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Fu S, Bao X, Mao Z, Lv Y, Zhu B, Chen Y, Zhou M, Tian S, Zhou F, Ding Z. Tetrastigma hemsleyanum polysaccharide ameliorates cytokine storm syndrome via the IFN-γ-JAK2/STAT pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133427. [PMID: 38936586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an disease characterized by pulmonary edema and widespread inflammation, leading to a notably high mortality rate. The dysregulation of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory systems, results in cytokine storm (CS), is intricately associated with the development of ALI/ARDS. Tetrastigma hemsleyanum polysaccharide (THP) exerts remarkable anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects against the disease, although its precise role in pathogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, an ALI/ARDS model was established using bacterial lipopolysaccharides. THP administration via aerosol inhalation significantly mitigated lung injury, reduced the number of inflammatory cells, and ameliorated glycerophospholipid metabolism. Furthermore, specific CS-related pathways were investigated by examining the synergy between tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ used to establish CS models. The results indicated that THP effectively decreased inflammatory damage and cell death. The RNA sequencing revealed the involvement of the Janus kinase (JAK) 2-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway in exerting the mentioned effects. Additionally, THP inhibited the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway, thereby alleviating the CS both in vivo and in vitro. Overall, THP exhibited marked therapeutic potential against ALI/ARDS and CS, primarily by targeting the IFN-γ-JAK2/STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Fu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Xiaodan Bao
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Zian Mao
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yishan Lv
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Bingqi Zhu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yuchi Chen
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Mingyuan Zhou
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Shasha Tian
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Fangmei Zhou
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
| | - Zhishan Ding
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
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Peng Y, Li Y, Pi Y, Yue X. Effects of almond (Armeniaca Sibirica L. Lam) polysaccharides on gut microbiota and anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130098. [PMID: 38342264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prebiotic properties of the almond polysaccharide AP-1 on intestinal microorganisms by using an in vitro fecal fermentation method and its anti-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. The results showed that during the in vitro fermentation of AP-1, the pH value of the fermentation broth decreased obviously, while the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) increased significantly, especially acetic acid and butyric acid. In genus level, the number of Clostridium and Megamonas increased markedly in the AP-1 group after 24 h of fermentation. After 48 h of fermentation, there was a noticeable increase in the number of beneficial genera Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae, and a considerable decrease in the number of pro-inflammatory genera. In addition, we found that AP-1 had no toxic effect on RAW264.7 cells. In the LPS-induced inflammation model of RAW264.7 cells, AP-1 could effectively inhibit the release of NO, regulate the level of reactive oxides (ROS), and effectively down-regulate the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS. In conclusion, the almond polysaccharide AP-1 may be a functional active substance aimed at promoting intestinal health and exerting anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Peng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 11086, China
| | - Yingshuo Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 11086, China
| | - Yuzhen Pi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 11086, China.
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 11086, China.
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Xu G, Qin M, Yu M, Liu T, Guo Y, Wang K, Mu L, Wang S, Ma Q. Structural characterization of a polysaccharide derived from Saposhnikovia divaricatee (Turcz.) Schischk with anti-allergic and antioxidant activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117425. [PMID: 37984545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Saposhnikoviae Radix, the dry root of Saposhnikovia divaricatee (Turcz.) Schischk, is a traditional chinese medicine used for the treatment of cold, headache, and skin pruritus. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to identify novel active polysaccharides from Saposhnikovia divaricatee (Turcz.) Schischk and clarify their structures and bioactivities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The structure of polysaccharides was clarified by PMP-HPLC, methylation analysis, particle acid hydrolysis analysis and NMR analysis. The anti-allergic and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides were evaluated on allergic reaction model in RBL-2H3 cells and oxidative damage model of C. elegans. RESULTS We purified a novel homogenous polysaccharide named SP-3 from Saposhnikovia divaricatee (Turcz.) Schischk and its molecular weight was determined as 3.096 × 104 Da. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that SP-3 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose (1.85: 5.22: 38.06: 2.36: 23.25: 29.26). The main linkage type of SP-3 was a repeat unit of →4,6)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 4)-α-D-GalpA-(1 → . The branches of SP-3 contained T-linked-α-L-Araf and 1,3,4-linked-α-L-Rhap. It was observed that SP-3 inhibited β-HEX release and inflammatory factors in RBL-2H3 cells subject to IgE stimulant. Meanwhile, SP-3 increased the mean lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans under oxidative stress, reduced ROS content and increased antioxidant enzyme activities of C. elegans, potentially through activating the SOD-3. CONCLUSIONS A novel homogenous polysaccharide was identified from Saposhnikovia divaricatee (Turcz.) Schischk, and this polysaccharide SP-3 played key roles for the anti-allergic and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Xu
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Ming Qin
