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Gaikwad PS, Hole A, Saxena V, Choudhury S, Nath BB, Krishna CM, Mukhopadhyaya R. Vibrational spectroscopic detection of radiation-induced structural changes in Chironomus hemoglobin. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101721. [PMID: 38766383 PMCID: PMC11101703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chironomus hemoglobin is known to exhibit higher gamma radiation resistance compared to human hemoglobin. In the present study, we have introduced a sensitive method to analyze radiation-induced alterations in Chironomus hemoglobin using Vibrational spectroscopy and further highlighting its potential for monitoring radiotoxicity in aquatic environments. Materials and methods Vibrational spectroscopic methods such as Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy were used to capture the distinctive chemical signature of Chironomus hemoglobin (ChHb) under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Any radiation dose-dependent shifts could be analyzed Human hemoglobin (HuHb) as standard reference. Results Distinctive Raman peak detected at 930 cm-1 in (ChHb) was attributed to C-N stretching in the heterocyclic ring surrounding the iron atom, preventing heme degradation even after exposure to 2400 Gy dose. In contrast, for (HuHb), the transition from deoxy-hemoglobin to met-hemoglobin at 1210 cm-1 indicated a disruption in oxygen binding after exposure to 1200 Gy dose. Furthermore, while ChHb exhibited a consistent peak at 1652 cm-1 in FT-IR analysis, HuHb on the other hand, suffered damage after gamma irradiation. Conclusion The findings suggest that vibrational spectroscopic methods hold significant potential as a sensitive tool for detecting radiation-induced molecular alterations and damages. Chironomus hemoglobin, with its robust interaction of the pyrrole ring with Fe, serves as a reliable bioindicator molecule to detect radiation damage using vibrational spectroscopic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi S. Gaikwad
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
- Gene Technology Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Arti Hole
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Vibha Saxena
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Sipra Choudhury
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Bimalendu B. Nath
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
- MIE-SPPU Institute of Higher Education, Doha, Qatar, 122104
| | - C. Murali Krishna
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Rita Mukhopadhyaya
- Gene Technology Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
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Luo P, Liu X, Tang Z, Xiong B. Decreased expression of HBA1 and HBB genes in acute myeloid leukemia patients and their inhibitory effects on growth of K562 cells. Hematology 2022; 27:1003-1009. [DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2022.2117186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zehai Tang
- Department of Emergency, The Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bei Xiong
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Ma X, Sun Y, Pan D, Cao J, Dang Y. Structural characterization and stability analysis of phosphorylated nitrosohemoglobin. Food Chem 2022; 373:131475. [PMID: 34763930 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation modification by sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) on nitrosohemoglobin (NO-Hb) and its effect on the protein structure and stability were studied. Phosphate groups were found to bridge to NO-Hb via C-O-P bonds through serine and tyrosine residues. Hydrothermal treatment with STP maintained the α-helix stability of NO-Hb, and this change in secondary structure improved the proteins stability. Compared to NO-Hb, phosphorylated NO-Hb (P-NO-Hb) was more stable with respect to light (outdoor light, indoor light, and dark conditions), oxidant (hydrogen peroxide), high temperature, and non-neutral pH. The absorbance of P-NO-Hb was nearly twice those of Hb and NO-Hb (P < 0.05), and the absorbance of P-NO-Hb decreased more slowly over time than those of Hb and NO-Hb. The results confirm that the presence of phosphate groups can increase the stability of Hb through structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, PR China
| | - Yangying Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, PR China.
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, PR China.
| | - Jinxuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, PR China
| | - Yali Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, PR China
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Utilization of Pharmacological Ascorbate to Enhance Hydrogen Peroxide-Mediated Radiosensitivity in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910880. [PMID: 34639220 PMCID: PMC8509557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in the use of pharmacological ascorbate as a treatment for cancer has increased considerably since it was introduced by Cameron and Pauling in the 1970s. Recently, pharmacological ascorbate has been used in preclinical and early-phase clinical trials as a selective radiation sensitizer in cancer. The results of these studies are promising. This review summarizes data on pharmacological ascorbate (1) as a safe and efficacious adjuvant to cancer therapy; (2) as a selective radiosensitizer of cancer via a mechanism involving hydrogen peroxide; and (3) as a radioprotector in normal tissues. Additionally, we present new data demonstrating the ability of pharmacological ascorbate to enhance radiation-induced DNA damage in glioblastoma cells, facilitating cancer cell death. We propose that pharmacological ascorbate may be a general radiosensitizer in cancer therapy and simultaneously a radioprotector of normal tissue.
