Interactions of quercetin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate and folic acid with gelatin

Curdlan-polyphenol complexes prepared by pH-driven effectively enhanced their physicochemical stability, antioxidant and prebiotic activities

In this study, the curdlan-polyphenol complexes were constructed by a pH-driven method. The interaction between curdlan and various hydrophobic polyphenols (curcumin, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid) was investigated. Curdlan could self-assemble into particles for loading polyphenols through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The three polyphenols were embedded in curdlan in an amorphous state. The curdlan-curcumin complex showed the lowest viscoelasticity but exhibited the highest curcumin loading ability (34.04 ± 1.73 mg/g). However, the curdlan-chlorogenic acid complex emerged the opposite trend, indicating that the loading capacity was associated with the hydrophobicity of polyphenols. The antioxidant activity of curdlan significantly increased after combining with polyphenols, which could be maintained during in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. In particular, the curdlan-quercetin complex exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and short-chain fatty acid concentration, which could influence gut microbiota composition by promoting the proliferation of Prevotella and inhibiting the growth of Escherichia_Shigella. In conclusion, the curdlan-polyphenol complexes prepared by an alcohol-free pH-driven method could effectively enhance the gastrointestinal stability of polyphenols as well as increase the antioxidant and prebiotic activities of curdlan, which could be applied as a functional ingredient to improve gut health.

Experimental and in silico approaches for the buffalo whey protein-folic acid complexation elucidation. Molecular changes impacting on protein structure and functionality

Using a buffalo whey proteins concentrate (BWPC) as a nanocarrier of labile bioactive compounds as vitamins constitutes a very innovative approach with potential application in the food and nutraceutical industries. This work aims to deepen the knowledge of the phenomena occurring in the complexation process of vitamin B9 with BWPC, providing valuable information on the molecular and functional properties of complexes and intervening substances. For such purpose, analytical (SEC-FPLC, Fluorescence spectroscopy, FTIR, DLS, UV-vis spectroscopy) and in-silico methods (molecular docking) were performed to get complementary data. Five types of proteins were identified in the BWPC. Folic acid (FA) interacted with BWPC in buffer pH 7 through H-bonds and hydrophobic interactions, inducing conformational changes and modifying the secondary and tertiary protein structure. The resultant BWPC-FA complexes showed a size distribution in the nanoscale (100-150 nm) with no aggregation. Molecular docking showed that lactoferrin had the highest FA binding affinity. Complexation did not reduce the antioxidant activity of intervening substances. Indeed, the radical scavenging capacity of BWPC-FA was 20 % higher than single BWPC. The obtained results provide relevant data enabling the adding value of the main effluent of buffalo dairy industries.

Fabrication of colon-targeted ethyl cellulose/gelatin hybrid nanofibers: Regulation of quercetin release and its anticancer activity

A colon-targeted delivery system that can efficiently deliver and release quercetin is essential to improve its bioavailability. We previously found that hydrophobic ethyl cellulose (EC) nanofibers could efficiently deliver quercetin to colon, but the release of quercetin was limited. To address this problem, hydrophilic gelatin (GN) was used as a regulator, and quercetin-loaded nanofibers with different mass ratios of EC to GN (3:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) were fabricated by electrospinning. All nanofibers had a cylindrical morphology and high encapsulation efficiency (over 94 %), and there existed molecular interactions among quercetin, EC, and GN. The high GN content reduced the thermal stability of nanofibers but increased their surface wettability. Besides, these nanofibers had good stability in acidic and aqueous foods. Importantly, the release of quercetin in the simulated gastrointestinal fluid was <3 %. The addition of GN was beneficial to the release of quercetin in colon, and nanofibers with EC to GN being 1:3 had a more preferable release performance. The anticancer activity of nanofibers against HCT-116 cells was proved by inhibiting cell viability through the induction of apoptosis. Therefore, these nanofibers are potential carriers for efficient colon-targeted delivery of bioactive compounds in the food industry.