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Mengqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Tian Liu
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Yuying Guo
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Kaihe Wang
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Leixin Mu
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Qun Ma
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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Li J, Sun M, Xu C, Zhou C, Jing SJ, Jiang YY, Liu B. An integrated strategy for rapid discovery and identification of the potential effective fragments of polysaccharides from Saposhnikoviae Radix. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117099. [PMID: 37640255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Saposhnikoviae Radix (SR) is a traditional Chinese medicine, known as "Fangfeng". As one of the main active components, Saposhnikoviae Radix polysaccharides (SP) demonstrated a range of biological activities, especially immunity regulation activity. AIMS OF THE STUDY This study aimed at exploring whether polysaccharides have activity after degradation, then discovering the potential effective fragments of SP. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here we establish the chromatographic fingerprints method for 32 batches of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) derivatives of oligosaccharides by HPLC, meanwhile evaluating its immunomodulatory activity in vivo. Then, the potential effective fragments of SP were screened out based on the spectrum-effect relationship analysis between fingerprints and the pharmacological results. Besides, liquid chromatography ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF MS) coupled with multiple data-mining techniques was used to identify the potential effective oligosaccharides. RESULTS These findings showed that the hydrolysate of SP have significant immunomodulatory, and the immunity regulation activity varies under different hydrolysis conditions. The 4 potential effective peaks of the hydrolysate of SP were mined by spectrum-effect relationship. Finally, the chemical structure of 4 potential effective oligosaccharide fragments of SP was elucidated based on LC-IT-TOF MS. F10 was inferred tentatively to be Hex1→6Hex1→6Hex1→6Hex1→6Hex1→6Gal; F18 was confirmed to be Rhamnose; F14 was inferred tentatively to be Hex1→4Hex1→ 4Hex1→4Gal and F25 was tentatively inferred to be Ara1→6Gal. CONCLUSIONS This study may provide a sound experimental foundation in the exploration of the active fragments from macromolecular components with relatively complex structures such as polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Meng Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Chang Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Shu-Jin Jing
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yan-Yan Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China; The Key Research Laboratory of "Exploring Effective Substance in Classic and Famous Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine", The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China; The Key Research Laboratory of "Exploring Effective Substance in Classic and Famous Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine", The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Muhaxi M, Liu F, Ng TB. Structural characterization and in vitro hepatoprotective activity of a novel antioxidant polysaccharide from fruiting bodies of the mushroom Pleurotus ferulae. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125124. [PMID: 37290546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, three novel antioxidant polysaccharides (G-1, AG-1, and AG-2) were isolated and purified from Pleurotus ferulae using mouse erythrocyte hemolysis inhibitory activity as an indicator. These components showed antioxidant activity at the chemical and cellular levels. Given that G-1 displayed superior performance in protecting the human hepatocyte L02 cells against oxidative damage caused by H2O2 compared to AG-1 and AG-2 and had a higher yield and purification rate, the detailed structure of G-1 was further characterized. G-1 mainly contains six kinds of linkage type units as A: →4,6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, B: →3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, C: →2,6)-β-d-Glcp-(1→, d: β-d-Manp(1→, E: →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, F: →4)-β-d-Glcp-(1→. Finally, the potential in vitro hepatoprotective mechanism of G-1 was discussed and elucidated. Results suggested that G-1 can protect L02 cells from H2O2-induced damage by reducing the leakage of AST and ALT from the cytoplasm, enhancing the activities of SOD and CAT, and suppressing lipid peroxidation and production of LDH. G-1 could further reduce the production of ROS, stabilize mitochondrial membrane potential and maintain cell morphology. Hence, G-1 could be a valuable functional food with antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muguli Muhaxi
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Li Y, Guo X, Zhong R, Ye C, Chen J. Structure characterization and biological activities evaluation of two hetero-polysaccharides from Lepista nuda: Cell antioxidant, anticancer and immune-modulatory activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125204. [PMID: 37271268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides LNP-1 and LNP-2 were extracted and purified from Lepista nuda, and their structural characteristics and biological activities were evaluated. The molecular weights of LNP-1 and LNP-2 were determined to be 16,263 Da and 17,730 Da, respectively. The monosaccharide composition analysis showed that LNP-1 and LNP-2 were composed of fucose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.00:2.42:1.09:4.04 and 1.00:2.39:1.61:4.23, respectively. The structure analysis revealed that these two polysaccharides were mainly composed of T-Fuc, T-Man, T-Glc, 1,6-Glc 1,6-Gal, and 1,2,6-Man, 1,2,6-Gal. Additionally, LNP-2 contained an additional 1,4-Glc glycosidic linkage in comparison to LNP-1. Both LNP-1 and LNP-2 exhibited anti-proliferation effects on A375 cells, but not on HepG2 cells. Furthermore, LNP-2 showed better cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) than LNP-1. RT-PCR results indicated that LNP-1 and LNP-2 could induce macrophages to secrete immune-modulatory factors NO, IL-6, and TNF-α by regulating their mRNA expression. Overall, this study provides a theoretical basis for the further development of the structure-function relationship of polysaccharides from L. nuda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuxiang Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ruifang Zhong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Changming Ye