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Wang Z, Wang H, Cheng X, Geng J, Wang L, Dong Q, Liu C, Chi Z, Chi Z. Aptamer-superparamagnetic nanoparticles capture coupling siderophore-Fe 3+ scavenging actuated with carbon dots to confer an "off-on" mechanism for the ultrasensitive detection of Helicobacter pylori. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 193:113551. [PMID: 34399193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in human feces is an appropriate non-invasive diagnostic method. However, the antibody-dependent stool antigen immunoassay bears many challenges. Therefore, we developed an antibody-independent biosensing platform. The core of this platform was a triple-module biosensor. The first module was Ca2+-doped superparamagnetic nanoparticles modified with an H. pylori-specific aptamer, functioning to selectively capture H. pylori cells from samples. The second module was a bifunctional co-polymer of chloroprotoporphyrin IX iron (III)-polyethylene glycol-desferrioxamine, which could bind to H. pylori with high affinity and chelate Fe3+ from the third module of Fe3+-quenched carbon dots (CDs) solution. When the formed module 1-H. pylori-module 2 complexes reacted with module 3, a subsequent magnetic separation could scavenge Fe3+, causing fluorescence recovery from quenched CDs as the transducing mechanism. This transducer could respond to tiny changes in Fe3+ concentration with distinguishable fluorescence differences, thus conferring the biosensor with high sensitivity, a wide detection range of 10-107 CFU/mL and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 1 CFU/mL. From simulated human stool samples, H. pylori was enriched with a centrifugal microfluidic plate to eliminate any interference from matrices, and the bacteria were subjected to detection using the biosensor. The actual LOD for the biosensing platform coupling microfluidics and the biosensor was 101, and the total time taken was 65 min. This work showcases an instant, accurate, and ultra-sensitive diagnosis of H. pylori in feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hongying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, No. 346 Guanhai Road, 264003, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaohong Cheng
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiayue Geng
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Central Laboratory and Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5 Donghai Middle Road, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Quanjiang Dong
- Central Laboratory and Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5 Donghai Middle Road, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenguang Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenming Chi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, China; Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Chi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, 266003, Qingdao, China; Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, 266237, Qingdao, China.
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Degradation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA after γ-irradiation and its effect on forensic genotyping. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2020; 16:395-405. [PMID: 32656643 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-020-00251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Forensic genotyping can be impeded by γ-irradiation of biological evidence in the event of radiological crime; that is, criminal activity involving radioactive material. Oxidative effects within the mitochondria of living cells elicits greater damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) than nuclear DNA (nuDNA) at low doses. This study presents a novel approach for the assessment of nuDNA versus mtDNA damage from a comparison of genotype and quantity data, while exploring likely mechanisms for differential damage after high doses of γ-irradiation. Liquid (hydrated) and dried (dehydrated) whole blood samples were exposed to high doses of γ-radiation (1-50 kilogray, kGy). The GlobalFiler PCR Amplification Kit was used to evaluate short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping efficacy and nuDNA degradation; a comparison was made to mtDNA degradation measured using real-time PCR assays. Each assay was normalized before comparison by calculation of integrity indices relative to unirradiated controls. Full STR profiles were attainable up to the highest dose, although DNA degradation was noticeable after 10 and 25 kGy for hydrated and dehydrated blood, respectively. This was manifested by heterozygote imbalance more than allele dropout. Degradation was greater for mtDNA than nuDNA, as well as for hydrated than dehydrated cells, after equivalent doses. Oxidative effects due to water radiolysis and mitochondrial function are dominant mechanisms of differential damage to nuDNA versus mtDNA after high-dose γ-irradiation. While differential DNA damage was reduced by cell desiccation, its persistence after drying indicates innate differences between nuDNA and mtDNA radioresistance and/or continued oxidative effects within the mitochondria.
