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Yang J, Xu S, Chee CY, Ching KY, Wei Y, Wang R, Al-Hada NM, Hock CC. Influence of starch silylation on the structures and properties of starch/epoxidized soybean oil-based bioplastics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129037. [PMID: 38158061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The present work systematically investigated the influence of starch silylation on the structures and properties of starch/epoxidized soybean oil-based bioplastics. Silylated starch was synthesized using starch particles (SP-ST) or gelatinized starch (SG-ST) under different silane hydrolysis pHs. Due to the appearance of -NH2 groups and lower OH wavenumbers, SP-ST obtained at pH 5 showed higher silylation degree and stronger hydrogen bond interaction with epoxidized soybean oils (ESO) than that at pH 11. The morphology analysis revealed better interfacial compatibility of ESO and SP-ST. The tensile strength of the samples containing SP-ST increased by 51.91 % than the control, emphasizing the enhanced interaction within the bioplastics. However, tensile strength of the bioplastics with SG-ST decreased by 59.56 % due to their high moisture contents from unreacted silanes. Additionally, the bioplastics with SG-ST exhibited an obvious reduction of thermal stability and an increase in water solubility because of the presence of unreacted APMS. The bioplastic degradation was not prevented by starch silylation except high pH. The bioplastics showed the most desirable tensile properties, thermal stability, and water solubility when starch was surface-modified with silanes hydrolyzed at pH 5. These outcomes made the fabricated bioplastics strong candidates for petroleum-based plastics for packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Shicai Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Ching Yern Chee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre of Industry Research 4.0 (CRI 4.0), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Yong Ching
- University of Reading Malaysia, Kota Ilmu, Persiaran Graduan, Educity, 79200 Nusajaya, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Yunwei Wei
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Naif Mohammed Al-Hada
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Chuah Cheng Hock
- Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Xie X, Zhao X, Luo X, Zhang Y, Qin Z, Ji H. Characterization of Modified Mechanically Activated Cassava Starch Magnetic Porous Microspheres and Its Adsorption for Cd(II) Ions. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:513. [PMID: 36770474 PMCID: PMC9919324 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic polymer microsphere is a promising adsorbent due to its high adsorption efficiency and good regeneration ability from wastewater. Cassava starch magnetic porous microspheres (AAM-MSMPMs) were synthesized by graft copolymerization in inverse emulsion. Mechanically activated cassava starch (MS) was used to graft skeletons, vinyl monomers [acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM)] as copolymerized unsaturated monomers, methyl methacrylate (MMA) as the dispersing agent, and polyethylene glycol/methanol (PEG2000/MeOH) as the porogen. It was found that the AAM-MSMPM adsorbent is superparamagnetic, the saturation magnetization is 14.9 emu·g-1, and it can be rapidly and directionally separated from Cd(II) ions in aqueous solution. The FTIR indicated that the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups were grafted into MS. The AAM-MSMPM had good speroidization and a uniform size. After the porogen was added, the particle size of the AAM-MSMPM decreased from 19.00 to 7.00 nm, and the specific surface area increased from 7.00 to 35.00 m2·g-1. The pore volume increased from 0.03 to 0.13 cm3·g-1. The AAM-MSMPM exhibited a large specific surface area and provided more adsorption active sites for Cd(II) ions. The maximum adsorption capacity of the AAM-MSMPM for Cd(II) ions was 210.68 mg·g-1, i.e., 81.02% higher than that without porogen. Additionally, the Cd(II) ion adsorption process on the AAM-MSMPM can be described by Langmuir isothermal and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. A chemical reaction dominated the Cd(II) ion adsorption process on the AAM-MSMPM, and chemisorption was the rate-controlling step during the Cd(II) ion adsorption process. The AAM-MSMPM still had excellent stability after five consecutive reuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaona Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Youquan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zuzeng Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hongbing Ji
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Fine Chemical Industry Research Institute, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Synthesis and characterization of starch stabilized polyvinyl acetate-acrylic acid copolymer-based wood adhesive. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Modified Starch-Based Adhesives: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102023. [PMID: 35631906 PMCID: PMC9147152 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumer trends towards environmentally friendly products are driving plastics industries to investigate more benign alternatives to petroleum-based polymers. In the case of adhesives, one possibility to achieve sustainable production is to use non-toxic, low-cost starches as biodegradable raw materials for adhesive production. While native starch contains only hydroxyl groups and has limited scope, chemically modified starch shows superior water resistance properties for adhesive applications. Esterified starches, starches with ester substituents, can be feasibly produced and utilized to prepare bio-based adhesives with improved water resistance. Syntheses of esterified starch materials can involve esterification, transesterification, alkylation, acetylation, succinylation, or enzymatic reactions. The main focus of this review is on the production of esterified starches and their utilization in adhesive applications (for paper, plywood, wood composites, fiberboard, and particleboard). The latter part of this review discusses other processes (etherification, crosslinking, grafting, oxidation, or utilizing biobased coupling agents) to prepare modified starches that can be further applied in adhesive production. Further discussion on the characteristics of modified starch materials and required processing methods for adhesive production is also included.