- Era Biotechnology(Shenzhen)Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Liu Z, Li H, Liu Q, Feng Y, Wu D, Zhang X, Zhang L, Li S, Tang F, Liu Q, Yang X, Feng H. Ultrasonic Treatment Enhances the Antioxidant and Immune-Stimulatory Properties of the Polysaccharide from Sinopodophyllum hexandrum Fruit. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050910. [PMID: 36900428 PMCID: PMC10001073 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the potential of ultrasonic treatment on the processing of polysaccharides as functional foods or food additives. The polysaccharide from Sinopodophyllum hexandrum fruit (SHP, 52.46 kDa, 1.91 nm) was isolated and purified. SHP was treated with various levels of ultrasound (250 W and 500 W), resulting in the formation of two polysaccharides, SHP1 (29.37 kD, 1.40 nm) and SHP2 (36.91 kDa, 0.987 nm). Ultrasonic treatment was found to reduce the surface roughness and molecular weight of the polysaccharides, leading to thinning and fracturing. The effect of ultrasonic treatment on polysaccharide activity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vivo experiments showed that ultrasonic treatment improved the organ index. Simultaneously, it enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and decreased the content of malondialdehyde in the liver. In vitro experiments demonstrated that ultrasonic treatment also promoted proliferation, nitric oxide secretion, phagocytic efficiency, costimulatory factors (CD80+, CD86+) expression, and cytokine(IL-6, IL-1β) production of RAW264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hangyu Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yangyang Feng
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Daiyan Wu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinnan Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Linzi Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sheng Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Feng Tang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qun Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaonong Yang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haibo Feng
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-28-85522310
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8
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Yu M, Xu G, Qin M, Li Y, Guo Y, Ma Q. Multiple Fingerprints and Spectrum-Effect Relationship of Polysaccharides from Saposhnikoviae Radix. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165278. [PMID: 36014516 PMCID: PMC9415499 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PMP-HPLC, FT-IR, and HPSEC fingerprints of 10 batches of polysaccharides from Saposhnikoviae Radix with different production areas and harvest times have been prepared, and the chemometrics analysis was performed. The anti-allergic activity of 10 batches of Saposhnikoviae Radix polysaccharide (SP) was evaluated, and the spectrum-effect relationship of the 10 batches of SP was analyzed by gray correlation degree with the chromatographic fingerprint as the independent variable. The results showed that the PMP-HPLC, HPSEC, and FT-IR fingerprints of 10 batches of SP had a high similarity. Two monosaccharides (rhamnose and galactose), the polysaccharide fragment Mn = 8.67 × 106~9.56 × 106 Da, and the FT-IR absorption peak of 892 cm−1 can be used as the quality control markers of SPs. All 10 batches of SP could significantly inhibit the release of β-HEX in RBL-231 cells, and the polysaccharides harvested from Inner Mongolia in the winter had the best anti-allergic activity. The spectrum-effect relationship model showed that the monosaccharide composition and molecular weight were related to the anti-allergic activity of the SPs. Multiple fingerprints combined with spectrum-effect relationship analysis can evaluate and control the quality of SPs from the aspects of overall quality and efficacy, which has more application value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qun Ma
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13910186491
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9
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Lu J, Zhu B, Zhou F, Ding X, Qian C, Ding Z, Ye X. Polysaccharides From the Aerial Parts of Tetrastigma Hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Induce Bidirectional Immunity and Ameliorate LPS-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:838873. [PMID: 35370633 PMCID: PMC8965720 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.838873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg (Sanyeqing, SYQ) has traditionally been used to treat inflammation, high fever and improve immune function of patients. Polysaccharides have been proved to be one of the important components of SYQ. Previous studies have confirmed the antipyretic and antitumor effects of polysaccharides from SYQ (SYQP), and clarified that SYQP could enhance immunity through TLR4 signalling pathway. However, there were more possibilities for the mechanism by which SYQP exerted immunomodulatory effects and the role of SYQP in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is elusive. The purpose of this study was further to explain the bidirectional modulation of immunity mechanism of SYQP in vitro and its effect in LPS-induced ARDS in vivo. Experimental results showed that SYQP significantly stimulated gene expressions of TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 and secretion of cytokines in RAW264.7 cells. Individual or combined application of TLR2 antagonist C29 and TLR4 antagonist TAK-242 could reduce SYQP-mediated stimulation of cytokine secretion in RAW264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) to varying degrees. On the other hand, SYQP markedly inhibited the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, NO, iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-treatment RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, in vivo results indicated that SYQP significantly reduced LPS-induced damage in ARDS mice through alleviating LPS-induced pulmonary morphological damage, inhibiting myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression levels, ameliorating the inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and improving hematological status. Meanwhile, SYQP evidently reduced IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ secretion, the overexpression levels of TLR2 and TLR4, as well as the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. In addition, SYQP reduced the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT1 and the overexpression of NLRP3, caspase-1, caspase-3 and caspase-8 in lung tissues of ARDS mice. In summary, our study confirmed that SYQP induced bidirectional immunity and ameliorated LPS-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in mice through TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB, NLRP3/caspase and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, which provided a theoretical basis for further use of SYQP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingqi Zhu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangmei Zhou