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Xu Y, Xue J, Zhou Q, Zheng Y, Chen X, Liu S, Shen Y, Zhang Y. The Fe-N-C Nanozyme with Both Accelerated and Inhibited Biocatalytic Activities Capable of Accessing Drug-Drug Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14498-14503. [PMID: 32515070 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Emerging as a cost-effective and robust enzyme mimic, nanozymes have drawn increasing attention with broad applications ranging from cancer therapy to biosensing. Developing nanozymes with both accelerated and inhibited biocatalytic properties in a biological context is intriguing to peruse more advanced functions of natural enzymes, but remains challenging, because most nanozymes are lack of enzyme-like molecular structures. By re-visiting and engineering the well-known Fe-N-C electrocatalyst that has a heme-like Fe-Nx active sites, herein, it is reported that Fe-N-C could not only catalyze drug metabolization but also had inhibition behaviors similar to cytochrome P450 (CYP), endowing it a potential replacement of CYP for preliminary evaluation of massive potential chemicals, drug dosing guide, and outcome prediction. In addition, in contrast to electrocatalysts, the highly graphitic framework of Fe-N-C may not be obligatory for a competitive CYP-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yongjun Zheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Xinghua Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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Xu Y, Xue J, Zhou Q, Zheng Y, Chen X, Liu S, Shen Y, Zhang Y. The Fe‐N‐C Nanozyme with Both Accelerated and Inhibited Biocatalytic Activities Capable of Accessing Drug–Drug Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Medical School Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Jing Xue
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Medical School Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Medical School Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Yongjun Zheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Medical School Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Xinghua Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Medical School Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Medical School Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Medical School Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio Medical Research School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Medical School Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
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Aldakeel SA, Ghanem NZ, Al-Amodi AM, Osman AK, Al Asoom LI, Ahmed NR, Almandil NB, Akhtar MS, Azeez SA, Borgio JF. Identification of seven novel variants in the β-globin gene in transfusion-dependent and normal patients. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:453-459. [PMID: 32190157 PMCID: PMC7069418 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.84825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Abnormality in HBB results in an inherited recessive blood disorder, which can be caused by variants at the transcriptional or translational level affecting the stability and the production of the HBB chain. The severity of the disease relies on the variant's characteristics. This study aimed to identify the common β-globin HBB variants in the population of the Eastern Province, which has the highest prevalence of blood diseases in Saudi Arabia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Direct sequence of β-globin HBB gene, and alpha-globin HBA1 and HBA2 genes was performed on a total of 545 blood samples (transfusion-dependent: 215, 106 men and 109 women; normal healthy subjects: 330, 197 men and 133 women) collected from Saudi Arabian participants in the Eastern region. RESULTS A total of 36 variants in HBB gene were revealed with 11 variants that have been reported for the first time in Saudi Arabia, including 7 novel variants that have been identified for the first time in HBB gene. The novel variants consisted of two exonic (HBB:c.252C>T; HBB:c.281G>T) and five intronic variants (c.316-183_316-168del; c.315+241T>A; c.315+376T>C; c.316-114C>G; c.315+208T>G) at HBB gene. The novel exonic variants and three (c.316-183_316-168del; c.315+241T>A; c.315+376T>C) intronic variants were co-inherited with α deletion. CONCLUSIONS This current study updated the HBB gene variations with newly identified variants of HBB gene and co-inheritance with α-globin deletions. The identified β-globin mutations will strengthen the genetic reference that could aid in characterizing mutations that are associated with phenotype of thalassemia in a specific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumayh A. Aldakeel
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neda Z. Ghanem
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani M. Al-Amodi
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahoud Khalid Osman
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubna Ibrahim Al Asoom
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazish Rafique Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor B. Almandil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Shakil Akhtar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed Abdul Azeez
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - J. Francis Borgio
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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