1
|
Zhou Y, Quan G, Liu Y, Shi N, Wu Y, Zhang R, Gao X, Luo L. The application of Interleukin-2 family cytokines in tumor immunotherapy research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090311. [PMID: 36936961 PMCID: PMC10018032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Interleukin-2 Family contains six kinds of cytokines, namely IL-2, IL-15, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21, all of which share a common γ chain. Many cytokines of the IL-2 family have been reported to be a driving force in immune cells activation. Therefore, researchers have tried various methods to study the anti-tumor effect of cytokines for a long time. However, due to the short half-life, poor stability, easy to lead to inflammatory storms and narrow safety treatment window of cytokines, this field has been tepid. In recent years, with the rapid development of protein engineering technology, some engineered cytokines have a significant effect in tumor immunotherapy, showing an irresistible trend of development. In this review, we will discuss the current researches of the IL-2 family and mainly focus on the application and achievements of engineered cytokines in tumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyihua Zhou
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqi Quan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yahui Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ran Zhang, ; Xiang Gao, ; Longlong Luo,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qureshi U, Mir S, Naz S, Nur-e-Alam M, Ahmed S, Ul-Haq Z. Mechanistic insights into the inhibitory activity of FDA approved ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2: old drug with new implications. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:8100-8111. [PMID: 33950784 PMCID: PMC8108190 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1906750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The novel corona virus (Covid-19) has become a great challenge worldwide since 2019, as no drug has been reported yet. Different clinical trials are still under way. Among them is Ivermectin (IVM), an FDA approved drug which was recently reported as a successful candidate to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load by inhibiting Importin-α1 (IMP-α1) protein which subsequently affects nuclear transport of viral proteins but its basic binding mode and inhibitory mechanism is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to explore the inhibitory mechanism and binding mode of IVM with IMP-α1 via different computational methods. Initially, comparative docking of IVM was performed against two different binding sites (Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) major and minor sites) of IMP-α1 to predict the probable binding mode of IVM. Then, classical MD simulation was performed (IVM/NLS-Major site and IVM/NLS-Minor site), to predict its comparative stability dynamics and probable inhibitory mechanism. The stability dynamics and biophysical analysis of both sites highlighted the stable binding of IVM within NLS-Minor site by establishing and maintaining more hydrophobic contacts with crucial residues, required for IMP-α1 inhibition which were not observed in NLS-major site. Altogether, these results recommended the worth of IVM as a possible drug to limit the SARS-CoV-2 viral load and consequently reduces its progression.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urooj Qureshi
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sonia Mir
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Naz
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Nur-e-Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang J, Lv Y, Zhu Y, Li S, Tao J, Chang L, Zhu M, Zhao J, Wang Y, Wu C, Zhao W. Baseline T-lymphocyte and cytokine indices in sheep peripheral blood. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:165. [PMID: 35513847 PMCID: PMC9074339 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sheep are an important livestock species worldwide and an essential large-animal model for animal husbandry and veterinary research. Understanding fundamental immune indicators, especially T-lymphocyte parameters, is necessary for research on sheep diseases and vaccines, to better understand the immune response to bacteria and viruses for reducing the use of antibiotics and improving the welfare of sheep. We randomly selected 36 sheep of similar ages to analyze cell-related immune indicators in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PBMCs were detected by flow cytometry. We used Concanavalin A (Con A) and Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)/Ionomycin to stimulate PBMCs, and measured the expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot). Simultaneously, PMA/Ionomycin/brefeldin A (BFA) was added to PBMCs, then the expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A was detected by flow cytometry after 4 h of culturing. In addition, we observed the proliferation of PBMCs stimulated with Con A for 3, 4, and 5 days. Results The proportions of CD4+ T lymphocytes (18.70 ± 4.21%) and CD8+ T lymphocytes (8.70 ± 3.65%) were generally consistent among individuals, with a CD4/CD8 ratio of 2.40 ± 0.79. PBMCs produced high levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A after stimulation with PMA/Ionomycin and Con A. Furthermore, PMA/Ionomycin stimulation of PBMC yielded significantly higher cytokine levels than Con A stimulation. Flow cytometry showed that the level of IFN-γ (51.49 ± 11.54%) in CD8+ T lymphocytes was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that in CD4+ T lymphocytes (14.29 ± 3.26%); IL-4 (16.13 ± 6.81%) in CD4+ T lymphocytes was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that in CD8+ T lymphocytes (1.84 ± 1.33%), There was no difference in IL-17A between CD4+ (2.83 ± 0.98%) and CD8+ T lymphocytes (1.34 ± 0.67%). The proliferation of total lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and CD8+ T lymphocytes continued to increase between days 3 and 5; however, there were no significant differences in proliferation between the cell types during the stimulation period. Conclusions Evaluating primary sheep immune indicators, especially T lymphocytes, is significant for studying cellular immunity. This study provided valuable data and theoretical support for assessing the immune response of sheep to pathogens and improving sheep welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Yang
