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Ubi DS, Ekpenyong MG, Ikharia EJ, Akwagiobe EA, Asitok AD, Antai SP. Production, characterization, and bio-ethanologenic potential of a novel tripartite raw starch-digesting amylase from Priestia flexa UCCM 00132. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:597-611. [PMID: 37787010 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2259452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The biological conversion of agro-waste biomass into value-added metabolites is one of the trendy biotechnological research areas in recent times. One of the major drawbacks of the bioprocess is the saccharification potential of the amylolytic enzyme that releases reducing sugar from complex biomass to serve as substrate for fermentation. The present study reports the production of a novel tripartite raw starch-digesting amylase (RSDA) by an indigenous Priestia flexa strain with α-, β-, and gluco-amylolytic activities and its potential for bioethanol production. Response surface statistics was employed to develop a suitable medium for improved production of the tripartite enzyme by submerged fermentation. The bioprocess selected raw starch (4.36%) Ca2+(2.71 g/L) and Zn2+ (0.0177 g/L) as significant variables which demonstrated a total RSDA activity of 7208.23 U/mL in a 5-L batch bioreactor. SDS/Native-PAGE determined the molecular weights of the 27-fold purified product as 25.2 kDa, 57.3 kDa, and 90.1 kDa for α-, β-, and gluco-amylases, respectively. Optimum temperature and pH for enzyme activity were respectively broad at 30-70 °C and 4-11. The enzyme mixture demonstrated digestibility above 90% against a variety of raw starches and simultaneous fermentation of digestate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae generated 71.69 g/L of bioethanol within 24 h suggesting great potential for bioethanologenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sam Ubi
- Food and Industrial Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Maurice George Ekpenyong
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Eloghosa Joyce Ikharia
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Ernest Ablewho Akwagiobe
- Food and Industrial Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Atim David Asitok
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Sylvester Peter Antai
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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2
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Sun H, Xu Q, Ren M, Kong F. A biocompatible chitosan-based fluorescent polymer for efficient H 2O 2 detection in living cells and water samples. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128760. [PMID: 38103662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
As a biomarker of oxidative stress, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a complex role in organisms, including regulating cell signaling, respiration, the immune system, and other life processes. Therefore, it is important to develop a tool that can simply and effectively monitor H2O2 levels in organisms and the environment. In this work, naphthalene fluorophores with a borate structure were introduced into chitosan (CTS) azide, and a CTS-based fluorescence sensor (CTS-HP) was designed for sensitive H2O2 detection. The biocompatibility and degradability of CTS endowed CTS-HP with reduced biotoxicity compared with organic fluorescent dyes, and the substitution degree of fluorophores on the CTS chains was 0.703. The randomly coiled chain structure of the CTS-HP probe enabled the boronic acid recognition sites on the fluorophores to achieve the enrichment of analyte H2O2 through a synergistic effect. Therefore, the probe CTS-HP (10 μg mL-1) exhibited a 21-fold fluorescence enhancement and good detection limit (LOD = 8.98 nM) in H2O2 solution, reaching the maximum fluorescence response faster (within 16 min). The probe also successfully achieved the fluorescence imaging of endogenous and exogenous H2O2 in zebrafish and living cells and labeled the recovery experiment of H2O2 in real water samples (recoveries rates of 90.93-102.9 % and RSD < 3.09 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Qingyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Mingguang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China.
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China.
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3
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Sun H, Xu Q, Ren M, Kong F. A water-soluble and biocompatible chitosan-based fluorescent probe for real-time monitoring formaldehyde in living cells and zebrafish. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126157. [PMID: 37549768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a common environmental toxicant that can harm the human respiratory tract and nervous system when exposed for long period of time. As a carcinogen, HCHO also increases the risk of cancer in humans. HCHO can be produced endogenously in living systems and plays an essential role in physiological and biochemical reactions and pathogenesis. Therefore, monitoring the level of HCHO in vivo and in vitro has become the focus of attention. The designed naphthalene fluorophore was introduced onto modified chitosan to prepare a chitosan-based fluorescent probe (CS-FA) for HCHO detection. Compared to other small-molecule probe analogs for the detection of HCHO, the randomly coiled polymer chain of chitosan enabled CS-FA to "enrich" HCHO using the synergistic binding of hydrazino-naphthalimide recognition sites. Thus, the reaction of the analyte with the recognition site was accelerated, resulting in a faster equilibrium fluorescence response (2-3 min) and high sensitivity. In addition, the introduction of biomass material chitosan also improved the biocompatibility of the probe. Then a series of composite materials (test strips and hydrogel) were prepared based on the probe to expand the application form of the probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province, Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Qingyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province, Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Mingguang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province, Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China.
