Characteristics of starch isolated from microwave heat treated lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seed flour

Exploring the remarkable effects of microwave treatment on starch modification: From structural evolution to changed physicochemical and digestive properties

As one of the crucial components of the food system, starch can be hydrolyzed into glucose after gastrointestinal digestion, so regulating its digestive properties is vital for maintaining health. Microwaves can promote the rearrangement of intramolecular structure of starch, thus improving its physicochemical properties, enhancing its slowly digestible features, and expanding its scope of application. This review zooms in describing recent research results concerning the effects of microwave treatment on the multi-scale structure and physicochemical properties of starch and summarizing the patterns of these changes. Furthermore, the changes in starch structure, resistant starch content, and glycemic index after digestion are pointed out to gain an insight into the enhancement of starch slowly digestible properties by microwave treatment. The resistance of starch to enzymatic digestion may largely hinge on the specific structures formed during microwave treatment. The multi-level structural evolutions of starch during digestion endow it with the power to resist digestion and lower the glycemic index. The properties of starch dictate its application, and these properties are highly associated with its structure. Consequently, understanding the structural changes of microwave-modified starch helps to prepare modified starch with diversified varieties and functional composites.

Insight into the mechanism of digestibility inhibition by interaction between corn starch with different gelatinization degree and water extractable arabinoxylan

On the basis of revealing the interaction mechanism between corn starch (CS) and water-extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) with high/low molecular weight (H-WEAX, L-WEAX), the degree of gelatinization (DG) on structural behaviors and in vitro digestibility of CS-WEAX complexes (CS/H, CS/L) was evaluated. With the increased DG from 50 % to 95 %, the water adsorption capacity of CS/L was increased 64 %, 58 %, 47 %, which were higher than that of CS/H (39 %, 54 %, 33 %). The gelatinization of starch was inhibited by WEAX, resulting in the enhancement of crystallinity, short-range ordered structure and molecular size of CS-WEAX complexes. Stronger interaction was detected in CS/L than with CS/H as proved by the increased hydrogen bonds and electrostatic force. Complexes exhibited higher resistant starch content (RS) at diverse DG, especially for CS/L. Notability, RS content of samples with 50 % DG were increased from 27.72 % to 32.89 % (CS/H), 36.96 % (CS/L). Except for the reduction of gelatinization degree by adding WEAX, the other possible mechanisms of retarding digestibility were explained as the small steric hindrance of L-WEAX promoted encapsulation of starch granules, limiting enzyme accessibility. Additionally, the fragmentation of CS granules with high DG promoted the movement of H-WEAX, reducing the difference in digestibility compared to CS/L.

Recent advances of bone tissue engineering: carbohydrate and ceramic materials, fundamental properties and advanced biofabrication strategies ‒ a comprehensive review

Bone is a dynamic tissue that can always regenerate itself through remodeling to maintain biofunctionality. This tissue performs several vital physiological functions. However, bone scaffolds are required for critical-size damages and fractures, and these can be addressed by bone tissue engineering. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has the potential to develop scaffolds for repairing critical-size damaged bone. BTE is a multidisciplinary engineered scaffold with the desired properties for repairing damaged bone tissue. Herein, we have provided an overview of the common carbohydrate polymers, fundamental structural, physicochemical, and biological properties, and fabrication techniques for bone tissue engineering. We also discussed advanced biofabrication strategies and provided the limitations and prospects by highlighting significant issues in bone tissue engineering. There are several review articles available on bone tissue engineering. However, we have provided a state-of-the-art review article that discussed recent progress and trends within the last 3-5 years by emphasizing challenges and future perspectives.

Effect of microwave alone and microwave-assisted modification on the physicochemical properties of starch and its application in food

Native starch has poor stability and usually requires modification to expand its industrial application range. Commonly used methods are physical, chemical, enzymatic and compound modification. Microwave radiation, as a kind of physical method, is promising due to its uniform energy radiation, greenness, safety, non-toxicity. It can meet the demand of consumers for safe food. Microwave-assisted modification with other methods can directly or indirectly affect the structure of starch granules to obtain modified starch with high degree of substitution and low viscosity, and the modification efficiency is greatly improved. This paper reviews the effect of microwave radiation on the physicochemical properties of starch, such as granule morphology, crystallization characteristics, and gelatinization characteristics, as well as the application of microwave radiation in starch modification and starch food processing. It provides theoretical references and suggestions for the research of microwave heating modified starch and the deep processing of starchy foods.

