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Zhang Y, Meng Z, Li S, Liu T, Song J, Li J, Zhang X. Two Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Bacillus and Their Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:7899. [PMID: 38067628 PMCID: PMC10708539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth promotion and disease prevention are important strategies in the modern husbandry industry, and for this reason, antibiotics are widely used as animal feed additives. However, the overuse of antibiotics has led to the serious problem of increasing resistance of pathogenic microorganisms, posing a major threat to the environment and human health. "Limiting antibiotics" and "Banning antibiotics" have become the inevitable trends in the development of the livestock feed industry, so the search for alternative antimicrobial agents has become a top priority. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by Bacillus spp. have emerged as a promising alternative to antibiotics, due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against resistant pathogens. In this study, two strains of Bacillus velezensis 9-1 and B. inaquosorum 76-1 with good antibacterial activity were isolated from commercial feed additives, and the antimicrobial peptides produced by them were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography, gel chromatography, and RP-HPLC. Finally, two small molecule peptides, named peptide-I and peptide-II, were obtained from strain 9-1 and 76-1, respectively. The molecular weight and sequences of the peptides were analyzed and identified by LC-MS/MS, which were 988.5706 Da and VFLENVLR, and 1286.6255 Da and FSGSGSGTAFTLR, respectively. The results of an antibacterial activity and stability study showed that the two peptides had good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, B. cereus, and Salmonella enterica, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations were 64 μg/mL and 16 μg/mL, 32 μg/mL and 64 μg/mL, and 8 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL, respectively. All of them have good heat, acid, and alkali resistance and protease stability, and can be further developed as feed antibiotic substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Zinuo Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Shilong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Ting Liu
- The Laboratory and Pathology Department, The Hospital of 82nd Group Army PLA, Baoding 071001, China; (T.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Juan Song
- The Laboratory and Pathology Department, The Hospital of 82nd Group Army PLA, Baoding 071001, China; (T.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jia Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;
| | - Xiumin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.M.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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Duan X, Song N, Ma K, Tong Y, Yang L. The effects of protein-rich extract from Rhizoma Gastrodiae against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via regulating MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Brain Res Bull 2023; 203:110772. [PMID: 37793596 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhizoma Gastrodiae is a highly valuable traditional Chinese medicine and functional health food that has been used in China to treat neurological disorders for thousands of years. Rhizoma Gastrodiae contains various of biological activities, such as antioxidative, neuroprotective, learning improvement, anxiolytic, and antidepressant effects. However, no studies have been conducted to explore the effects of the protein components in Rhizoma Gastrodiae (GEPS) and its potential protective effects against ischemic stroke.Our main goal was to investigate the effects of GEPS on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and its possible mechanisms. METHODS A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced focal cerebral ischemia mouse model and an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD/R) injury model in HT22 cells were established. A neurobehavioral test was performed 24 h after MCAO, and brain infarction was measured. A Morris water maze experiment was conducted on Day 14 after reperfusion in mice. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and TUNEL staining were performed to assess apoptotic neuronal death. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect BDNF and GAP43 expression. The content of SOD, MDA, GSH-PX and ROS were detected. The protein expression was analyzed using Western blotting. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. RESULTS GEPS reduced apoptosis, decreased cerebral infarction, improved neurological defects, and ameliorated oxidative stress in the ischemic penumbra. In addition, GEPS increased the expression of BDNF and GA43 in the penumbra. Mechanistically, GEPS counteracted MCAO-induced PI3K/AKT inhibition and activation of MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION GEPS has a clear neuroprotective effect on I/R injury, and its mechanism may be linked to the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Nali Song
- Yunnan Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Kejian Ma
- Yunnan Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ying Tong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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Li Y, Dong P, Dai L, Wang S. Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics Reveal the Active Peptide of Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker against Hyperlipidemia by Modulating Imbalance in Amino Acid Metabolism. Molecules 2023; 28:7049. [PMID: 37894528 PMCID: PMC10609387 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The active peptide (APE) of Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker, which is prepared by bioenzymatic digestion, has significant antihyperlipidemic effects in vivo, but its mechanism of action on hyperlipidemia is not clear. Recent studies on amino acid metabolism suggested a possible link between it and hyperlipidemia. In this study, we first characterized the composition of APE using various methods. Then, the therapeutic effects of APE on hyperlipidemic rats were evaluated, including lipid levels, the inflammatory response, and oxidative stress. Finally, the metabolism-regulating mechanisms of APE on hyperlipidemic rats were analyzed using untargeted and targeted metabolomic approaches. The results showed that APE significantly reduced the accumulation of fat, oxidative stress levels, and serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Untargeted metabolomic analysis showed that the mechanism of the hypolipidemic effect of APE was mainly related to tryptophan metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and purine metabolism. Amino-acid-targeted metabolomic analysis showed that significant differences in the levels of eight amino acids occurred after APE treatment. Among them, the expression of tryptophan, alanine, glutamate, threonine, valine, and phenylalanine was upregulated, and that of arginine and proline was downregulated in APE-treated rats. In addition, APE significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of SREBP-1, SREBP-2, and HMGCR. Taking these points together, we hypothesize that APE ameliorates hyperlipidemia by modulating amino acid metabolism in the metabolome of the serum and feces, mediating the SREBP/HMGCR signaling pathway, and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China;
