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Bai S, Song J, Pu H, Yu Y, Song W, Chen Z, Wang M, Campbell-Valois FX, Wong WL, Cai Q, Wan M, Zhang C, Bai Y, Feng X. Chemical Biology Approach to Reveal the Importance of Precise Subcellular Targeting for Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus Eradication. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23372-23384. [PMID: 37838963 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, that may hide in intracellular vacuoles represent the most significant manifestation of bacterial persistence. They are critically associated with chronic infections and antibiotic resistance, as conventional antibiotics are ineffective against such intracellular persisters due to permeability issues and mechanistic reasons. Direct subcellular targeting of S. aureus vacuoles suggests an explicit opportunity for the eradication of these persisters, but a comprehensive understanding of the chemical biology nature and significance of precise S. aureus vacuole targeting remains limited. Here, we report an oligoguanidine-based peptidomimetic that effectively targets and eradicates intracellular S. aureus persisters in the phagolysosome lumen, and this oligomer was utilized to reveal the mechanistic insights linking precise targeting to intracellular antimicrobial efficacy. The oligomer has high cellular uptake via a receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway and colocalizes with S. aureus persisters in phagolysosomes as a result of endosome-lysosome interconversion and lysosome-phagosome fusion. Moreover, the observation of a bacterium's altered susceptibility to the oligomer following a modification in its intracellular localization offers direct evidence of the critical importance of precise intracellular targeting. In addition, eradication of intracellular S. aureus persisters was achieved by the oligomer's membrane/DNA dual-targeting mechanism of action; therefore, its effectiveness is not hampered by the hibernation state of the persisters. Such precise subcellular targeting of S. aureus vacuoles also increases the agent's biocompatibility by minimizing its interaction with other organelles, endowing excellent in vivo bacterial targeting and therapeutic efficacy in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Junfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Huangsheng Pu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel NanoOptoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Wenwen Song
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | | | - Wing-Leung Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qingyun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Muyang Wan
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yugang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xinxin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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2
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Sudheesh MS, Pavithran K, M S. Revisiting the outstanding questions in cancer nanomedicine with a future outlook. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:634-653. [PMID: 36131837 PMCID: PMC9418065 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00810b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The field of cancer nanomedicine has been fueled by the expectation of mitigating the inefficiencies and life-threatening side effects of conventional chemotherapy. Nanomedicine proposes to utilize the unique nanoscale properties of nanoparticles to address the most pressing questions in cancer treatment and diagnosis. The approval of nano-based products in the 1990s inspired scientific explorations in this direction. However, despite significant progress in the understanding of nanoscale properties, there are only very few success stories in terms of substantial increase in clinical efficacy and overall patient survival. All existing paradigms such as the concept of enhanced permeability and retention (EPR), the stealth effect and immunocompatibility of nanomedicine have been questioned in recent times. In this review we critically examine impediments posed by biological factors to the clinical success of nanomedicine. We put forth current observations on critical outstanding questions in nanomedicine. We also provide the promising side of cancer nanomedicine as we move forward in nanomedicine research. This would provide a future direction for research in nanomedicine and inspire ongoing investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Sudheesh
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy Amrita Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara Kochi - 682041 India +91-9669372019
| | - K Pavithran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amrita Institute of Medial Sciences and Research Centre Amrita Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara Kochi - 682041 India
| | - Sabitha M
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy Amrita Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara Kochi - 682041 India +91-9669372019
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3
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Fan B, Li Q, Jiang Y, Shen W, Xing Y, Liang G, Wu Q, Ban S, Zhang R. Development of carrier-free nanodrugs based on low molecular weight heparin–doxorubicin conjugate assembly with smart pH-triggered drug release characteristics for combinatorial antitumor therapy. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04224f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A LMWH–DOX nanodrug effectively released bioactive agents, providing a combination therapy of low molecular weight heparin and doxorubicin for angiogenesis suppression and carcinoma inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- The Radiology Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguang Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixian Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shurong Ban