Research Progress in Modifications, Bioactivities, and Applications of Medicine and Food Homologous Plant Starch

Starchy foods are an essential part of people's daily diet. Starch is the primary substance used by plants to store carbohydrates, and it is the primary source of energy for humans and animals. In China, a variety of plants, including edible medicinal plants, such as Pueraria root, yam tuber and coix seed, are rich in starch. However, limited by their inherent properties, kudzu starch and other starches are not suitable for the modern food industry. Natural starch is frequently altered by physical, chemical, or biological means to give it superior qualities to natural starch as it frequently cannot satisfy the demands of industrial manufacturing. Therefore, the deep processing market of modified starch and its products has a great potential. This paper reviews the modification methods which can provide excellent functional, rheological, and processing characteristics for these starches that can be used to improve the physical and chemical properties, texture properties, and edible qualities. This will provide a comprehensive reference for the modification and application of starch from medicinal and edible plants.

Characterization of the physicochemical properties of Lipu Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott starch: A potential new food ingredient

The physicochemical properties of Lipu taro starch (LTS), cassava starch (CS) and wheat starch (WS) were analyzed. These starches exhibited a comparable starch content (86 %). However, LTS had a significantly lower amylose content (15.93 %) compared to CS (26.62 %) and WS (33.53 %). Moreover, LTS demonstrated an irregular polygonal cubic morphology with a smaller particle size of 2.55 μm while possessed an A-type crystal structure with high crystallinity at 25.07 %. In contrast, CS and WS had larger particle sizes of 13.33 μm and 16.68 μm, respectively, with lower crystallinities of 22.52 % and 20.33 %. Due to these physicochemical properties, LTS exhibited superior emulsification properties with a higher emulsifying activity index of 8.63 m2/g and an emulsion stability index of 69.18 min, whereas CS and WS had values of 2.35 m2/g and 25.15 min, and 0.37 m2/g and 11.48 min, respectively. LTS also demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, characterized by higher gelatinization temperature (indicated by To, Tp, Tc, and ΔT) and reduced paste viscosity (indicated by PV, TV, FV, SBV, and BDV) compared to CS. However, the mechanical strength of the gel made from LTS (indicated by hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness) was comparatively inferior to those from CS and WS.

Expanded porous-starch matrix as an alternative to porous starch granule: Present status, challenges, and future prospects

Exposing the hydrated-soft-starch matrix of intact grain or reconstituted flour dough to a high-temperature-short-time (HTST) leads to rapid vapor generation that facilitates high-pressure build-up in its elastic matrix linked to large deformation and expansion. The expanded starch matrix at high temperatures dries up quickly by flash vaporization of water, which causes loss of its structural flexibility and imparts a porous and rigid structure of the expanded porous starch matrix (EPSM). EPSM, with abundant pores in its construction, offers adsorptive effectiveness, solubility, swelling ability, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. It can be a sustainable and easy-to-construct alternative to porous starch (PS) in food and pharmaceutical applications. This review is a comparative study of PS and EPSM on their preparation methods, structure, and physicochemical properties, finding compatibility and addressing challenges in recommending EPSM as an alternative to PS in adsorbing, dispersing, stabilizing, and delivering active ingredients in a controlled and efficient way.

Ionizing and nonionizing radiations can change physicochemical, technofunctional, and nutritional attributes of starch

Challenges for the food/non-food applications of starch mostly arise from its low stability against severe processing conditions (i.e. elevated temperatures, pH variations, intense shear forces), inordinate retrogradability, as well as restricted applicability. These drawbacks have been addressed through the modification of starch. The escalating awareness of individuals toward the presumptive side effects of chemical modification approaches has engrossed the attention of scientists to the development of physical modification procedures. In this regard, starch treatment via ionizing (i.e. gamma, electron beam, and X-rays) and non-ionizing (microwave, radiofrequency, infrared, ultraviolet) radiations has been introduced as a potent physical strategy offering new outstanding attributes to the modified product. Ionizing radiations, through dose-dependent pathways, are able to provoke depolymerization or cross-linking/grafting reactions to the starch medium. While non-ionizing radiations could modify the starch attributes by changing the morphology/architecture of granules and inducing reorientation/rearrangement in the molecular order of starch amorphous/crystalline fractions.