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinghong Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaodong Qian
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhishan Ding
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhishan Ding, ; Xiaoqing Ye,
| | - Xiaoqing Ye
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhishan Ding, ; Xiaoqing Ye,
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10
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Purification, structural characterization and antioxidant activity of a new arabinogalactan from Dorema ammoniacum gum. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:1019-1028. [PMID: 34848241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Gum ammoniacum is a polymer obtained from Dorema ammoniacum and its medicinal use was already known to the ancient times. In this study, a new D. ammoniacum carbohydrate (DAC-1) with a molecular weight of 27.1 kDa was extracted by hot water and then purified on DEAE-52-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 columns. The structural features of DAC-1 were investigated by partial acid hydrolysis, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), methylation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1D & 2D NMR). The results indicated that DAC-1 was an arabinogalactan including galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and 4-O-methyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl uronic acid (meGlcpA) with a relative percentage of 44.63%, 23.30%, 13.46%. 12.47%, and 6.14%. The structure units of DAC-1 were elucidated as 3,1)-β-D-Galp-(6 → 1)-β-D-Galp-(3,6 → containing four branch chains of →1,6)-β-D-Galp-(3 → 1)-α-L-Araf-(5 → 1)-β-D-GlcpA-(4 → 1)-α-L-Rhap-T (two times), →1,6)-β-D-Galp-(3→1)-β-D-Galp-(3 → 1)-β-D-Galp-(3 → 1)-β-D-Galp-(3 → 1)-α-L-Araf-T and →1,6)-β-D-Galp-(3 → 1)-α-L-Araf-(5 → 1)-β-D-meGlcpA-T. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicated a semi-crystalline structure. Thermal behavior of the polysaccharide was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and revealed temperatures higher than 200 °C as dominant region of weight loss. DAC-1 showed acceptable antioxidant activity when analyzed by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and OH radical removal methods.
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Zhong RF, Yang JJ, Geng JH, Chen J. Structural characteristics, anti-proliferative and immunomodulatory activities of a purified polysaccharide from Lactarius volemus Fr. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:967-977. [PMID: 34655586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lactarius volemus Fr. is an edible mushroom widely consumed in China. Polysaccharide is an important nutritional component of L. volemus. This research aimed to isolate the polysaccharide from L. volemus and study its structure and bioactivities. A purified polysaccharide was identified and named as LVF-I whose primary structure was proposed considering the comprehensive results of monosaccharide composition, periodate oxidation-smith degradation, methylation analysis, FT-IR and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. Then the immunomodulation of LVF-I and its inhibition effect on H1299 and MCF-7 cells were investigated. Results showed that LVF-I (12,894 Da) contained fucose, mannose, glucose and galactose. It had a backbone consisting of →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-D-Manp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Galp-(1 → and →4)-β-D-Manp-(1→. And its side chains were branched at C2 of →4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → by →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→, α-D-Glcp-(1→, α-D-Galp-(1 → and α-L-Fucp-(1→. LVF-I (250-1000 μg/mL) could inhibit the proliferation of H1299 and MCF-7 cells, while enhance the proliferative response of splenocyte and the phagocytic ability of RAW264.7. Furthermore, LVF-I (250-1000 μg/mL) significantly induced the secretion of nitric oxide, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by up-regulating their mRNA expression in macrophages. These results suggested that LVF-I had the potential to be developed as antitumor or immunomodulatory agents by inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells and stimulating macrophages-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Zhong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jing-Juan Yang
- School of Chinese Material medica, Yunnan University of Chinese medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jia-Huan Geng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Gentiana straminea Maxim. polysaccharide decolored via high-throughput graphene-based column and its anti-inflammatory activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1727-1733. [PMID: 34774595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gentiana straminea Maxim. exhibits various biological activities. However, the purification and functions of polysaccharides in Gentiana straminea Maxim. have never been reported. Herein, by proposing a flexible 3D graphene-based decoloration column (3DD column), Gentiana straminea Maxim. polysaccharide (GMP) was high-throughput obtained and its anti-inflammatory activity was investigated. Benefiting from the large macroporous network of 3D NH2-graphene oxide hydrogel with selective adsorption towards pigments, the 3DD column exhibits high decoloration ratio (96.41%). In addition, the 3DD column provides superior practical functionality as compared to the traditional approaches, which are time-consuming and need toxic solvents, and exhibiting widespread-application for the purification of polysaccharide from other common plant species. More importantly, the decolored GMP as a natural product has promising anti-inflammatory activity on RAW264.7 cells without negative impact on cell viability. Overall, this work reveals a new functional polysaccharides and provides a flexible approach for polysaccharide decoloration, exhibiting a promising prospect for natural polysaccharides in practical application of pharmaceutical.