| | - Pingping Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Long Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China;
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China;
| | - Shaoping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China;
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Shi H, Panjikar S, Li C, Ou X, Zhou Y, Zhang K, Song L, Yu R, Sun L, Zhu J. Characterization of a novel recombinant calcium-binding protein from Arca subcrenata and its anti-hepatoma activities in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125513. [PMID: 37353116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that ASP-3 was a novel calcium-binding protein from Arca subcrenata that effectively inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells. To further study the antitumor activity and mechanism of ASP-3, the cytotoxic effects of recombinant ASP-3 were evaluated in HepG2 cells. The results demonstrated that ASP-3 inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells by competitively binding to the EGF binding pocket of EGFR and inhibiting the JAK-STAT, RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK, and PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathways mediated by EGFR. ASP-3 significantly inhibited tumor growth in a HepG2 cell subcutaneous xenograft nude mouse model, and its (25 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg) tumor inhibition rates were 46.92 % and 60.28 %, respectively. Furthermore, the crystal structure of ASP-3 was resolved at 1.4 Å. ASP-3 formed as a stable dimer and folded as an EF-Hand structure. ASP-3 stably bound to domain I and domain III of the EGFR extracellular region by using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation analysis. Compared with the endogenous ligand EGF, ASP-3 displayed a stronger interaction with EGFR. These experimental results indicated that recombinant ASP-3 possessed an effective anti-hepatoma effect. So, it might be a potential molecule for liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | | | - Chunlei Li
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaozheng Ou
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kunhao Zhang
- Department of Life Science, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Liyan Song
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Lianli Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China.
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Shi H, Li J, Liu F, Bi S, Huang W, Luo Y, Zhang M, Song L, Yu R, Zhu J. Characterization of a novel polysaccharide from Arca subcrenata and its immunoregulatory activities in vitro and in vivo. Food Funct 2023; 14:822-835. [PMID: 36622059 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arca subcrenata is an economical edible shellfish. A novel water-soluble α-D-glucan (ASPG-1) with a molecular weight of 2.56 × 106 Da was purified and characterized from A. subcrenata. Its structure was characterized as a repeating unit consisting of α-D-Glcp, (1 → 6)-α-D-Glcp and (1 → 4,6)-α-D-Glcp. ASPG-1 exerted potent immunoregulatory activity by promoting the viability of splenic lymphocytes. Moreover, it enhanced pinocytic capacity, and promoted the secretion of NO and cytokines in RAW264.7 cells. The immunomodulatory mechanism of ASPG-1 involved the activation of the TLR4-MAPK/Akt-NF-κB signaling pathway. ASPG-1 inhibited tumor growth in 4T1 breast cancer mice and its combination with doxorubicin increased antitumor efficacy. The ASPG-1 combination with DOX-treated group (64.8%) showed an improved tumor inhibition rate compared to that of the DOX-treated group (53.3%). The antitumor mechanism of ASPG-1 may involve an enhancement of the immune response of mice to tumors. These results indicated that ASPG-1 could be developed as a potential adjuvant in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China. .,Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Jianhuan Li
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Sixue Bi
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Weijuan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Man Zhang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Liyan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China. .,Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China. .,Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, PR China
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Li H, Li J, Shi H, Li C, Huang W, Zhang M, Luo Y, Song L, Yu R, Zhu J. Structural characterization and immunoregulatory activity of a novel acidic polysaccharide from Scapharca subcrenata. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:439-454. [PMID: 35504419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel acidic polysaccharide named SSPA50-1 was isolated from Scapharca subcrenata using a simulated gastric fluid extraction method. SSPA50-1 is a heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight of 44.7 kDa that is composed of galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, mannose, ribose, rhamnose, fucose, xylose and arabinose at a molar ratio of 1.00:5.40:9.04:3.10:1.59:4.01:2.10:2.21:2.28. The structural characterization based on the methylation and 1D/2D NMR analyses indicated that SSPA50-1 is composed of →3)-β-L-Rhap-(1→, →3)-β-L-2-O-Me-Fucp-(1→, →2)-α-D-Xylp-(1→, →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →3)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,4)-β-D-Manp-(1→, →3,4)-β-D-Galp-(1→, β-D-Ribf-(1→, α-D-Glcp-(1→, and α-D-GalAp6Me-(1→. Furthermore, SSPA50-1 possessed potent immunoregulatory activity by enhancing the phagocytosis and NO, iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6 secretion capacity of RAW264.7 cells. Otherwise, SSPA50-1 significantly promoted the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages. These results indicated that SSPA50-1 could be developed as a potential ingredient for immunostimulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianhuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weijuan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyan Song
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Pharmacology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China.