Graphene-Based Materials for Inhibition of Wound Infection and Accelerating Wound Healing

Bacterial infection of the wound could potentially cause serious complications and an enormous medical and financial cost to the rapid emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Nanomaterials are an emerging technology, that has been researched as possible antimicrobial nanomaterials for the inhibition of wound infection and enhancement of wound healing. Graphene is 2-dimensional (2D) sheet of sp² carbon atoms in a honeycomb structure. It has superior properties, strength, conductivity, antimicrobial, and molecular carrier abilities. Graphene and its derivatives, Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO), have antibacterial activity and could damage bacterial morphology and lead to the leakage of intracellular substances. Besides, for wound infection management, Graphene-platforms could be functionalized by different antibacterial agents such as metal-nanoparticles, natural compounds, and antibiotics. The Graphene structure can absorb near-infrared wavelengths, allowing it to be used as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Therefore, Graphene-based material could be used to inhibit pathogens that cause serious skin infections and destroy their biofilm community, which is one of the biggest challenges in treating wound infection. Due to its agglomerated structure, GO hydrogel could entrap and stack the bacteria; thus, it prevents their initial attachment and biofilm formation. The sharp edges of GO could destroy the extracellular polymeric substance surrounding the biofilm and ruin the biofilm biomass structure. As well as, Chitosan and different natural and synthetic polymers such as collagen and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) also have attracted a great deal of attention for use with GO as wound dressing material. To this end, multi-functional polymers based on Graphene and blends of synthetic and natural polymers can be considered valid non-antibiotic compounds useful against wound infection and improvement of wound healing. Finally, the global wound care market size was valued at USD 20.8 billion in 2022 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% from 2022 to 2027 (USD 27.2 billion). This will encourage academic as well as pharmaceutical and medical device industries to investigate any new materials such as graphene and its derivatives for the treatment of wound healing.

Effects of Cross-Linking on Physicochemical and Film Properties of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera G.) Seed Starch

Lotus seed starch was cross-linked using sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) in varying amounts (1, 3, and 5%), and its rheological, pasting, thermal, and physicochemical properties were investigated. These cross-linked lotus seed starches (CL-LS-1, CL-LS-3, CL-LS-5) were also used to produce films (CL-LSFs), which were then examined for their mechanical characteristics, water vapor permeability, moisture content, opacity, thickness, and water solubility. After cross-linking, the solubility, amylose content, and swelling power of all the starch samples decreased. Cross-linking resulted in an increased pasting temperature, while peak viscosity (PV) decreased, with CL-LS-5 exhibiting the lowest peak viscosity (1640.22 MPa·s). In comparison to native starch, the thermal characteristics of CL-LS demonstrated greater gelatinization temperatures (T_o, T_p, T_c) and gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH_gel). The gelatinization enthalpy of CL-LS varied between 152.70 and 214.16 J/g, while for native LS the value was 177.91 J/g. Lower moisture content, water solubility, and water vapor permeability were observed in the CL-LSFs. However, the cross-linking modification did not produce much effect on the film thickness. The highest tensile strength (12.52 MPa) and lowest elongation at break (26.11%) were found in CL-LSF-5. Thus, the starch films’ barrier and mechanical qualities were enhanced by cross-linking.