Phenolic structure dependent interaction onto modified goose liver protein enhanced by pH shifting: Modulations on protein interfacial and emulsifying properties

The appropriateness of animal by-product proteins as emulsifiers is barely explored compared to their meat counterparts. This paper focused on improving interfacial and emulsifying properties of modified goose liver protein using three structurally relevant polyphenols either enhanced by pH shifting (P-catechin, P-quercetin and P-rutin) or not (catechin, quercetin and rutin). Due to its high hydrophobicity and limited steric hindrance, quercetin was more sufficient to hydrophobically interact (ΔH > 0, ΔS > 0) with MGLP than catechin and rutin. Results showed that polyphenol interactive affinity was positively correlated to surface hydrophobicity but negatively to size and aggregation extent of MGLP. Interfacial pressure and dilatational elastic modulus implied that synergistic polyphenol interaction and pH shifting favored the interfacial adsorption and macromolecular association of MGLP, particularly for P-quercetin with the values reached to 19.9 ± 2.0 mN/m and 22.9 ± 1.2 mN/m, respectively. Emulsion stabilized by P-quercetin also maintained highest physical and oxidative stabilities regarding the lowest D [4,3] (3.78 ± 0.27 μm) and creaming index (8.38 ± 0.43 %), together with highest mono- (19.51 %) and polyunsaturated fatty acid content (29.39 %) during storage. Overall, chemical structure of polyphenols may be determining in fabricating MGLP-polyphenol complexes with improved emulsion stabilization efficiency.

Solubilization mechanism of self-assembled walnut protein nanoparticles and curcumin encapsulation

BACKGROUND

Native walnut protein is an alkali-soluble protein that seriously limits the application of walnut protein. The pH-shifting method could improve the solubility of walnut proteins and enable the encapsulation of active ingredients. The present study aimed to prepare water-soluble nanoparticles of curcumin using walnut protein and evaluate the process of walnut protein self-assembly, interaction between walnut protein and curcumin, encapsulation properties, and stability of nanoparticles.

RESULTS

The solubility of native walnut protein was poor, but the solubility of walnut protein nanoparticles (WPNP) formed by walnut protein after pH-shifting significantly improved to 91.5 ± 1.2%. This is because, during the process of pH changing from 7 to 12 and back to 7, walnut protein first unfolded under alkaline conditions and then refolded under pH drive, finally forming an internal hydrophobic and external hydrophilic shell-core structures. The quenching type of walnut protein and curcumin was static quenching, and the quenching constant was 2.0 × 10¹⁴  mol^-1  L^-1  s^-1 , indicating that the interaction between walnut protein and curcumin was non-covalent. Adding curcumin resulted in the formation of nanoparticles with small particle size compared with the no-load. The loading capacity of curcumin-loaded walnut protein nanoparticles (WPNP-C) was 222 mg g^-1 walnut protein isolate. Under the same mass, the curcumin equivalent concentration in aqueous solution of WPNP-C was 17 000 times higher than that of the native curcumin.

CONCLUSION

The solubility of the self-assembled WPNP significantly increased after pH-shifting treatment. The walnut protein carrier could improve the stability of the encapsulated curcumin. Therefore, walnut proteins could be used as water-soluble carriers for hydrophobic drugs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Self-assembly and interaction mechanisms of edible dock protein and flavonoids regulated by the phenolic hydroxyl position

In this study, chrysin (Chr), baicalein (Bai), apigenin (Api) and galangin (Gal) were selected as the representative flavonoids with different position of phenolic hydroxyl groups, and edible dock protein (EDP) was used as a material to construct delivery system. Subsequently, the molecular interactions and functional properties of flavonoids-loaded EDP nanomicelles were investigated. Results exhibited that hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interaction and van der Waals force were the main driving forces for self-assembly of flavonoids and EDP molecules. Meanwhile, this self-assembly remarkably enhance the storage and digestion stability of flavonoid compounds. Among four flavonoids, the order of loading ability was: Api > Gal > Bai > Chr. Herein, Api had a largest loading capacity (6.74%) because of its active phenolic hydroxyl group in ring B. These results suggested that the position of phenolic hydroxyl groups in flavonoids is a key factor to regulate its self-assembly with protein molecules.

