyme. Locally, BtaMP-1 induces hemorrhage and edema, but not myotoxicity. These findings were confirmed by histological analysis of mouse gastrocnemius muscle. "In vitro" studies suggest that BtaMP-1 induce cytotoxicity in myoblast C2C12 but not in the myotubes cell line. BtaMP-1 induced systemic alterations in mice with one MHD and two hours exposure; histological analysis of lungs showed hemorrhagic areas, congestion, and increase the thickness of alveolar septum. Also, this protein induced mild effects on kidney and disruption of coagulation by depletion of fibrinogen plasma levels. This work provides insights into the importance of BtaMP-1 biological effects in envenomation by Bothropsis taeniata snake venom and providing further evidence to understand the role of P-I class SVMP in ophidian envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Denis Torres-Huaco
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Universidad Continental, Av. Los Incas, ZIP 4002 Arequipa, Peru.
| | - Silvana Maruñak
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National Northeastern University (UNNE), Argentina
| | - Pamela Teibler
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National Northeastern University (UNNE), Argentina
| | - Soledad Bustillo
- Protein Research Laboratory (LabInPro), Faculty of Natural Sciences and Surveying (FACENA), National Northeastern University (UNNE), Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Ofelia Acosta de Pérez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National Northeastern University (UNNE), Argentina
| | - Laura Cristina Leiva
- Protein Research Laboratory (LabInPro), Faculty of Natural Sciences and Surveying (FACENA), National Northeastern University (UNNE), Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Luis Alberto Ponce-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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de Andrade CM, Rey FM, Bianchini FJ, Sampaio SV, Torqueti MR. Crotoxin, a neurotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, as a potential tool against thrombosis development. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:653-659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Miller LJ, Fetterer DP, Garza NL, Lackemeyer MG, Donnelly GC, Steffens JT, Van Tongeren SA, Fiallos JO, Moore JL, Marko ST, Lugo-Roman LA, Fedewa G, DeRisi JL, Kuhn JH, Stahl SJ. A fixed moderate-dose combination of tiletamine+zolazepam outperforms midazolam in induction of short-term immobilization of ball pythons (Python regius). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199339. [PMID: 30339670 PMCID: PMC6195258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory animals are commonly anesthetized to prevent pain and distress and to provide safe handling. Anesthesia procedures are well-developed for common laboratory mammals, but not as well established in reptiles. We assessed the performance of intramuscularly injected tiletamine (dissociative anesthetic) and zolazepam (benzodiazepine sedative) in fixed combination (2 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg) in comparison to 2 mg/kg of midazolam (benzodiazepine sedative) in ball pythons (Python regius). We measured heart and respiratory rates and quantified induction parameters (i.e., time to loss of righting reflex, time to loss of withdrawal reflex) and recovery parameters (i.e., time to regain righting reflex, withdrawal reflex, normal behavior). Mild decreases in heart and respiratory rates (median decrease of <10 beats per minute and <5 breaths per minute) were observed for most time points among all three anesthetic dose groups. No statistically significant difference between the median time to loss of righting reflex was observed among animals of any group (p = 0.783). However, the withdrawal reflex was lost in all snakes receiving 3mg/kg of tiletamine+zolazepam but not in all animals of the other two groups (p = 0.0004). In addition, the time for animals to regain the righting reflex and resume normal behavior was longer in the drug combination dose groups compared to the midazolam group (p = 0.0055). Our results indicate that midazolam is an adequate sedative for ball pythons but does not suffice to achieve reliable immobilization or anesthesia, whereas tiletamine+zolazepam achieves short-term anesthesia in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn J. Miller
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJM); (JHK)
| | - David P. Fetterer
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Garza
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew G. Lackemeyer
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Ginger C. Donnelly
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jesse T. Steffens
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Sean A. Van Tongeren
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jimmy O. Fiallos
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Joshua L. Moore
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Shannon T. Marko
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Luis A. Lugo-Roman
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Greg Fedewa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LJM); (JHK)
| | - Scott J. Stahl
- Stahl Exotic Animal Veterinary Services, Fairfax, VA, United States of America
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Liu W, Mo F, Jiang G, Liang H, Ma C, Li T, Zhang L, Xiong L, Mariottini GL, Zhang J, Xiao L. Stress-Induced Mucus Secretion and Its Composition by a Combination of Proteomics and Metabolomics of the Jellyfish Aurelia coerulea. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E341. [PMID: 30231483 PMCID: PMC6165293 DOI: 10.3390/md16090341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jellyfish respond quickly to external stress that stimulates mucus secretion as a defense. Neither the composition of secreted mucus nor the process of secretion are well understood. METHODS Aurelia coerulea jellyfish were stimulated by removing them from environmental seawater. Secreted mucus and tissue samples were then collected within 60 min, and analyzed by a combination of proteomics and metabolomics using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS), respectively. RESULTS Two phases of sample collection displayed a quick decrease in volume, followed by a gradual increase. A total of 2421 and 1208 proteins were identified in tissue homogenate and secreted mucus, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that the mucus-enriched proteins are mainly located in extracellular or membrane-associated regions, while the tissue-enriched proteins are distributed throughout intracellular compartments. Tryptamine, among 16 different metabolites, increased with the largest-fold change value of 7.8 in mucus, which is consistent with its involvement in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway 'tryptophan metabolism'. We identified 11 metalloproteinases, four serpins, three superoxide dismutases and three complements, and their presence was speculated to be related to self-protective defense. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a composition profile of proteins and metabolites in stress-induced mucus and tissue homogenate of A. coerulea. This provides insight for the ongoing endeavors to discover novel bioactive compounds. The large increase of tryptamine in mucus may indicate a strong stress response when jellyfish were taken out of seawater and the active self-protective components such as enzymes, serpins and complements potentially play a key role in innate immunity of jellyfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Fengfeng Mo
- Department of Ship Hygiene, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Guixian Jiang
- Clinical Medicine, Grade 2015, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hongyu Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Tong Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Liyan Xiong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Identification, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Gian Luigi Mariottini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, I-16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Liang Xiao
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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9
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da Silva Souza A, de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett J, Alcântara JA, Freire M, Alecrim MDGC, Lacerda M, de Lima Ferreira LC, Fan HW, de Souza Sampaio V, Monteiro WM. Snakebites as cause of deaths in the Western Brazilian Amazon: Why and who dies? Deaths from snakebites in the Amazon. Toxicon 2018; 145:15-24. [PMID: 29490236 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Snake envenoming represents a major burden for public health worldwide. In the Amazon, the official number of cases and deaths detected is probably underestimated because of the difficulty riverine and indigenous populations have reaching health centers in order to receive medical assistance. Thus, integrated analysis of health information systems must be used in order to improve adequate health policies. The aim of this work is to describe a series of deaths and identify risk factors for lethality from snakebites in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. All deaths from snakebites reported to the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (SINAN) and to the Mortality Information System (SIM; ICD10-10th revision, X.29), from 2007 to 2015, were included. Variables were assessed by blocks with distal (ecological variables), intermediate (demographics) and proximal (clinical variables) components to identify predictors of case fatality. A total of 127 deaths from snakebites were recorded, with 58 pairs found through linkage of the SINAN and SIM databases (45.7%), 37 (29.1%) deaths found only in SINAN and 32 (25.2%) found only in the SIM. Deaths occurred mostly in males (95 cases; 74.8%) living in rural areas (78.6%). The most affected age group was the ≥61 years old (36 cases; 28.4%). Snakebites were presumably due to Bothrops snakes in 68.5% of the cases and Lachesis in 29.5% based on clinico-epidemiological diagnosis. A proportion of 26.2% of the cases received treatment over 24 h after the bite ocurred. On admission, cases were mostly classified as severe (65.6%). Overall, 28 patients (22.0%). Deceased without any medical assistance Antivenom was given to 53.5%. In the multivariate analysis, a distance from Manaus >300 km [OR = 3.40 (95%CI = 1.99-5.79); (p < 0.001)]; age ≥61 years [OR = 4.31 (95%CI = 1.22-15.21); (p = 0.023)] and Indigenous status [OR = 5.47 (95%CI = 2.37-12.66); (p < 0.001)] were independently associated with case fatality from snakebites. Severe snakebites [OR = 16.24 (95%CI = 4.37-60.39); (p < 0.001)] and a lack of antivenom administration [OR = 4.21 (95%CI = 1.30-13.19); (p = 0.014)] were also independently associated with case fatality. Respiratory failure/dyspnea, systemic bleeding, sepsis and shock were recorded only among fatal cases. In conclusion, i) death from snakebites was underreported in the mortality surveillance system; ii) older age groups living in remote municipalities and indigenous peoples were the population groups most prone to death; iii) lack or underdosage of antivenom resulted in higher case fatality and iv) systemic bleeding, circulatory shock, sepsis and acute respiratory failure were strongly associated to fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson da Silva Souza
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - João Arthur Alcântara
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Monique Freire
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Costa Alecrim
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos de Lima Ferreira
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Vanderson de Souza Sampaio
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Núcleo de Sistemas de Informação, Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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10