Effect of Single and Dual Modifications on Properties of Lotus Rhizome Starch Modified by Microwave and γ-Irradiation: A Comparative Study

A comparative study between two novel starch modification technologies, i.e., microwave (MI) and γ-irradiation (IR), is of important significance for their applications. The objective of this work is to compare the changes in lotus rhizome starch (LRS) subjected to single modifications by MI (thermal treatment) and IR (non-thermal treatment), and dual modification by changing the treatment sequence, i.e., microwave followed by irradiation (MI-IR) and irradiation followed by microwave (IR-MI). The amylose content of native and modified LRS varied from 14.68 to 18.94%, the highest and lowest values found for native and MI-LRS, respectively. IR-treated LRS showed the lowest swelling power (4.13 g/g) but highest solubility (86.9%) among native and modified LRS. An increase in light transmittance value suggested a lower retrogradation rate for dual-modified starches, making them more suitable for food application at refrigeration and frozen temperatures. Dual-modified LRS showed the development of fissures and dents on the surface of granules as well as the reduction in peak intensities of OH and CH2 groups in FTIR spectra. Combined modifications (MI and IR) reduced values of pasting parameters and gelatinization properties compared to native and microwaved LRS and showed improved stability to shear thinning during cooking and thermal processing. The sequence of modification also affected the rheological properties; the G′ and G″ of MI-IR LRS were lower (357.41 Pa and 50.16 Pa, respectively) than the IR-MI sample (511.96 Pa and 70.09 Pa, respectively), giving it a soft gel texture. Nevertheless, dual modification of LRS by combining MI and IR made more significant changes in starch characteristics than single modifications.

Effect of Physical and Enzymatic Modifications on Composition, Properties and In Vitro Starch Digestibility of Sacred Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) Seed Flour

In this study, native lotus seed flour (N-LSF) was modified by different methods, namely, partial gelatinization (PG), heat−moisture treatment (HMT), or pullulanase treatment (EP). Their composition, functional properties, starch composition, and estimated glycemic index (eGI) were compared. PG contained similar protein, soluble dietary fiber, and insoluble dietary fiber contents to N-LSF, while those of HMT and EP differed from their native form. PG increased rapid digestible starch (RDS) but decreased resistant starch (RS); while HMT and EP increased amylose and RS contents to 34.57−39.23% and 86.99−92.52% total starch, respectively. Such differences led to the different pasting properties of the modified flours rather than PG, which was comparable to the native flour. HMT had limited pasting properties, while EP gave the highest viscosities upon pasting. The eGI of all samples could be classified as low (<50), except that of PG, which was in the medium range (60). It was plausible that lotus seed flour modified either with HMT or EP could be used as carbohydrate source for diabetes patients or health-conscious people.

Clean-label techno-functional ingredients for baking products - a review

The increased awareness of consumers regarding unfamiliar labels speeded up the ongoing clean label trend. As baking products are widely consumed worldwide, the reduction of non-natural baking aids and improvers is of great interest for consumer's health but also representing a big challenge for food industries. Thus, this paper aims at describing new techno-functional clean label ingredients for baked products and their production processes conditions. Firstly, it includes ingredients such as sustainable protein sources, fat replacers and leavening alternatives. Then, it addresses new process alternatives for producing baking ingredients with natural claim as well as current concepts as the natural fermentation. In particular, molecular and functional modifications of the flour are discussed regarding malting and dry heat treatments. By being considered as green and emerging technologies that improve flour functionality, the resulting ingredients can replace additives. Changes in quality and technological attributes of breads and cakes will be discussed as a consequence of the partial to total replacement of conventional ingredients. This paper provides new alternatives for the baking industry to meet the demand of a growing health-concerned population. In addition, it focused on opening up new possibilities for the food industry to go in line with the consumers' expectations.

Antibacterial and Hemocompatible pH-Responsive Hydrogel for Skin Wound Healing Application: In Vitro Drug Release

The treatment of successive skin wounds necessitates meticulous medical procedures. In the care and treatment of skin wounds, hydrogels produced from natural polymers with controlled drug release play a crucial role. Arabinoxylan is a well-known and widely available biological macromolecule. We produced various formulations of blended composite hydrogels (BCHs) from arabinoxylan (ARX), carrageenan (CG), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using and cross-linked them with an optimal amount of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The structural, morphological, and mechanical behavior of the BCHs samples were determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), mechanical testing, and wetting, respectively. The swelling and degradation assays were performed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution and aqueous media. Maximum swelling was observed at pH 7 and the least swelling in basic pH regions. All composite hydrogels were found to be hemocompatible. In vitro, silver sulfadiazine release profile in PBS solution was analyzed via the Franz diffusion method, and maximum drug release (87.9%) was observed in 48 h. The drug release kinetics was studied against different mathematical models (zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Baker-Lonsdale models) and compared their regression coefficient (R2) values. It was observed that drug release follows the Baker-Lonsdale model, as it has the highest value (0.989) of R2. Hence, the obtained results indicated that, due to optimized swelling, wetting, and degradation, the blended composite hydrogel BCH-3 could be an essential wound dressing biomaterial for sustained drug release for skin wound care and treatment.