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- The Radiology Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030032, China
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4
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Han T, Wang M, Li W, An M, Fu H. Bmk9 and Uricase Nanoparticle Complex for the Treatment of Gouty Arthritis and Uric Acid Nephropathy. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:2071-2084. [PMID: 34706807 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid is the final product of purine metabolism, and excessive serum uric acid can cause gouty arthritis and uric acid nephropathy. Therefore, lowering the uric acid level and alleviating inflammation in the body are the key points to treating these diseases. A stable nanosuspension of peptide BmK9 was prepared by the precipitation-ultrasonication method. By combining uricase on the surface of a positively charged carrier, a complex consisting of neutral rod-shaped BmK9 and uricase nanoparticles (Nplex) was formed to achieve the delivery of BmK9 and uricase, respectively. The formulation of Nplex has a diameter of 180 nm and drug loading up to 200%, which releases BmK9 and uricase slowly and steadily in drug release tests in vitro. There was significantly improved pharmacokinetic behavior of the two drugs because Nplex prolonged the half-life and increased tissue accumulation. Histological assessments showed that the dual drug Nplex can reduce the inflammation response in acute gouty arthritis and chronic uric acid nephropathy in vivo. In the macrophage system, there was lower toxicity and increased beneficial effect on inflammation with Nplex than free BmK9 or uricase. Collectively, this novel formulation provides a dual drug delivery system that can treat gouty arthritis and uric acid nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mingxing An
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongzheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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Synthesis of Amphotericin B Conjugated Chitosan Nanomaterial From Fish Scales and Evaluation of its Antifungal Activity. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-021-02177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Smerkova K, Dolezelikova K, Bozdechova L, Heger Z, Zurek L, Adam V. Nanomaterials with active targeting as advanced antimicrobials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1636. [PMID: 32363802 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With a growing health threat of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the nanomaterials have been extensively studied as an alternative. It is assumed that antimicrobial nanomaterials can affect bacteria by several mechanisms simultaneously and thereby overcome antibiotic resistance. Another promising potential use is employing nanomaterials as nanocarriers for antibiotics in order to overcome bacterial defense mechanisms. The passive targeting of nanomaterials is the often used strategy for bacterial treatment, including intracellular infections of macrophages. Furthermore, the specific targeting enhances the efficacy of antimicrobials and reduces side effects. This review aims to discuss advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of nanomaterials in the context of the targeting strategies for antimicrobials as advanced tools for treatments of bacterial infections. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Smerkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Dolezelikova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bozdechova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Zurek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Center for Zoonoses, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
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Zhang F, Zhai T, Haider S, Liu Y, Huang ZJ. Synergistic Effect of Chlorogenic Acid and Caffeic Acid with Fosfomycin on Growth Inhibition of a Resistant Listeria monocytogenes Strain. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7537-7544. [PMID: 32280897 PMCID: PMC7144146 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a human foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis with high-rate mortality, has been reported to be resistant to commonly used antibiotics. New antibiotics or cocktails of existing antibiotics with synergistic compounds are in high demand for treating this multi-drug-resistant pathogen. Fosfomycin is one of the novel and promising therapeutic antibiotics for the treatment of listeriosis. However, some L. monocytogenes strains with the FosX gene were recently reported to survive from the fosfomycin treatment. This work aims to identify FosX inhibitors that can revive fosfomycin in treating resistant L. monocytogenes. Since structures and activities of the FosX protein in L. monocytogenes have been well studied, we used an integrated computational and experimental approach to identify FosX inhibitors that show synergistic effect with fosfomycin in treating resistant L. monocytogenes. Specifically, automated ligand docking was implemented to perform virtual screening of the Indofine natural-product database and FDA-approved drugs to identify potential inhibitors. An in vitro bacterial growth inhibition test was then utilized to verify the effectiveness of identified compounds combined with fosfomycin in inhibiting the resistant L. monocytogenes strains. Two phenolic acids, i.e., caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, were predicted as high-affinity FosX inhibitors from the ligand-docking platform. Experiments with these compounds indicated that the cocktail of either caffeic acid (1.5 mg/mL) or chlorogenic acid (3 mg/mL) with fosfomycin (50 mg/L) was able to significantly inhibit the growth of the pathogen. The finding of this work implies that the combination of fosfomycin with either caffeic acid or chlorogenic acid is of potential to be used in the clinical treatment of Listeria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Tianhua Zhai