- Center of Scientifc Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yongxue Lv
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yazhou Zhu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jia Tao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liangliang Chang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiaqing Zhao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yana Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases, Yinchuan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zha J, Li M, Kong R, Lu S, Zhang J. Explaining and Predicting Allostery with Allosteric Database and Modern Analytical Techniques. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
5
|
Yuan X, Rong Y, Chen Y, Ren C, Meng Y, Mu Y, Chen X. Molecular characterization, expression analysis and cellular location of IL-4/13 receptors in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:45-55. [PMID: 34774733 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are closely related class I cytokines that play key roles in the T helper (Th)-2 immune response via heterodimeric receptors. IL-4 signals via both the type I (IL-4Rα/γc) and type II (IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα1) receptor complexes, while IL-13 signals only via the type II receptor complex. IL-13Rα2 is traditionally considered a "decoy" receptor for IL-13. However, the IL-4/13 system and its response to pathogenic infection are still not fully understood in fish. In this study, we identified four IL-4/13 receptor subunit genes in the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea): LcIL-4Rα1, LcIL-4Rα2, LcIL-13Rα1, and LcIL-13Rα2. Sequence analysis showed that these receptors possessed typical characteristic domains, including a signal peptide, two fibronectin type III (FN III)-like domains, and a transmembrane domain, but their cytoplasmic regions were not well conserved. The mRNA and protein of the four IL-4/13 receptors were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues of large yellow croaker. Their mRNAs were also detected in primary head kidney macrophages (PKMs), primary head kidney granulocytes (PKGs), and primary head kidney lymphocytes (PKLs). Immunofluorescence assay further showed that LcIL-4Rα and LcIL-13Rα1 were expressed on the membrane of IgM + B cells. After stimulation by Vibrio alginolyticus and poly (I:C) (a viral dsRNA mimic), the mRNA levels of LcIL-4/13 receptors were significantly upregulated in the head kidney and spleen. Their mRNA levels were also upregulated in head kidney leukocytes in response to poly (I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Moreover, both recombinant LcIL-4/13A and LcIL-4/13B upregulated LcIL-4Rα1 and LcIL-4Rα2 in primary leukocytes, but only recombinant LcIL-4/13A upregulated LcIL-13Rα1 and LcIL-13Rα2. These results indicated that LcIL-4/13 receptors, containing conserved functional domains, may be involved in the IL-4/13-mediated immune response to pathogenic infections in the large yellow croaker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yi Rong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - You Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chaoqun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yufan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yinnan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Naz S, Ashraf S, Parvez MK, Al-Dosari MS, Ul-Haq Z. Structure and ligand-based drug discovery of IL-4 inhibitors via interaction-energy-based learning approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6503-6521. [PMID: 33618633 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1886172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), an anti-inflammatory cytokine plays significant in the development of various diseases especially asthmatic allergies. Previous structural and functional studies of IL-4 with its receptor bring forth different types of inhibitors to block their interaction but each of them failed in clinical trials. Since, no synthetic molecules have been identified against IL-4, so far. Therefore, 21 in-house tested IL-4 inhibitors were blindly docked over the entire surface of IL-4 to predict a suitable and druggable binding site as the crystal structure of IL-4 protein in complex with ligand has not been reported yet. After binding site prediction, both ligand-based and structure-based pharmacophore were generated to screen three ZINC libraries (24.5 M) i.e. purchasable, natural product and natural derivative. A total 5,800 top-scored compounds were further subjected towards score-based screening to find the potential leads. Following protein-ligand interaction fingerprints (PLIF) and molecular visualization of selected hits, six top-scored compounds (five from purchasable and one from natural product library) were further moved towards their stability dynamics, followed by their absolute binding free energy and residue-based energy decomposition calculation by MM-GBSA method. These efforts help us to reveal the key factors responsible for ligand binding that might help to improve the binding and stability of these newly discovered hits by structural modifications.Communicated by Freddie R. Salsbury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Naz
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sajda Ashraf
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad K Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Al-Dosari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|