Effect of pulsating microwave treatment on wheat parboiling: Comparative assessment and structural characterization

The current study focusses on investigating the impact of pulsating microwave (MW) treatment to develop an efficient wheat parboiling method through comparative assessment with conventional parboiling. Three independent variables i.e., MW power level, effective treatment time, and pulsating mode on-off combination were tried for the process optimization. Higher moisture gain was observed during pulsating MW treatment, irrespective of the power level. The optimised gelatinization was obtained at 900 W power level and 9 min treatment time with on-off combination of 30 s -120 s considering specific energy absorption, water quality and degree of gelatinization. The microwave parboiled sample showed no major difference in molecular rearrangement, surface morphology and starch deformation as compared to the conventionally parboiled (CP) samples analysed using XRD, SEM, and FTIR study, whereas slight variation in protein conformations were noticed. This technological and structural study revealed that the proposed method can effectively replace the CP method.

Infrared heating under optimized conditions enhanced the pasting and swelling behaviour of cowpea starch

Native starches are not suitable for industrial use and must be modified for improved functionality. In this study, the effect of moisture preconditioning and infrared heating time on physicochemical properties of cowpea starch was investigated using a two-factor central composite rotatable design. Factors (moisture levels:10-40 g/100 g starch and infrared heating time:10-60 min) with their corresponding α mid-point values resulted in 13 experimental runs. Selected functional and pasting properties were determined as response variables. Starch samples produced under optimized conditions were compared with corn starch and their physicochemical properties determined. Except for pasting temperature, cowpea starch prepared using the optimal conditions (moisture: 46.21 g/100 g starch, dry basis and heating time of 32.88 min) had higher functional and pasting properties compared with the native cowpea starch. Infrared heating significantly reduced the gelatinization temperatures of cowpea starch but did not significantly change that of the corn starch. The crystallinity and double-helical order structure of moisture conditioned cowpea starch also reduced after modification. Cowpea starch showed a bigger granule size, higher swelling power but lower water absorption capacities and pasting properties compared with the control. The infrared heating process is a novel and promising modification method for improving the swelling properties of starch.

Optimization of zinc oxide nanoparticle-catalyzed in vitro bilirubin photolysis and in vivo treatment of hyperbilirubinemia

Aim: To optimize the Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs)-catalyzed in vitro photolysis of bilirubin and to test their effect on bilirubin clearance in vivo. Materials & methods: ZnONPs, synthesized in an alkaline medium, were characterized. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the in vitro photolysis catalyzed by the nanoparticles (NPs). Blood samples from phenylhydrazine-induced hyperbilirubinemic rabbits which had been administered ZnONPs and UV light were analyzed to assess in vivo clearance of bilirubin. Results: The ZnONP-assisted UV treatment showed the linear and quadratic positive effects on the in vitro bilirubin photolysis with an optimal photolysis of bilirubin at 225 mg dl^-1 concentration of ZnONPs and a UV exposure of 1.80 h. The ZnONP-assisted phototherapy of hyperbilirubinemic animals was also found to be more effective for in vivo clearance of bilirubin than phototherapy alone. Conclusion: After further trials, ZnONP-assisted phototherapy could be a potential treatment for hyperbilirubinemia in humans.