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Xie J, Qiu L, Zou L, Xie Y, Luo D, Xu H, Wu X, Wang L. Purification, structural elucidation and immunostimulatory effect of a new protein-polysaccharide conjugate produced by Nervilia fordii. J Carbohydr Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2021.1975733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jizhao Xie
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Luhui Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yunfeng Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Di Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huanji Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinduo Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Chang X, Shen CY, Jiang JG. Structural characterization of novel arabinoxylan and galactoarabinan from citron with potential antitumor and immunostimulatory activities. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118331. [PMID: 34294341 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to extract polysaccharides from citron and analyze their structures and potential bioactivities. Two novel polysaccharides CM-1 and CM-2 were purified from citron by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. Monosaccharide composition, linkage and NMR data were used to infer their sugar chains composition. The anti-breast cancer cells and immunoregulatory activities of CM-1 and CM-2 were investigated. Results indicated that CM-1 (Mw = 21,520 Da), composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose and glucose in a molar ratio of 10.78:11.53:1.00:1.70, was arabinoxylan (AX) with (1 → 4)-linked β-d-Xylp skeleton monosubstituted with α-l-Araf units at O-3 position. While CM-2 (Mw = 22,303 Da), composed of arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 25.46:1.45:1.00:6.57, was galactoarabinan (GA) with (1 → 5)-linked α-l-Araf backbone substituted by β-d-Galp units at O-2 and/or O-3 positions. Both polysaccharides exhibited potential inhibiting cancer and immunostimulatory activities in vitro, especially CM-1. These results provide a basis for further research on citron polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chun-Yan Shen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Yang K, Jin Y, Cai M, He P, Tian B, Guan R, Yu G, Sun P. Separation, characterization and hypoglycemic activity in vitro evaluation of a low molecular weight heteropolysaccharide from the fruiting body of Phellinus pini. Food Funct 2021; 12:3493-3503. [PMID: 33900340 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00297j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms have potential in anti-diabetic phytotherapy. They are rich in natural compounds such as polysaccharides, which have been known to have antihyperlipidemic effects since ancient times. A polysaccharide fraction of PP80 and a contained low molecular-weight (Mw), water-soluble polysaccharide (PPW-1, Mw: 3.2 kDa) were isolated from the fruiting body of Phellinus pini. Both PP80 and PPW-1 possess α-glucosidase inhibition and glucose consumption amelioration in an insulin-resistant HepG2 cell model. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of PPW-1 (IC50 = 2.2 ± 0.1 mg mL-1) is significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those of PP80 (IC50 = 13.1 ± 0.5 mg mL-1) and acarbose (IC50 = 4.3 ± 0.2 mg mL-1), behaving in a non-competitive inhibition manner. The structural characterization results indicated that PPW-1 is a homogeneous heteropolysaccharide composed of d-glucose, d-mannose, d-galactose and l-rhamnose. The major backbone of PPW-1 is primarily comprised of 1,6-linked glucopyranose, every third residue of which is branched at the O-3 position by a side chain consisting of 1,3-linked and terminal glucopyranose. In addition, small amounts of 1,2-linked-α-d-Manp, 1,6-linked-3-O-Me-α-d-Galp and rhamnose exist in PPW-1. In summary, PPW-1 is a novel heteropolysaccharide with potent in vitro hypoglycemic activity, and it may be a potential dietary component for improving glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yuezhong Jin
- Zhejiang Yangzhikang Bio-technology Co., Ltd, Huzhou 313200, P. R. China
| | - Ming Cai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Pengfei He
- Marine Fishery Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316021, P. R. China.