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Shozeb Haider
- School
of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Molecular
Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, Eastern Regional
Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Zuyi Jacky Huang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
- . Tel: 1-610-519-4848
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8
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Chen F, Huang G, Huang H. Preparation and application of dextran and its derivatives as carriers. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 145:827-834. [PMID: 31756474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As a natural and renewable biological macromolecule, dextran not only has excellent biodegradability, but also has good biocompatibility. Dextran and its derivatives are functional polymers for the construction of targeted drug delivery systems. Herein, the application of dextran as prodrug and nanoparticle/nanogel/microsphere/micelle carrier for targeting drug delivery system was summarized. It is clarified that dextran is an important biomaterial with application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Active Carbohydrate Research Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Gangliang Huang
- Active Carbohydrate Research Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Hualiang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China
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9
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Martínez-Carmona M, Gun'ko YK, Vallet-Regí M. Mesoporous Silica Materials as Drug Delivery: "The Nightmare" of Bacterial Infection. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E279. [PMID: 30558308 PMCID: PMC6320763 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous silica materials (MSM) have a great surface area and a high pore volume, meaning that they consequently have a large loading capacity, and have been demonstrated to be unique candidates for the treatment of different pathologies, including bacterial infection. In this text, we review the multiple ways of action in which MSM can be used to fight bacterial infection, including early detection, drug release, targeting bacteria or biofilm, antifouling surfaces, and adjuvant capacity. This review focus mainly on those that act as a drug delivery system, and therefore that have an essential characteristic, which is their great loading capacity. Since MSM have advantages in all stages of combatting bacterial infection; its prevention, detection and finally in its treatment, we can venture to talk about them as the "nightmare of bacteria".
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martínez-Carmona
- School of Chemistry and CRANN, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Yurii K Gun'ko
- School of Chemistry and CRANN, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Department Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Cunha L, Rodrigues S, Rosa da Costa AM, Faleiro ML, Buttini F, Grenha A. Inhalable Fucoidan Microparticles Combining Two Antitubercular Drugs with Potential Application in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E636. [PMID: 30966670 PMCID: PMC6403622 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary delivery of antitubercular drugs is a promising approach to treat lung tuberculosis. This strategy not only allows targeting the infected organ instantly, it can also reduce the systemic adverse effects of the antibiotics. In light of that, this work aimed at producing fucoidan-based inhalable microparticles that are able to associate a combination of two first-line antitubercular drugs in a single formulation. Fucoidan is a polysaccharide composed of chemical units that have been reported to be specifically recognised by alveolar macrophages (the hosts of Mycobacterium). Inhalable fucoidan microparticles were successfully produced, effectively associating isoniazid (97%) and rifabutin (95%) simultaneously. Furthermore, the produced microparticles presented adequate aerodynamic properties for pulmonary delivery with potential to reach the respiratory zone, with a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) between 3.6⁻3.9 µm. The formulation evidenced no cytotoxic effects on lung epithelial cells (A549), although mild toxicity was observed on macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells at the highest tested concentration (1 mg/mL). Fucoidan microparticles also exhibited a propensity to be captured by macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, as well as an ability to activate the target cells. Furthermore, drug-loaded microparticles effectively inhibited mycobacterial growth in vitro. Thus, the produced fucoidan microparticles are considered to hold potential as pulmonary delivery systems for the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmylla Cunha
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
- Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Susana Rodrigues
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
- Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Ana M Rosa da Costa
- Algarve Chemistry Research Centre and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - M Leonor Faleiro
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | | | - Ana Grenha
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
- Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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