Functional group changes and chemical bond-dependent dielectric properties of lotus seed flour with microwave vacuum drying

Microwave vacuum drying (MVD) was applied to dehydrate lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seeds. This paper evaluated the changes of molecular, crystalline, and morphological structural properties of lotus seeds after MVD. The results showed the frequency of δ(CH) bending, β(CH), ν(OH), and carbon-oxygen double bonds (C = O) increased with increasing microwave power density. Moreover, as microwave power density increased, the transition enthalpy of crystallinity gradually increased, which was related to the formation of crystalline starch, re-crystallization, and complexes of starch-lipid structure depending on the hydrogen bonds formed. The MVD process resulted molecular polarity of lotus seeds, whereas the dielectric properties also changed. The dielectric properties interacted with the changes of molecules and crystalline structure. The morphology of lotus seed flour changed because the shape of starch granules was disrupted and the granules became aggregated with nonstarch components as the microwave power density increased. All these results explain the interactions among polymer molecules in lotus seeds dried by MVD.

Development and in vitro evaluation of κ-carrageenan based polymeric hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

The excellent biocompatible and osteogenesis characteristics of porous scaffolds play a vital role in bone regeneration. In this study, we have synthesized polymeric hybrid nanocomposites via free-radical polymerization from carrageenan/acrylic-acid/graphene/hydroxyapatite. Porous hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds were fabricated through a freeze-drying method to mimic the structural and chemical composition of natural bone. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water contact-angle studies were carried-out for functional groups, surface morphology and hydrophilicity of the materials, followed by biodegradation and swelling analysis. The cell viability, cell culture and proliferation were evaluated against mouse pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell lines using neutral red dye assay. The cell adherence and proliferation studies were determined by SEM. Physical characterization including optimum porosity and pore size (49.75% and 0.41 × 103 μm2), mechanical properties (compression strength 8.87 MPa and elastic modulus 442.63 MPa), swelling (70.20% at 27 °C and 77.21% at 37 °C) and biodegradation (23.8%) were performed. The results indicated CG-g-AAc-3 with a high optical density and better cell viability. Hence, CG-g-AAc-3 was found to be more efficient for bone regeneration with potential applications in fractured bone regeneration.

Effect of Ultrasonic and Microwave Dual-Treatment on the Physicochemical Properties of Chestnut Starch

This work examined the effect of ultrasound and microwave treatments, separate and in combination, on the physicochemical and functional properties of chestnut starch. The results revealed that the ultrasonic-microwave (UM) and microwave-ultrasonic (MU) dually modified samples exhibited more severe surface damage, weaker birefringence, and lower relative crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy than the native and single-treated starches. The UM samples showed the highest oil absorption capacity, and the MU samples showed the highest water absorption capacity and the best freeze-thaw stability (five cycles) among all samples. The swelling power, peak, trough, final, and breakdown viscosities, and pasting temperature all decreased regardless of single or dual modification. This study provides a reference for potential industrial applications of ultrasound and microwave treatments for the modification of chestnut starch.

Development of Polymeric Nanocomposite (Xyloglucan-co-Methacrylic Acid/Hydroxyapatite/SiO2) Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications-In-Vitro Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity and Cell Culture Evaluation

Advancement and innovation in bone regeneration, specifically polymeric composite scaffolds, are of high significance for the treatment of bone defects. Xyloglucan (XG) is a polysaccharide biopolymer having a wide variety of regenerative tissue therapeutic applications due to its biocompatibility, in-vitro degradation and cytocompatibility. Current research is focused on the fabrication of polymeric bioactive scaffolds by freeze drying method for nanocomposite materials. The nanocomposite materials have been synthesized from free radical polymerization using n-SiO₂ and n-HAp XG and Methacrylic acid (MAAc). Functional group analysis, crystallinity and surface morphology were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, respectively. These bioactive polymeric scaffolds presented interconnected and well-organized porous morphology, controlled precisely by substantial ratios of n-SiO₂. The swelling analysis was also performed in different media at varying temperatures (27, 37 and 47 °C) and the mechanical behavior of the dried scaffolds is also investigated. Antibacterial activities of these scaffolds were conducted against pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Besides, the biological behavior of these scaffolds was evaluated by the Neutral Red dye assay against the MC3T3-E1 cell line. The scaffolds showed interesting properties for bone tissue engineering, including porosity with substantial mechanical strength, biodegradability, biocompatibility and cytocompatibility behavior. The reported polymeric bioactive scaffolds can be aspirant biomaterials for bone tissue engineering to regenerate defecated bone.