| | - Baoming Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Rongfa Guan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Genrong Yu
- Hangzhou Meiyuan Food Co. Ltd, Huzhou 311106, P. R. China
| | - Peilong Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
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Yao Y, Yuan Y, Lu Z, Ma Y, Xie Y, Wang M, Liu F, Zhu C, Lin C. Effects of Nervilia fordii Extract on Pulmonary Fibrosis Through TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:659627. [PMID: 33953686 PMCID: PMC8090936 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.659627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and irreversible interstitial pulmonary disease with a poor prognosis. The extract of Nervilia fordii (NFE) has shown remarkable benefit in the treatment of acute lung injury, lung cancer, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). However, the potential mechanism and efficacy of NFE in the treatment of IPF remain unknown. In this study, a systematic network pharmacology analysis was used to predict the mechanism and efficacy of NFE in the treatment of IPF, based on the major components of NFE elucidated by UPLC-TOF-MS/MS. The potential molecular interactions between the compounds and potential targets were predicted using molecular docking. In vivo, rats with pulmonary fibrosis induced by a single intratracheal injection of bleomycin (BLM) were orally administered NFE for 14 days. Lung index and biochemical levels were determined, and histopathological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson staining was performed. The effects of NFE on fibroblast proliferation in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TGF-β1-induced mouse 3T6 fibroblasts were evaluated in vitro. In total, 20 components were identified in NFE, and 102 potential targets for IPF treatment were predicted. These targets potentially participate in processes regulated by transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase, ERBB2, and et al. Molecular docking results predicted high affinity interactions between three components (rhamnazin, rhamnetin, and rhamnocitrin) and the potential targets, suggesting that TGF-β is the most important potential target of NFE in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. NFE significantly decreased the lung index and alleviated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Histopathological observation of lung tissues showed that NFE alleviated inflammation and collagen deposition in BLM-induced rats. NFE inhibited the migration of LPS- and TGF-β1-induced 3T6 fibroblasts, reduced the contents of hydroxyproline and collagen, and contributed to anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. With the intervention of NFE, the protein and RNA expression of TGF-β1, a-SMA, Smad3/4, p-Smad3/4, CTGF, and p-ERK1/2 were significantly downregulated, while Smad7 and ERK1/2 were upregulated significantly in vivo and in vitro. These findings indicated that NFE may exert therapeutic effects on pulmonary fibrosis by alleviating inflammation, oxidation, and collagen deposition. The mechanism related to the inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zenghui Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunxia Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangle Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaozhan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Plackett–Burman Combined with Box–Behnken to Optimize the Medium of Fermented Tremella Polysaccharide and Compare the Characteristics before and after Optimization. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8896454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to improve the yield of fermented Tremella polysaccharide (FTP) by optimizing the medium and to explore the effect of optimization on the structure. In this paper, the Plackett–Burman design and response surface method were used to optimize the fermentation medium of Tremella spore GT2# for FTP production. The results of the Plackett–Burman design showed that potato extract, glucose, and peptone were the main factors. The Box–Behnken experiment and regression analysis determined that the optimal concentrations of potato extract, glucose, and peptone were 22.01%, 29.38 g/L, and 2.61 g/L, respectively. After optimization, the fermentation period shortened from 5 days to 3 days, and the yield of FTP increased from 10.75 g/L to 12.50 g/L, which was in good agreement with the predicted value (12.36 g/L). Characterization of FTP obtained before and after optimization was carried out, and the results showed that medium optimization had significant effects on the primary structure of FTP, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and proportion. After optimization, the content of acid polysaccharide increased, and the glycoside bonds changed from a-configuration to ß-configuration.
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18
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Cui L, Guan X, Ding W, Luo Y, Wang W, Bu W, Song J, Tan X, Sun E, Ning Q, Liu G, Jia X, Feng L. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi polysaccharide ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by improving intestinal barrier function and modulating gut microbiota. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1035-1045. [PMID: 33157130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a polysaccharide from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi on UC. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is a worldwide problem associating with ulcerative colitis. One homogeneous polysaccharide, named SP2-1, was isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. SP2-1 comprised mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, xylose, arabinose, fucose in the molar ratio of 5.06:21.24:1.00:20.25:3.49:50.90:228.77:2.40, with Mw of 3.72 × 106 Da. SP2-1 treatment attenuated body weight loss, reduced DAI, ameliorated colonic pathological damage, and decreased MPO activity of UC mice induced by DSS. SP2-1 also suppressed the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, the intestinal barrier was repaired due to the up-regulated expressions of ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-5. SP2-1 remarkably enhanced the levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in DSS-treated mice. Furthermore, as compared with model group, the abundance of Firmicutes, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Roseburia were significantly increased with SP2-1 treatment. And SP2-1 could significantly inhibit the levels of Bacteroides, Proteobacteria and Staphylococcus. In conclusion, SP2-1 might serve as a novel drug candidate against UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cui
- Affliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xueneng Guan
- Affliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenbo Ding
- Affliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yi Luo
- Affliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Affliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weiquan Bu
- Affliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jie Song
- Affliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaobin Tan
- Affliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - E Sun
- Affliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qing Ning
- Affliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- Affliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Liang Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Ye Y, Zeng Q, Zeng Q. Griseococcin (1) from Bovistella radicata (Mont.) Pat and antifungal activity. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:276. [PMID: 32912139 PMCID: PMC7488052 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the antimicrobial and microbicidel activity of B. radicata fermentation broth, the broth was purified by DEAE-cellulose and sephadex LC-20 column. The compounds were submitted to spectral analyses (HPLC, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR etc.). Results The purified compounds were identified as the Griseococcin(s) which were naphthoquinone derivatives, the Chemical formula and MW of Griseococcin (1) was determined as C37O10H43N and 661 Da. only Griseococcin (1) has good antimicrobial activity among the Griseococcin(s). The zone of inhibition (ZOI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) or minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of Griseococcin (1) were used to investigate the antimicrobial activity. Antifungal activity of Griseococcin (1) was significant, especially for main pathogenic fungus Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, MFC/MIC of Griseococcin (1) was 1, while MFC/MIC of postive control was greater than 4, the fungicidal effect of Griseococcin (1) was better than that of positive control. Conclusions In this paper, the secondary metabolite compound Griseococcin (1) from B. radicata was purified. The purified compound can restrain main pathogens (T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes) leading to tinea pedis. The antifungal activity of Griseococcin (1) was similar to that of the positive control and the fungicidal effect of Griseococcin (1) was better than that of positive control, it might be suitable for pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ye
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Qinghua Zeng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Qingmei Zeng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.