Nanoencapsulation Motivates the High Inhibitive Ability of Fucoxanthin on H2O2-Induced Human Hepatocyte Cell Line (L02) Apoptosis via Regulating Lipid Metabolism Homeostasis

This study reports an encapsulation system for fucoxanthin (FX) through simple affinity binding with gelatin (GE) and then coating with chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). The effects of FX before and after encapsulation on the human hepatocyte cell line (L02) were investigated. FX-GE and FX-GE-COS nanocomplexes exhibited a spherical shape with diameters of 209 ± 6 to 210 ± 8 nm. FX-GE-COS nanocomplexes were found to perform the best with the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE, 83.88 ± 4.39%), improved FX stability, and enhanced cellular uptake on the nanoscale. The cytotoxicity and cell mitochondrial damage of H₂O₂ exposure to L02 cells decreased with the increase of free-FX and FX-GE-COS nanocomplexes. FX-GE-COS nanocomplexes' intervention decreased the intracellular ROS and inhibited the apoptosis of L02 cells that was induced by H₂O₂ exposure in a concentration-dependent manner. Lipidomic analysis revealed that FX-GE-COS nanocomplexes could regulate the lipid metabolism disturbed by H₂O₂ and protected the mitochondrial function of L02 cells. These results suggested that nanoencapsulation enhanced the antioxidant activity of FX to L02 cells, and the constructed FX-GE-COS nanocomplexes have the potential to be an antioxidant nutritional dietary supplement.

Antioxidant polysaccharide/gelatin blend films loaded with curcumin - A comparative study

Curcumin (CUR; 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02 %) was loaded into binary 75/25 blend films based on polysaccharides (carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), gum Arabic (GAR), octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch (OSA), water-soluble soy polysaccharides (WSSP)) and gelatin (GEL). The GAR-based system was the least rough and, consequently, the most transparent of the films. An opposite result was found for the WSSP-based film. Despite the phase separation, the CMC75/GEL25 film exhibited excellent mechanical strength and stiffness. CUR improved the UV/VIS light-barrier characteristics of the films, but did not affect most of other physiochemical properties. X-ray diffractograms revealed that CUR provoked the rearrangement of the triple helical structure of GEL. As highly erodible, the CMC75/GEL25 carrier ensured the fastest and the most complete release of CUR. The OSA75/GEL25 system exhibited an opposite behavior. The kinetic profiles of the antiradical activity of the films did not reflect CUR release. A comparison of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) scavenging on the plateau revealed that the CUR-supplemented films had quite comparable antiradical potential. The CMC75/GEL25 system exhibited the highest colorimetric stability, likely as a result of complete encapsulation of CUR in the GEL-rich microspheres. Weak symptoms of physical aging (enthalpy relaxation) were found in the films.

Microwave processing technology influences the functional and structural properties of fish gelatin

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of microwave processing technology (MPT, 240-800 W, 1 and 4 min) on the functional and structural properties of fish gelatin (FG). It showed that MPT could increase gel strength and texture properties of FG, especially for 240 W. MPT greatly increased emulsifying activity index (EAI) of FG, but decreased its emulsion stability index (ESI). Rheology results showed that MPT increased viscosity of FG, but decreased gelation times. Intrinsic fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results indicated that MPT could unfold gelatin, contributing to the formation of H-bonds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that low power and short time of MPT-treated gelatin gels had much more dense and less voids. This work provided guidance for the applications of MPT to improve the functional properties of FG, and the results show that MPT-treated FG can replace mammalian gelatin and meet the religious requirement.

Molecular interactions involved in the complexation process between buffalo whey proteins concentrate and folic acid

Using buffalo whey proteins as carrier agents of sensitive molecules raises an interesting approach allowing adding value and minimizing the pollution impact of this by-product. In this context, this work aims to explore the molecular interactions between buffalo whey proteins concentrate (BWPC) and folic acid (FA). For this purpose, fluorescence, UV and FTIR analysis were performed on aqueous or solid dispersions of a buffalo whey protein concentrate (5 μM) (BWPC), with variable concentrations (0-20 μM) of FA. Fluorescence and absorption data were fitted by Stern-Volmer, Beckett, Förster resonance energy transfer, and sphere-of-action models (R2 > 0.9). Derived results suggest that BWPC strongly bind to FA through non-covalent interactions and form ground-state complexes. Additionally, BWPC improves the photostability of FA against UV radiation, and chemical denaturation negatively affects the binding properties. Obtained results encourage further studies of BWPC as carrier agents, which could promote innovative applications for this under-utilized proteins source.