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Balde A, Raghavender P, Dasireddy S, Abraham J, Prasad S, Joshi I, Abdul NR. Crab Pentapeptide and Its Anti-inflammatory Activity on Macrophage Cells. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Purification and characterization of a novel mixed-linkage α,β-d-glucan from Arca subcrenata and its immunoregulatory activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:207-216. [PMID: 33831453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Arca subcrenata Lischke is a seafood with high nutritional value. In this study, we purified and characterized a novel water-soluble polysaccharide (ASPG-2) from Arca subcrenata with significant immunoregulatory effects and no apparent cell toxicity. ASPG-2 is a class of mixed-linkage α,β-d-glucan backbones with α-linked side chains with a molecular weight of 4.39 × 105 Da. Its structure was characterized as a repeating unit consisting of (1 → 3)-β-d-Glcp, (1 → 4)-α-d-Glcp, (1 → 4,6)-α-d-Glcp and (1 → 6)-α-d-Glcp. Using mouse RAW264.7 macrophages, we demonstrated that ASPG-2 exerted marked immunoregulatory effects by promoting the secretion of NO and increasing the phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells in vitro. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis of the expression of the cell surface molecule CD86 revealed that ASPG-2 could polarize RAW264.7 cells into the M1 type. The immunomodulatory mechanism of ASPG-2 in macrophages was associated with the activation of the TLR4-MAPK/Akt-NF-κB signalling pathways. These results indicated that ASPG-2 might be researched and developed as a potential immunomodulatory agent or health product from marine organisms.
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The Effect of Protein-Rich Extract from Bombyx Batryticatus against Glutamate-Damaged PC12 Cells Via Regulating γ-Aminobutyric Acid Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030553. [PMID: 32012896 PMCID: PMC7037904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombyx Batryticatus (BB) is a known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) utilized to treat convulsions, epilepsy, cough, asthma, headaches, etc. in China for thousands of years. This study is aimed at investigating optimum extraction of protein-rich extracts from BB (BBPs) using response surface methodology (RSM) and exploring the protective effects of BBPs against nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced PC12 cells injured by glutamate (Glu) and their underlying mechanisms. The results indicated optimum process of extraction was as follows: extraction time 1.00 h, ratio of liquid to the raw material 3.80 mL/g and ultrasonic power 230.0 W. The cell viability of PC12 cells stimulated by Glu was determined by CCK-8 assay. The levels of γ-aminobutyric (GABA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GR) in PC12 cells were assayed by ELISA. Furthermore, the Ca2+ levels in PC12 cells were determined by flow cytometry analysis. Protein and mRNA expressions of GABAA-Rα1, NMDAR1, GAD 65, GAD 67, GAT 1 and GAT 3 in PC12 cells were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting assays. Results revealed that BBPs decreased toxic effects due to Glu treatment and decreased Ca2+ levels in PC12 cells. After BBPs treatments, levels of GABA and 5-HT were increased and contents of TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-1β were decreased in NGF-induced PC12 cells injured by Glu. Moreover, BBPs up-regulated the expressions of GABAA-Rα1, GAD 65 and GAD 67, whereas down-regulated that of NMDAR1 GAT 1 and GAT 3. These findings suggested that BBPs possessed protective effects on NGF-induced PC12 cells injured by Glu via γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) signaling pathways, which demonstrated that BBPs has potential anti-epileptic effect in vitro. These findings may be useful in the development of novel medicine for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Antiepileptic Effects of Protein-Rich Extract from Bombyx batryticatus on Mice and Its Protective Effects against H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Damage in PC12 Cells via Regulating PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7897584. [PMID: 31198493 PMCID: PMC6526569 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7897584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx batryticatus is a known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) utilized to treat convulsions, epilepsy, cough, asthma, headaches, and purpura in China for thousands of years. This study is aimed at investigating the antiepileptic effects of protein-rich extracts from Bombyx batryticatus (BBPs) on seizure in mice and exploring the protective effects of BBPs against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells and their underlying mechanisms. Maximal electroshock-induced seizure (MES) and pentylenetetrazole- (PTZ-) induced seizure in mice and the histological analysis were carried