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Wang J, Fang X, Wu T, Fang L, Liu C, Min W. In vitro immunomodulatory effects of acidic exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus planetarium JLAU103 on RAW264.7 macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:1308-1315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Bailly C, Hecquet PE, Kouach M, Thuru X, Goossens JF. Chemical reactivity and uses of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), also known as edaravone. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Huang YY, Yu JJ, Huang J, Liu DM, Liang MH. Structural characterization of a novel Lactarius volemus Fr. polysaccharide and its immunity activity in BALB/c mice. RSC Adv 2020; 10:30254-30264. [PMID: 35516011 PMCID: PMC9056271 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05176d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactarius volemus Fr. has been regarded as a great edible medicinal fungal resource in China. In this study, L. volemus Fr. polysaccharide (LVP) with an average molecular weight of 16.842 kDa was obtained by water extraction. The structure of LVP was characterized to be mannan, and the linkages in the mannan were found to comprise the Manp, (1→4)-α-Man and (1→4,6)-α-Man. Furthermore, intraperitoneal administration of LVP increased the thymus, spleen and liver indices, dose-dependently. Additionally, LVP enhanced the immune response and the phagocytic activities. Pathological evaluations showed that LVP in mice increased the proliferation of red medullary lymphocytes (60–70%). Collectively, these results indicated that LVP might be a potential resource of raw material for further investigations of functional foods. Lactarius volemus Fr. has been regarded as a great edible medicinal fungal resource in China.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-yan Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Jia-jia Yu
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Juan Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Guangdong Yantang Dairy Co., Ltd
| | - Dong-mei Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Ming-hua Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
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Isolation, Optimization of Fermentation Conditions, and Characterization of an Exopolysaccharide from Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans Hao 2018. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120703. [PMID: 31847202 PMCID: PMC6950073 DOI: 10.3390/md17120703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the wide application of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) in food, cosmetics, medicine, and other fields has drawn tremendous attention. In this study, an EPS produced by Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans Hao 2018 was isolated and purified, and its fermentation conditions were optimized. Its structure and biological functions were also studied. The purity and molecular weight of EPS were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the EPS exhibited a number average of 2.26 × 105 and a weight average of 2.84 × 105. EPS has good adsorption for Cu2+ and Pb2+. The adsorption rates can reach up to 69.79% and 82.46%, respectively. The hygroscopic property of EPS was higher than that of chitosan, but slightly lower than that of sodium hyaluronate. However, the water-retaining activity of EPS was similar to that of chitosan and sodium hyaluronate. EPS has strong ability to scavenge free radicals, including OH radical and O2− radical. Further, its activity on O2− radicals has similarities with that of vitamin C. EPS has broad application prospects in many fields, such as cosmetics, environmental protection.
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Structural characterization and in vitro hepatoprotective activity of polysaccharide from pine nut (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.). Carbohydr Polym 2019; 223:115056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wang N, Zhang X, Wang S, Guo Q, Li Z, Liu H, Wang C. Structural characterisation and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from white asparagus skin. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 227:115314. [PMID: 31590844 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties, structural features and immunomodulatory effects of the white asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) skin polysaccharides (WASP) were systematically studied. WASP showed a pectic-like structure with a relatively low degree of esterification (DE, 18%); the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and intrinsic viscosity were 76.1 kDa and 13 mL/g, respectively. Structurally, the dominated sugar residue of WASP was 4-α-D-GalpA (39.7 mol%), while other residues including α-L-Araf, 3-α-L-Rhap, 2,4-α-L-Rhap, and 4-β-D-Galp were also detected with a comparable amount. A proposed structure of WASP was also presented. Physiologically, WASP could modulate the immune response of RAW 264.7 macrophages through increasing the release of immune factors (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10) and improving the expression of mRNA. To conclude, the pectic-like polysaccharides from white asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) skin could be potentially used as an immunomodulatory agent in functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China.
| | - Shaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China.
| | - Qingbin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China.
| | - Zhenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China.