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province, Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China.
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4
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Investigation into the chemical modification of α-amylase using octenyl succinic anhydride: enzyme characterisation and stability studies. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:645-664. [PMID: 36826507 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the chemical modification of α-amylase using succinic anhydride (SA), phthalic anhydride (PA) and a novel modifier viz. 2-octenyl succinic anhydride (2-OSA). SA-, PA- and 2-OSA-α-amylases displayed a 50%, 91% and 46% increase in stability at pH 9, respectively; as compared to unmodified α-amylase. PA-α-amylase showed a significant increase in Ea and ΔHa#, and a concomitant decrease in ΔSa#. The modified α-amylases exhibited improved thermostability as reflected by significant reductions in Kd and ΔSd#, and increments in t1/2, D-, Ed, ΔHd# and ΔGd# values. The modified α-amylases displayed variable stabilities in the presence of different surfactants, inhibitors, metal ions and organic solvents. Interestingly, the chemical modification was found to confer resistance against inactivation by Hg2+ on α-amylase. The conformational changes in modified α-amylases were investigated using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, ANS (extrinsic) tryptophan fluorescence, and dynamic fluorescence quenching. Both intrinsic and extrinsic tryptophan fluorescence spectra showed increased fluorescence intensity for the modified α-amylases. Chemical modification was found to induce a certain degree of structural rigidity to α-amylase, as shown by dynamic fluorescence quenching. Analysis of the CD spectra by the K2d method using the DichroWeb online tool indicated evident changes in the α-helix, β-sheet and random coil fractions of the α-amylase secondary structure, following chemical modification using anhydrides. PA-α-amylase exhibited the highest productivity in terms of hydrolysis of starch at 60 °C over a period of 5 h indicating potential in varied biotechnological applications.
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Li SF, Cheng F, Wang YJ, Zheng YG. Strategies for tailoring pH performances of glycoside hydrolases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:121-141. [PMID: 34865578 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.2004084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) exhibit high activity and stability under harsh conditions, such as high temperatures and extreme pHs, given their wide use in industrial biotechnology. However, strategies for improving the acidophilic and alkalophilic adaptations of GHs are poorly summarized due to the complexity of the mechanisms of these adaptations. This review not only highlights the adaptation mechanisms of acidophilic and alkalophilic GHs under extreme pH conditions, but also summarizes the recent advances in engineering the pH performances of GHs with a focus on four strategies of protein engineering, enzyme immobilization, chemical modification, and medium engineering (additives). The examples described here summarize the methods used in modulating the pH performances of GHs and indicate that methods integrated in different protein engineering techniques or methods are efficient to generate industrial biocatalysts with the desired pH performance and other adapted enzyme properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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6
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Ó'Fágáin C. Protein Stability: Enhancement and Measurement. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2699:369-419. [PMID: 37647007 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3362-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
This chapter defines protein stability, emphasizes its importance, and surveys the field of protein stabilization, with summary reference to a selection of 2014-2021 publications. One can enhance stability, particularly by protein engineering strategies but also by chemical modification and by other means. General protocols are set out on how to measure a given protein's (i) kinetic thermal stability and (ii) oxidative stability and (iii) how to undertake chemical modification of a protein in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán Ó'Fágáin
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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7
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Song W, Li Y, Tong Y, Li Y, Tao J, Rao S, Li J, Zhou J, Liu S. Improving the Catalytic Efficiency of Aspergillus fumigatus Glucoamylase toward Raw Starch by Engineering Its N-Glycosylation Sites and Saturation Mutation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12672-12680. [PMID: 36154122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Raw starch glucoamylase (RSGA) can degrade the raw starch below the starch gelatinization temperature. In this study, to improve the catalytic activity of raw corn starch, N-glycosylation was introduced into the RSGA from Aspergillus fumigatus through site-directed mutation and the recombinant expression in Komagataella phaffii. Among them, the mutants G101S (N99-L100-S101) and Q113T (N111-S112-T113) increased the specific activity of raw corn starch by 1.19- and 1.21-fold, respectively. The optimal temperature of Q113T decreased from 70 to 60 °C. Notably, the combined mutant G101S/Q113T increased the specific activity toward raw starch by 1.22-fold and reduced the optimal temperature from 70 to 60 °C. Moreover, the mutant Q113M with a 1.5-fold increase in the catalytic activity was obtained via saturation mutation at site 113. Thus, the N-glycosylation site engineering is an efficient method to improve the activity of RSGA toward raw starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi Tong
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yi Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jin Tao
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Shengqi Rao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Song Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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8