out to evaluate the antiepileptic effects of BBPs. The cell viability of PC12 cells stimulated by H2O2 was determined by MTT assay. The apoptosis and ROS levels of H2O2-stimulated PC12 cells were determined by flow cytometry analysis. Furthermore, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutathione (GSH) in PC12 cells were assayed by ELISA and expressions of caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2, PI3K, Akt, and p-Akt were evaluated by Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. The results revealed that BBPs exerted significant antiepileptic effects on mice. In addition, BBPs increased the cell viability of H2O2-stimulated PC12 cells and reduced apoptotic cells and ROS levels in H2O2-stimulated PC12 cells. By BBPs treatments, the levels of MDA and LDH were reduced and the levels of SOD and GSH-Px were increased in H2O2-stimulated PC12 cells. Moreover, BBPs upregulated the expressions of PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, and Bcl-2, whereas they downregulated the expressions of caspase-9, caspase-3, and Bax in H2O2-stimulated PC12 cells. These findings suggested that BBPs possessed potential antiepileptic effects on MES and PTZ-induced seizure in mice and protective effects on H2O2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells by exerting antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects via PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
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Jin W, Xu X, Chen X, Qi W, Lu J, Yan X, Zhao D, Cong D, Li X, Sun L. Protective effect of pig brain polypeptides against corticosterone-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in PC12 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108890. [PMID: 31022597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pig brain polypeptides (PBP), active polypeptides hydrolysate extracted from fresh porcine brain tissue, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The present study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of PBP in corticosterone (CORT)-induced rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. METHODS Cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were measured in PC12 cells induced with 200 μM CORT in the presence or absence of various concentrations of PBP for 48 h. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione (GSH) content were examined to analyze the effect of PBP on CORT-induced oxidative stress. The levels of pro-inflammatory factors, the percentage of apoptotic cells, and apoptosis-related protein expression in PC12 cells were determined. RESULTS PBP is mainly composed of protein subunits with molecular weights ranging from 1000 to 10,000 Da. PBP treatment increased cell viability and decreased the release of LDH in CORT-stimulated PC12 cells. Moreover, PBP reduced the level of CORT-induced oxidative stress by decreasing ROS levels and increasing SOD, GSH-Px activities and GSH content. PBP had an inhibitory effect on the CORT-induced inflammatory response through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. PBP also inhibited CORT-induced apoptosis by downregulating the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PBP exerts a neuroprotective effect against CORT-induced cell injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. PBP could act as a neuroprotective agent against nerve injury induced by CORT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Jin
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Xuenan Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Xiuci Yan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Deyu Cong
- Department of Tuina, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China.
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Preparation of Polysaccharides from Ramulus mori, and Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050856. [PMID: 30823408 PMCID: PMC6429365 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The extraction of Ramulus mori polysaccharides (RMPs) was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal process conditions, which gave the highest yield of RMPs (6.25%) were 80 °C, 50 min, and a solid–liquid ratio of 1:40 (g/mL), with the extraction performed twice. The RMPs contained seven monosaccharides, namely, mannose, rhamnose; glucuronic acid, glucose, xylose, galactose, and arabinose, in a 1.36:2.68:0.46:328.17:1.53:21.80:6.16 molar ratio. The glass transition and melting temperatures of RMPs were 83 and 473 °C, respectively. RMPs were α-polysaccharides and had surfaces that resembled a porous sponge, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. RMPs inhibited the proliferation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and showed antioxidant activity (assessed by three different methods), although it was generally weaker than that of vitamin C. RMPs showed anti-inflammatory activity in a concentration-dependent manner. This study provides a basis for exploring the potential uses of RMPs.