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Yang M, Li Y, Dang X. An eco-friendly wood adhesive based on waterborne polyurethane grafted with gelatin derived from chromium shavings waste. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112266. [PMID: 34688642 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly wood adhesive developed from waterborne polyurethane (WPU) grafted gelatin (G) was investigated in this research. First, the G was extracted from chromium shavings waste, and then mixed with a prepolymer emulsion of WPU to synthesis the graft copolymer (WPUG) via a solvent-free emulsion copolymerization. The synthesized copolymer was characterized using the mechanical properties test, TGA, FT-IR, and other analysis technology. The results indicated that the WPUG had a good overall performance. Specifically, the contact angle reached 111.5°, the tensile strength reached 32.91 MPa, the temperature of the maximum weight loss was greater than 350 °C. The WPUG adhesive had excellent bonding power and mechanical properties; the dry bonding strength reached 4.21 MPa when the ratio between free amino groups of the G and isocyanate-groups of the WPU (the R value) was 1.5. This preparation of the graft copolymer not only satisfies the need of environment-friendly wood adhesives, but it also effectively improves the recyclability of chromium shavings waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Yang
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Yanchun Li
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Xugang Dang
- Institute for Biomass and Function Materials & National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
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Wang Z, Xing Z, Zhang Q, Hu D, Lv J, Wu C, Zhou W, Zia-Ud-Din. Effects of various durations of enzyme hydrolysis on properties of starch-based wood adhesive. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:664-671. [PMID: 35181331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Improving the performance of wood adhesive is important for the development of the veneer industry. This work investigated the effects of various durations of enzymatic hydrolysis to improve and enhance the properties of starch-based wood adhesive (SWA). The results showed that moderate enzymatic hydrolysis for 2 h of starch molecule could improve the properties of SWA. The bonding strength of SWA was increased from 2.72 MPa (0 h) to 6.87 MPa (2 h) in the dry state and from 0.87 MPa (0 h) to 2.69 MPa (2 h) in the wet state. A significant decrease in the viscosity of SWA was also observed after 2 h hydrolysis of starch molecules, which allowed smooth spreading and penetration of adhesive through the wood surface. Meanwhile, the dynamic mechanical analysis and scanning electron microscopy showed that SWA with 2 h enzymatic hydrolysis exhibited better elastic deformation and smooth surfaces compared with SWA with un-hydrolysis starch. This study provides important information regarding the possible applications of SWA in the wood industry and presents a potential alternative to less environmentally friendly formaldehyde-based wood adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiong Wang
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, No. 3 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zheng Xing
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, No. 3 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Food Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass By-product Resource Utilization, Nanjing Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, No.3601 Hongjing Road, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- School of Food Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass By-product Resource Utilization, Nanjing Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, No.3601 Hongjing Road, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Dongxia Hu
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, No. 3 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Food Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass By-product Resource Utilization, Nanjing Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, No.3601 Hongjing Road, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Jiasheng Lv
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, No. 3 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chaoyi Wu
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, No. 3 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhou
- Jiangsu Sanshu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, No. 188 Jimei Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Zia-Ud-Din
- Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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Preparation of glycidyl methacrylate grafted starch adhesive to apply in high-performance and environment-friendly plywood. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:954-961. [PMID: 34848236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, cassava starch was used as the main raw material to prepare high performance and environment-friendly starch-based adhesive. Starch was grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and then cross-linked with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP). Before preparation of plywood, polyaryl polymethylene isocyanate (PAPI) was mixed as chain extension agent. Prepared starch adhesives are used in wood-based panel applications. From the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, it was found that GMA was successfully grafted to the starch adhesives which improved the hydrophobicity and shear strength of the adhesive. The plywood using modified starch adhesive at pH 4.50-5.50 showed the highest wet shear strength, 1.00 MPa, which was 163% higher than that using unmodified starch adhesive. The Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the original morphology of starch particles were destroyed and became smaller during GMA grafting, which made the modified starch-based adhesive easier to penetrate into the bonding interface of plywood. The characterization results of the adhesive film also showed that the mechanical properties of the adhesive were better when the grafting reaction pH was 4.50-5.50. Graft copolymerization modification of starch improves the hydrophobic properties of starch binders.
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Su M, Wu J, Pan P, Wang H. Preparation and characterization of a water-resistant polyamide-oxidized starch-methyl methacrylate eco-friendly wood adhesive. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:763-769. [PMID: 34826452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A water-resistant polyamide-oxidized starch-methyl methacrylate (P-OS-M) adhesive with zero formaldehyde-emission was successfully synthesized, using natural corn starch, KMnO4, polyamide and methyl methacrylate as raw material, oxidant, crosslinking agent and comonomer, respectively. The P-OS-M25 adhesive synthesized with the optimal amount of methyl methacrylate (25 ml) could reach wet shear strength of 1.04 MPa, which was far greater than natural starch (NS) and oxidized starch (OS). Fourier transforms infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that polyamide and methyl methacrylate were successfully cross-linked and copolymerized with oxidized starch. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), rheology, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and contact angle respectively indicated that P-OS-M adhesive was suitable for wood adhesives in terms of thermal stability, viscosity, morphological and water resistence. These advantages increased the possibility of P-OS-M adhesive instead of petroleum-based wood adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Su
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinfu Wu
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Peidi Pan
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Functional nanoparticle reinforced starch-based adhesive emulsion: Toward robust stability and high bonding performance. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118270. [PMID: 34294302 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable bio-based adhesive is a promising substitute for petroleum-based adhesives to alleviate serious environmental and health problems. In this work, a nanoengineered starch-based adhesive was fabricated by grafting vinyl acetate (VAc) onto starch molecule and subsequently incorporating the functional nanoparticle [TiO2-coupling-poly(butyl acrylate, BA), TKB] to overcome the drawbacks present in conventional nanocomposite adhesive. Results showed that the presence of BA altered the surface property of TKB, leading to improved dispersion. In the adhesive with 4% (mass ratio to starch) TKB, TKB aggregates played the role as a sliding bridge, which significantly promoted the storage stability and shear strength in both dry and wet states. Additionally, the latex film with 4% TKB exhibited high compatibility and water resistance due to the promoted hydrophobicity. This study provides a fundamental insight into the improvement of functional nanoparticles on the performance of starch-based adhesive, suggesting a novel strategy for designing high-performance bio-adhesive.
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Xie X, Zhao X, Luo X, Su T, Zhang Y, Qin Z, Ji H. Mechanically activated starch magnetic microspheres for Cd(II) adsorption from aqueous solution. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Improving wood durability against G. Trabeum and C. versicolor using starch based antifungal coating from Dioscorea hispida sp. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Vineeth SK, Gadhave RV, Gadekar PT. Nanocellulose Applications in Wood Adhesives—Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpchem.2019.94006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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