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China.
| | - Changlu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China.
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26
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Cui D, Zhao D, Huang S. Beneficial contribution of a safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) polysaccharide on steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head in rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:581-586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Total flavonoids extracted from Nervilia Fordii function in polycystic ovary syndrome through IL-6 mediated JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181380. [PMID: 30463907 PMCID: PMC6328881 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Large doses of flavonoids could cure many diseases with no serious side effects. However, the role of flavonoids in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has not been reported. Therefore, total flavonoids extracted from Nervilia Fordii were selected to explore its therapeutic efficiency in PCOS. PCOS rat model was constructed to explore the role of total flavonoids in the treatment of PCOS. ELISA was used to assess the changes of ovulation function under the treatment of total flavonoids with or without exogenous interleukin-6 (IL-6). Western blot, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were carried out to assess the related molecular mechanisms. We explored that total flavonoids obviously increased the serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and sharply decreased the serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T) and insulin (INS) in the PCOS-IR rats via partly inhibiting the activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway, partially up-regulating the IL-6 expression and partially down-regulating the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression in ovaries of PCOS rats. The effect of total flavonoids on estrous cycles, serum levels of FSH, LH, T and INS were partially attenuated by IL-6 in PCOS rat model. Moreover, IL-6 significantly reversed the effect of total flavonoids on the phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT3, the expression of IL-6 and SOCS3 in ovaries of PCOS rats. Total flavonoids extracted from Nervilia Fordii might induce the expression of IL-6 in ovary and act as a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of PCOS.
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Enzymatic Extraction, Purification, and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Penthorum chinense Pursh: Natural Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3486864. [PMID: 30598992 PMCID: PMC6288581 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3486864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Penthorum chinense Pursh (PCP) is a kind of functional food or medicine for liver protection. In the present work, Plackett-Burman design, steepest ascent method, and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to obtain maximum total sugar yield. The experimental yield of 6.91% indicated a close agreement with the predicted yield of 7.00% of the model under optimized conditions. The major polysaccharide fraction (PCPP-1a) from PCPP was purified and identified as acidic polysaccharides with a high content of uronic acid (FT-IR, UV, HPGPC). PCPP had similar monosaccharide profile with PCPP-1a but was rich in galacturonic acid (HPLC). Both of PCPP and PCPP-1a possessed strong hydroxyl radical scavenging, DPPH radical scavenging, and Fe2+ chelating activities. Moreover, they were revealed to show strong anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β release compared to LPS treatment in RAW264.7 cells. These data suggest that the polysaccharides from PCP could be potential natural products for treating ROS and inflammatory-related diseases.
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Wang C, Fan Q, Zhang X, Lu X, Xu Y, Zhu W, Zhang J, Hao W, Hao L. Isolation, Characterization, and Pharmaceutical Applications of an Exopolysaccharide from Aerococcus Uriaeequi. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16090337. [PMID: 30223612 PMCID: PMC6163479 DOI: 10.3390/md16090337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many marine bacteria secrete exopolysaccharides (EPSs), which are made up of a substantial component of the macro-molecules surrounding cells. Recently, the wide demand for EPSs for food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and other applications has led to great interest in them. In this study, an EPS produced by marine bacteria Aerococcus uriaeequi HZ strains (EPS-A) was isolated and purified to examine its structure and biological function. The molecular weight of EPS-A analyzed by high-performance liquid gel filtration chromatography (HPGFC) is found to have a number average of 2.22 × 105 and weight average of 2.84 × 105, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier-transform–infrared (FT–IR) analysis indicate that EPS-A was a polysaccharide composed of glucose and a little mannose. In addition, the flocculating rate of sewage of EPS-A was 79.90%. The hygroscopicity studies showed that hygroscopicity of EPS-A was higher than chitosan but lower than that of sodium hyaluronate. The moisture retention of EPS-A showed similar retention activity to both chitosan and sodium hyaluronate. EPS-A also can scavenge free radicals including both OH• free radical and O2•− free radical and the activity to O2•− free radical is similar to vitamin C. Safety assessment on mice indicated that the EPS-A is safe for external use and oral administration. EPS-A has great potential for applications in medicine due to its characteristics mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Qiuping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Xiaoping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Yanrui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Wenxing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Wen Hao
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Qingdao 266033, China.
- Qingdao Institute of Preventive Medicine, Qingdao 266033, China.
| | - Lujiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
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