Amino-functionalized cross-linked cellulosic fabric with antibacterial, UV protection, and coloring effects using folic acid

The amino-functionalized cellulose with folic acid, via an esterification reaction between carboxylic acid of folic acid and hydroxyl groups of cellulose, can develop multifunctional products with new chemical and physical properties. Folic acid contains two carboxylic groups as well as an amine group that can be used as a coupling agent and provide suitable conditions for coupling hydroxyl-based compounds to cellulose. Also; the multi-functionalized cellulose with folic acid has no effects on the physical and mechanical properties and also has benefits such as antibacterial, UV protection, and wrinkle resistance. The FTIR-ATR and Raman analysis confirmed the amino functionalized-cellulosic fabric via an esterification reaction between cellulose and folic acid. The cell viability of L929 fibroblast (NCBI C161) and MCF-7 (NCBI C135) cancer cells indicated more effectiveness on MCF-7 cancer cells. Therefore; folic acid can be used as a biocompatible natural cross-linker to modify cellulose fabrics for apparel and medical applications.

Interaction of curcumin with a winter flounder alpha-helical antifreeze protein

The winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, synthesizes a variety of alpha-helical antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that adhere to ice and inhibit its growth. The best studied of these is AFP6, which is a 37-residue protein abundant in the flounder blood plasma during winter. Curcumin from the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa) was found to interact with AFP6 in aqueous solutions, resulting in measurable changes in the curcumin, but not in the protein. Specifically, the secondary structure and unfolding of synthetic AFP6, shown by circular dichroism, appeared to be unaffected by curcumin. In contrast, the peak absorbance of curcumin shifted and increased in the presence of AFP6, and the maximum fluorescence emission was greater and blue shifted. These results also suggested the possibility of AFP6 detection by curcumin fluorescence. Synthetic AFP6 did not interact with Coomassie blue, silver or a commercial fluorescent stain following electrophoresis; however, the change in curcumin fluorescence upon binding to electrophoresed AFP6 resulted in a fluorescent signal, which was also detected upon interaction with purified natural AFP and flounder blood plasma containing the protein. Thus, aqueous curcumin can be used for the direct detection of AFP6 and curcumin binding could provide new avenues for the study of this protein.

Incorporation of gelatin and Fe2+ increases the pH-sensitivity of zein-anthocyanin complex films used for milk spoilage detection

In this study, blueberry anthocyanins, gelatin and Fe²⁺ were incorporated into zein matrix via electrospinning method to prepare colorimetric indicator films for monitoring milk freshness. Gelatin and Fe²⁺ were incorporated into the film to improve visual discrimination of indicator films' color changes in milk with different freshness degrees and in solution with pH 3-7. Results of SEM, FT-IR and XRD showed that there were intermolecular hydrogen bonds among components, which associated with the larger color difference of indicator films. UV-vis spectral analysis showed that blueberry anthocyanin solutions containing both gelatin and Fe²⁺ displayed the highest intensity absorption peaks. The optimal ability to distinguish the pH (3-7) of solutions was presented by the indicator film incorporating gelatin (1% (w/v)) and Fe²⁺ (0.07 mg/mL). Gelatin and Fe²⁺ increased the color-responsive sensitivity of the indicator film to pH. The film could be successfully used to detect the freshness of milk, whose color changes were visually perceivable: from purple black (fresh milk) to royal purple (spoiling milk) and then to violet red (spoiled milk). The color parameters (L*, a*, R, G and B) of the film revealed a high correlation with the pH/acidity of the milk during storage. The successful application of the indicator film embedding gelatin and Fe²⁺ for monitoring milk quality changes indicated that the addition of special substances could provide great potential for monitoring freshness and preparing intelligent packaging of food.