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Sachett JAG, da Silva IM, Alves EC, Oliveira SS, Sampaio VS, do Vale FF, Romero GAS, dos Santos MC, Marques HO, Colombini M, da Silva AMM, Wen FH, Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM, Ferreira LCL. Poor efficacy of preemptive amoxicillin clavulanate for preventing secondary infection from Bothrops snakebites in the Brazilian Amazon: A randomized controlled clinical trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005745. [PMID: 28692641 PMCID: PMC5519217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary bacterial infections from snakebites contribute to the high complication rates that can lead to permanent function loss and disabilities. Although common in endemic areas, routine empirical prophylactic use of antibiotics aiming to prevent secondary infection lacks a clearly defined policy. The aim of this work was to estimate the efficacy of amoxicillin clavulanate for reducing the secondary infection incidence in patients bitten by Bothrops snakes, and, secondarily, identify risk factors for secondary infections from snakebites in the Western Brazilian Amazon. METHODS AND FINDINGS This was an open-label, two-arm individually randomized superiority trial to prevent secondary infection from Bothrops snakebites. The antibiotic chosen for this clinical trial was oral amoxicillin clavulanate per seven days compared to no intervention. A total of 345 patients were assessed for eligibility in the study period. From this total, 187 accomplished the inclusion criteria and were randomized, 93 in the interventional group and 94 in the untreated control group. All randomized participants completed the 7 days follow-up period. Enzyme immunoassay confirmed Bothrops envenoming diagnosis in all participants. Primary outcome was defined as secondary infection (abscess and/or cellulitis) until day 7 after admission. Secondary infection incidence until 7 days after admission was 35.5% in the intervention group and 44.1% in the control group [RR = 0.80 (95%CI = 0.56 to 1.15; p = 0.235)]. Survival analysis demonstrated that the time from patient admission to the onset of secondary infection was not different between amoxicillin clavulanate treated and control group (Log-rank = 2.23; p = 0.789).Secondary infections incidence in 7 days of follow-up was independently associated to fibrinogen >400 mg/dL [AOR = 4.78 (95%CI = 2.17 to 10.55; p<0.001)], alanine transaminase >44 IU/L [AOR = 2.52 (95%CI = 1.06 to 5.98; p = 0.037)], C-reactive protein >6.5 mg/L [AOR = 2.98 (95%CI = 1.40 to 6.35; p = 0.005)], moderate pain [AOR = 24.30 (95%CI = 4.69 to 125.84; p<0.001)] and moderate snakebites [AOR = 2.43 (95%CI = 1.07 to 5.50; p = 0.034)]. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Preemptive amoxicillin clavulanate was not effective for preventing secondary infections from Bothrops snakebites. Laboratorial markers, such as high fibrinogen, alanine transaminase and C-reactive protein levels, and severity clinical grading of snakebites, may help to accurately diagnose secondary infections. TRIAL REGISTRATION Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBec): RBR-3h33wy; UTN Number: U1111-1169-1005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. G. Sachett
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Iran Mendonça da Silva
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Eliane Campos Alves
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Sâmella S. Oliveira
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Vanderson S. Sampaio
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Núcleo de Sistemas de Informação, Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fábio Francesconi do Vale
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Sierra Romero
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cordeiro dos Santos
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Hedylamar Oliveira Marques
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Mônica Colombini
- Divisão de Desenvolvimento Científico, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fan Hui Wen
- Divisão de Desenvolvimento Científico, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus V. G. Lacerda
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luiz C. L. Ferreira
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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11
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Menaldo DL, Bernardes CP, Zoccal KF, Jacob-Ferreira AL, Costa TR, Del Lama MPFM, Naal RMZG, Frantz FG, Faccioli LH, Sampaio SV. Immune cells and mediators involved in the inflammatory responses induced by a P-I metalloprotease and a phospholipase A 2 from Bothrops atrox venom. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:238-247. [PMID: 28327442 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bothrops envenomations can promote severe inflammatory responses by inducing edema, pain, leukocyte recruitment and release of chemical mediators by local cells. In the present study, two toxins from Bothrops atrox venom (the P-I metalloprotease Batroxase and the acidic phospholipase A2 BatroxPLA2) were evaluated in relation to their inflammatory effects induced in vivo and in vitro, mainly focusing on the participation of different immune cells and inflammatory mediators. Both toxins mainly promoted acute inflammatory responses with significant recruitment of neutrophils in the early hours (1-4h) after administration into the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice, and increased infiltration of mononuclear cells especially after 24h. Among the mediators induced by both toxins are IL-6, IL-10 and PGE2, with Batroxase also inducing the release of L-1β, and BatroxPLA2 of LTB4 and CysLTs. These responses pointed to possible involvement of immune cells such as macrophages and mast cells, which were then evaluated in vitro. Mice peritoneal macrophages stimulated with Batroxase produced significant levels of IL-6, IL-1β, PGE2 and LTB4, whereas stimulus with BatroxPLA2 induced increases of IL-6, PGE2 and LTB4. Furthermore, both toxins were able to stimulate degranulation of RBL-2H3 mast cells, but with distinct concentration-dependent effects. Altogether, these results indicated that Batroxase and BatroxPLA2 promoted local and acute inflammatory responses related to macrophages and mast cells and to the production of several mediators. Our findings should contribute for better understanding the different mechanisms of toxicity induced by P-I metalloproteases and phospholipases A2 after snakebite envenomations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo L Menaldo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carolina P Bernardes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina F Zoccal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna L Jacob-Ferreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tássia R Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria P F M Del Lama
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rose M Z G Naal
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiani G Frantz
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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