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Chemical modification of laccase using phthalic and 2-octenyl succinic anhydrides: Enzyme characterization, stability, and its potential for clarification of cashew apple juice. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Protein Modifications: From Chemoselective Probes to Novel Biocatalysts. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical reactions can be performed to covalently modify specific residues in proteins. When applied to native enzymes, these chemical modifications can greatly expand the available set of building blocks for the development of biocatalysts. Nucleophilic canonical amino acid sidechains are the most readily accessible targets for such endeavors. A rich history of attempts to design enhanced or novel enzymes, from various protein scaffolds, has paved the way for a rapidly developing field with growing scientific, industrial, and biomedical applications. A major challenge is to devise reactions that are compatible with native proteins and can selectively modify specific residues. Cysteine, lysine, N-terminus, and carboxylate residues comprise the most widespread naturally occurring targets for enzyme modifications. In this review, chemical methods for selective modification of enzymes will be discussed, alongside with examples of reported applications. We aim to highlight the potential of such strategies to enhance enzyme function and create novel semisynthetic biocatalysts, as well as provide a perspective in a fast-evolving topic.
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Giri P, Pagar AD, Patil MD, Yun H. Chemical modification of enzymes to improve biocatalytic performance. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107868. [PMID: 34774927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Improvement in intrinsic enzymatic features is in many instances a prerequisite for the scalable applicability of many industrially important biocatalysts. To this end, various strategies of chemical modification of enzymes are maturing and now considered as a distinct way to improve biocatalytic properties. Traditional chemical modification methods utilize reactivities of amine, carboxylic, thiol and other side chains originating from canonical amino acids. On the other hand, noncanonical amino acid- mediated 'click' (bioorthogoal) chemistry and dehydroalanine (Dha)-mediated modifications have emerged as an alternate and promising ways to modify enzymes for functional enhancement. This review discusses the applications of various chemical modification tools that have been directed towards the improvement of functional properties and/or stability of diverse array of biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Giri
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Amol D Pagar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81, PO Manauli, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Pagar AD, Patil MD, Flood DT, Yoo TH, Dawson PE, Yun H. Recent Advances in Biocatalysis with Chemical Modification and Expanded Amino Acid Alphabet. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6173-6245. [PMID: 33886302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The two main strategies for enzyme engineering, directed evolution and rational design, have found widespread applications in improving the intrinsic activities of proteins. Although numerous advances have been achieved using these ground-breaking methods, the limited chemical diversity of the biopolymers, restricted to the 20 canonical amino acids, hampers creation of novel enzymes that Nature has never made thus far. To address this, much research has been devoted to expanding the protein sequence space via chemical modifications and/or incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). This review provides a balanced discussion and critical evaluation of the applications, recent advances, and technical breakthroughs in biocatalysis for three approaches: (i) chemical modification of cAAs, (ii) incorporation of ncAAs, and (iii) chemical modification of incorporated ncAAs. Furthermore, the applications of these approaches and the result on the functional properties and mechanistic study of the enzymes are extensively reviewed. We also discuss the design of artificial enzymes and directed evolution strategies for enzymes with ncAAs incorporated. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives for biocatalysis using the expanded amino acid alphabet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Pagar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dillon T Flood
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Philip E Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Ugwuodo CJ, Nwagu TN. Stabilizing enzymes by immobilization on bacterial spores: A review of literature. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:238-250. [PMID: 33115650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing applications of enzymes are limited by the relatively poor performance in harsh processing conditions. As a result, there are constant innovations in immobilization protocols for improving biocatalyst activity and stability. Bacterial spores are cheap to generate and highly resistant to environmental stress. The spore core is sheathed by an inner membrane, the germ cell wall, the cortex, outer membrane, spore coat and in some species the exosporium. The spore surface is anion-rich, hydrophobic and contains several reactive groups capable of interacting and stabilizing enzyme molecules through electrostatic forces, hydrophobic interactions and covalent bonding. The probiotic nature of spores obtained from non-toxic bacterial species makes them suitable carriers for the enzyme immobilization, especially food-grade enzymes or those intended for therapeutic use. Immobilization on spores is by direct adsorption, covalent attachment or surface display during the sporulation phase. Hindrances to the immobilization on spore matrix include the production rates, operational instability, and reduced catalytic properties due to conformational changes in enzyme. This paper reviews bacterial spore as a heterofunctional support matrix gives reasons why probiotic bacillus spores are better options and the diverse technologies adopted for spore-enzyme immobilization. It further suggests directions for future use and discusses the commercialization prospects.