Adding Humic Acids to Gelatin Hydrogels: A Way to Tune Gelation

Exploring the chance to convert biowaste into a valuable resource, this study tests the potential role of humic acids (HA), a class of multifunctional compounds obtained by oxidative decomposition of biomass, as physical agents to improve gelatin's mechanical and thermal properties. To this purpose, gelatin-HA aqueous samples were prepared at increasing HA content. HA/gelatin concentrations changed in the range 2.67-26.67 (wt/wt)%. Multiple techniques were employed to assess the influence of HA content on the gel properties and to unveil the underlying mechanisms. HAs increased gel strength up to a concentration of 13.33 (wt/wt)% and led to a weaker gel at higher concentrations. FT-IR and DSC results proved that HAs can establish noncovalent interactions through H-bonding with gelatin. Coagulation phenomena occur because of HA-gelatin interactions, and at concentrations greater than 13.33 (wt/wt)%, HAs established preferential bonds with water molecules, preventing them from coordinating with gelatin chains. These features were accompanied by a change in the secondary structure of gelatin, which lost the triple helix structure and exhibited an increase in the random coil conformation. Besides, higher HA weight content caused swelling phenomena due to HA water absorption, contributing to a weaker gel. The current findings may be useful to enable a better control of gelatin structures modified with composted biowaste, extending their exploitation for a large set of technological applications.

Construction and characterization of Juglans regia L. polyphenols nanoparticles based on bovine serum albumin and Hohenbuehelia serotina polysaccharides, and their gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation in vitro

Herein, we report the construction and characterization of nanoparticles based on bovine serum albumin and Hohenbuehelia serotina polysaccharides for the delivery of polyphenols isolated from the shells of Juglans regia L. (BSA-JRP-HSP NPs). We also systematically investigated their gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation characteristics in vitro. BSA-JRP-HSP NPs, with amorphous properties and regular spherical morphological features, have a high encapsulation efficiency of 88.47 ± 0.04%, average particle size of 285.7 ± 3.1 nm, and zeta potential of -12.20 ± 0.61 mV, and they exhibit excellent photothermal stabilities and strong mucin adhesion capacity. Through measurements of gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation in vitro, the results suggest that BSA-JRP-HSP NPs presented well-sustained release characteristics for preventing the biodegradation of JRP during gastrointestinal digestion. After gastrointestinal digestion, BSA-JRP-HSP NPs could modulate the composition and structure of gut microbiota, promoting the growth of beneficial bacterial (e.g. Prevotella, Dialister, Akkermansia, etc.) and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Bacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, Lachnospiracea incertae sedis, etc.). The production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid was remarkably enhanced by treatment with BSA-JRP-HSP NPs. This study has proved that BSA-JRP-HSP NPs can serve as a novel candidate for improving the bioavailability of JRP.

pH-shifting encapsulation of curcumin in egg white protein isolate for improved dispersity, antioxidant capacity and thermal stability

Curcumin (Cur) has many functions, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. However, its poor solubility and thermal stability at aqueous solutions limit its application in the food industry. In this study, egg white protein isolate (EPI) was complexed with Cur via a pH-shifting method. The effects of ultimate pH (from 5.0 to 7.0) on the physicochemical properties of the complex were studied. Cur could reach 84.4% encapsulation efficiency at pH 6.0. Meanwhile, the EPI complex could remain stable at pH 7.0 after 30 days and protect Cur from thermal degradation, thereby improving the Cur retention rate with the increasing ultimate pH. Compared with those of EPI and free Cur, the antioxidant capacity of the complex was enhanced effectively. The EPI-Cur complex was certified using UV-vis and fluorescence spectra. The fluorescence results indicated that Cur and EPI are combined through a static quenching and with a strong affinity of 1.8 × 10⁵ M^-1 at pH 6.0. In summary, this work provides a biocompatible and straightforward method for the development of nanoparticles based on egg white protein isolates, which can be used as a promising carrier for insoluble nutritional compounds.

Bioengineered Hybrid Collagen Scaffold Tethered with Silver-Catechin Nanocomposite Modulates Angiogenesis and TGF-β Toward Scarless Healing in Chronic Deep Second Degree Infected Burns

Management of burn wounds with diabetes and microbial infection is challenging in tissue engineering. The delayed wound healing further leads to scar formation in severe burn injury. Herein, a silver-catechin nanocomposite tethered collagen scaffold with angiogenic and antibacterial properties is developed to enable scarless healing in chronic wounds infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa under diabetic conditions. Histological observations of the granulation tissues collected from an experimental rat model show characteristic structural organizations similar to normal skin, whereas the open wound and pristine collagen scaffold treated animals display elevated dermis with thick epidermal layer and lack of appendages. Epidermal thickness of the hybrid scaffold treated diabetic animals is lowered to 33 ± 2 µm compared to 90 ± 2 µm for pristine collagen scaffold treated groups. Further, the scar elevation index of 1.3 ± 0.1 estimated for the bioengineered scaffold treated diabetic animals is closer to the normal skin. Immunohistochemical analyses provide compelling evidence for the enhanced angiogenesis as well as downregulated transforming growth factor- β1 (TGF-β1) and upregulated TGF-β3 expressions in the hybrid scaffold treated animal groups. The insights from this study endorse the bioengineered collagen scaffolds for applications in tissue regeneration without scar in chronic burn wounds.