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Wang W, Shi H, Zhu J, Li C, Song L, Yu R. Purification and structural characterization of a novel antioxidant and antibacterial protein from Arca inflata. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:289-298. [PMID: 29733930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel protein (J2-C4) with antioxidant and antibacterial activities was purified from the edible portion of Arca inflata. The purity of J2-C4 was measured to be 97.62% by RP-HPLC analysis, and the molecular weight was 20,537.0 Da by ESI-MS/MS. The isoelectric point of J2-C4 was determined to be 5.18 by IEF-PAGE. Secondary structure analysis of J2-C4 showed that it contained 34.9% α-helix, 15.0% β-sheet, 16.3% β-turn and 34.0% random coil by CD spectroscopy. The complete amino acid sequence of J2-C4 was identified by gel electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS together with transcriptome database analysis. Based on the alignment with NCBI BLAST database, J2-C4 showed 71% homology with a sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein isolated from Crassostrea virginica. Therefore, J2-C4 was proposed to be a new sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein-like protein in A. inflata. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that J2-C4 exhibited favorable scavenging activities on ABTS+ (EC50 145.80 μg/mL) and DPPH (EC50 455.62 μg/mL). J2-C4 exhibited antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC: 375 μg/mL), Escherichia coli (MIC: 187.5 μg/mL) and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 750 μg/mL). The results showed that J2-C4 might be developed as a potential food additive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Wang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Chunlei Li
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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A novel synthetic peptide inspired on Lys49 phospholipase A 2 from Crotalus oreganus abyssus snake venom active against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 149:248-256. [PMID: 29501945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the evolving and complex mechanisms of bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics are increasing, while alternative medicines are drying up, which urges the need to discover novel agents able to kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Lys49 phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) from snake venoms are multifunctional toxins able to induce a huge variety of therapeutic effects and consequently serve as templates for new drug leads. Hence, the present study was aimed at the synthesis of oligopeptides mimicking regions of the antibacterial Lys49 PLA2 toxin (CoaTx-II), recently isolated from Crotalus oreganus abyssus snake venom, to identify small peptides able to reproduce the therapeutic action of the toxin. Five peptides, representing major regions of interest within CoaTx-II, were synthesized and screened for their antibacterial properties. The 13-mer peptide pC-CoaTxII, corresponding to residues 115-129 of CoaTx-II, was able to reproduce the promising bactericidal effect of the toxin against multi-resistant clinical isolates. Peptide pC-CoaTxII is mainly composed by positively charged and hydrophobic amino acids, a typical trait in most antimicrobial peptides, and presented no defined secondary structure in aqueous environment. The physicochemical properties of pC-CoaTxII are favorable towards a strong interaction with anionic lipid membranes as those in bacteria. Additional in silico studies suggest formation of a water channel across the membrane upon peptide insertion, eventually leading to bacterial cell disruption and death. Overall, our findings confirm the valuable potential of snake venom toxins towards design and synthesis of novel antimicrobials, thus representing key insights towards development of alternative efficient antimicrobials to fight bacterial resistance to current antibiotics.
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Antibacterial Activity of AI-Hemocidin 2, a Novel N-Terminal Peptide of Hemoglobin Purified from Arca inflata. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15070205. [PMID: 28661457 PMCID: PMC5532647 DOI: 10.3390/md15070205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The continued emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in recent years is of great concern. The search for new classes of antibacterial agents has expanded to non-traditional sources such as shellfish. An antibacterial subunit of hemoglobin (Hb-I) was purified from the mantle of Arca inflata by phosphate extraction and ion exchange chromatography. A novel antibacterial peptide, AI-hemocidin 2, derived from Hb-I, was discovered using bioinformatics analysis. It displayed antibacterial activity across a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 37.5 to 300 μg/mL, and it exhibited minimal hemolytic or cytotoxic activities. The antibacterial activity of AI-hemocidin 2 was thermostable (25–100 °C) and pH resistant (pH 3–10). The cellular integrity was determined by flow cytometry. AI-hemocidin 2 was capable of permeating the cellular membrane. Changes in the cell morphology were observed with a scanning electron microscope. Circular dichroism spectra suggested that AI-hemocidin 2 formed an α-helix structure in the membrane mimetic environment. The results indicated that the anti-bacterial mechanism for AI-hemocidin 2 occurred through disrupting the cell membrane. AI-hemocidin 2 might be a potential candidate for tackling antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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