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Nwagu TN, Aoyagi H, Okolo B, Moneke A, Yoshida S. Citraconylation and maleylation on the catalytic and thermodynamic properties of raw starch saccharifying amylase from Aspergillus carbonarius. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04351. [PMID: 32671262 PMCID: PMC7339066 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amylase capable of raw starch digestion presents a cheap and easier means of reducing sugar generation from various starch sources. Unfortunately, its potential for use in numerous industrial processes is hindered by poor stability. In this work, chemical modification by acylation using citraconic anhydride (CA) and maleic anhydride (MA) was used to stabilize the raw starch saccharifying amylase from A. carbonarius. The effect of the anhydrides on the pH and thermal stability of the free amylase was investigated. Enzyme kinetics and thermodynamic studies of the free and modified amylase were also carried out. Blue shifts in fluorescent spectra were observed after modification with both anhydrides. Citraconylation led to increased affinity of the enzyme for raw potato starch, unlike maleylation. The activation energy (kJ mol−1) for enzyme inactivation was increased by 94.8% after modification with CA while only 17.9% increase was noted after modification with MA. Acylation led to an increase in Gibb's free energy and enthalpy while a reduction in entropy was observed. At 80 °C the half-life (h) was 5.92, 11.18 and 14.74 for free, MA and CA enzyme samples, respectively. These findings have potential value in all industries interested in starch conversion to sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tochukwu Nwamaka Nwagu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Hideki Aoyagi
- Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Bartholomew Okolo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Anene Moneke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Shigeki Yoshida
- Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Javid H, Wiyakrutta S. Increasing Performance and Thermostability of D-Phenylglycine Aminotransferase in Miscible Organic Solvents. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 16:e2152. [PMID: 31457036 PMCID: PMC6697834 DOI: 10.21859/ijb.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background D-Phenylglycine aminotransferase (D-PhgAT) is highly beneficial in pharmaceutical biotechnology. Like many other enzymes, D-PhgAT suffers from low stability under harsh processing conditions, poor solubility of substrate, products and occasional microbial contamination. Incorporation of miscible organic solvents into the enzyme’s reaction is considered as a solution for these problems; however, native D-PhgAT is not significantly stable in such solvents. Objective Halophiles are known to survive and withstand unsavory habitats owing to their proteome bios. In the current study, with an eye on further industrial applications, we examined the performance and thermostability of four halophilic peptides fused D-PhgAT variants in reaction mixtures of various proportions of different miscible organic solvents and various temperatures as well as desiccation. Materials and Methods Plasmid constructs from the previous study (Two alpha helixes and loops between them from Halobacterium salinarum ferredoxin enzyme fused at N-terminus domain of D-PhgAT) expressed in Escherichia coli and then D-PhgAT purified. Purified proteins were subjected to various proportions of miscible organic solvents, different temperatures, and desiccation and then performance and thermostability monitored. Results Study confirmed increased C50 of all halophilic fused D-PhgAT variants, where the highest C50 observed for ALAL-D-PhgAT (30.20±2.84 %V/V). Additionally, all halophilic fused variants showed higher thermostability than the wild-type D-PhgAT in the presence of different fractions of acetone, N,N-Dimethylformamide and isopropanol in aqueous binary media, while zero activity observed at the presence of methanol. Conclusion Our results suggest that applying this new technique could be invaluable for making enzymes durable in discordant industrial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Javid
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Royan Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Suthep Wiyakrutta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Stabilizing bromelain for therapeutic applications by adsorption immobilization on spores of probiotic Bacillus. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:406-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Li C, Huang Z, Dong L, Liu X. Improvement of enzymological properties of pepsin by chemical modification with chitooligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:216-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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