Procyanidins-Loaded Complex Coacervates for Improved Stability by Self-Crosslinking and Calcium Ions Chelation

The purpose of this work was to develop a facile strategy based on self-crosslinking between the core and wall materials in the coacervation system for effective procyanidins (PCs) encapsulation. The coacervates were constructed through the interaction of bioactive PCs, gelatin, and sodium alginate, followed by forming cationic bridge of sodium alginate-calcium ions to improve the stability of PCs. When the concentration of PCs and calcium ions were 6.25 and 0.24 mg/mL, respectively, the PC-loaded coacervates showed spherical shape with a size about 150 nm, and the microcapsulation efficiency and yield was 81.19 ± 1.47 and 87.86 ± 2.67%, respectively. The photothermal stability of PCs was effectively improved by embedding them in coacervates. The decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential in PC-12 cells induced by H₂O₂ was significantly inhibited by PC coacervates, demonstrating an improved protection effect of PCs after being encapsulated in coacervates.

Disintegration and Dissolution Testing of Green Tea Dietary Supplements: Application and Evaluation of United States Pharmacopeial Standards

Approved performance quality tests are lacking in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) for dietary supplements (DSs) containing green tea extracts. We evaluated the applicability of USP <2040 > general chapter protocols for disintegration and dissolution testing of botanicals to GT DSs. Of 28 single-ingredient GT DSs tested in 2 to 4 lots, 9 (32.1%) always passed the disintegration test, 8 (28.6%) always failed, and 11 (39.3%) showed inconsistent results. Of 34 multi-ingredient DSs tested in 2 lots, 21 (61.8%) passed and 8 (23.5%) failed in both lots, and 5 (14.7%) exhibited inconsistent performance. When stronger destructive forces were applied (disk added), all of the capsules that had failed initially, but not the tablets, passed. In dissolution testing, for the release of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), only 6 of 20 single-ingredient DSs passed. Unexpectedly, with the addition of pepsin (prescribed by USP), only one additional DS passed. These results raise concerns that EGCG was not released properly from GT DS dosage forms. However, the general USP protocols may be inadequate for this botanical. More biorelevant destructive forces may be needed to break down capsules and tablets strengthened by the EGCG's interaction with shell material and to overcome the inhibition of digestive enzymes by EGCG.

Interaction between soyasaponin and soy β-conglycinin or glycinin: Air-water interfacial behavior and foaming property of their mixtures

The interaction between soyasaponin and soy β-conglycinin (7S) or glycinin (11S), adsorption of their mixtures at air-water interface, and foaming properties of the mixed system were investigated in this study. Fluorescence spectroscopy results showed that there was a weak binding of soyasaponin with 7S or 11S in bulk solutions, leading to the conformational changes of protein by nonspecific hydrophobic interactions. Dynamic surface properties of soyasaponin-7S/11S mixtures indicated that the composite layers formed via their weak interactions due to the synergy of reducing surface tension and the plateau of elasticity at the interface. Most mixtures represented high foam forming ability and stability except 0.2 % soyasaponin mixture, which could be a consequence that the surface behavior was dominated by soyasaponin under this concentration, and low surface elasticity lead to a less stable interfacial film. Overall, foamability of soyasaponin-7S mixtures were better than 11S ones. All data of this work was helpful to understand air-water behaviors of soyasaponin-7S/11S mixtures. This mixed system has shown good potential for further foam related industrial applications.

The construction of enzymolyzed α-lactalbumin based micellar nanoassemblies for encapsulating various kinds of hydrophobic bioactive compounds

Protein-based nanoassemblies can encapsulate hydrophobic compounds into their hydrophobic region and effectively improve their aqueous solubility and stability.