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Li F, Lu ZY, Xue YT, Liu Y, Cao J, Sun ZT, Zhang Q, Xu MD, Wang XY, Xu KL, Wu QY. Molecular basis of JAK2 H608Y and H608N mutations in the pathology of acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:247-259. [PMID: 36529225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Risk-stratification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) based on (cyto)genetic aberrations, including hotspot mutations, deletions and point mutations have evolved substantially in recent years. With the development of next-generation sequence technology, more and more novel mutations in the AML were identified. Thus, to unravel roles and mechanism of novel mutations would improve prognostic and predictive abilities. In this study, two novel germline JAK2 His608Tyr (H608Y) and His608Asn (H608N) mutations were identified and the molecular basis of these mutations in the leukemiagenesis of AML was elucidated. Our results indicated that JAK2 H608Y and H608N mutations disrupted the hydrogen bond between Q656 and H608 which reduced the JH2 domain's activity and abolished interactions between JH1 and JH2 domains, forced JAK2 into the active conformation, facilitated the entrance of substrates and thus caused JAK2 hyperactivation. Further studies suggested that JAK2 H608Y and H608N mutations enhanced the cell proliferation and inhibited the differentiation of Ba/F3 and MV4-11 cells via activating the JAK2-STAT5 signaling pathway. Moreover, rescue experiments demonstrated that mutations repaired the hydrogen bond between Q656 and H608 displayed opposite results. Thus, this study revealed the molecular basis of JAK2 H608Y and H608N mutations in the pathology of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Zi-Yi Lu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Tong Xue
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zeng-Tian Sun
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng-Di Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Kai-Lin Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qing-Yun Wu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Zhang A, Liu L, Zong S, Chen X, Liu C, Chang L, Chen X, Yang W, Guo Y, Zhang L, Zou Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Ruan M, Zhu X. Pediatric non–Down’s syndrome acute megakaryoblastic leukemia patients in China: A single center's real-world analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:940725. [PMID: 36267971 PMCID: PMC9577933 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.940725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Down’s syndrome acute megakaryocytic leukemia (non-DS-AMKL) is a subtype of childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML), whose prognosis, prognostic factors and treatment recommendations have not yet to be defined in children. We conducted a retrospective study with 65 newly diagnosed non-DS-AMKL children from August 2003 to June 2020 to investigate the clinical impact of factors and clinical outcome. Among all 65 patients, 47 of them were treated at our center who received three different regimens due to time point of admission (CAMS-another, CAMS-2009 and CAMS-2016 protocol), and the efficacy were compared. Patients with newly diagnosed non-DS-AMKL accounted for 7.4% of pediatric AML cases. The median age of the patients was 18 months at diagnosis, and over 90% of them were under three-years-old. The overall survival (OS) rates were 33.3% ± 1.7%, 66.7% ± 24.4% and 74.2% ± 4.0% for three groups (CAMS-another, CAMS-2009 and CAMS-2016 regimen), respectively. In CAMS-2016 group, the complete remission (CR) rate after induction was 67.7% (21/31), while the total CR rate after all phases of chemotherapy was 80.6% (25/31). The 2-year survival probability did not significantly improve in patients underwent HSCT when compared with non-HSCT group (75.0% ± 4.7% vs. 73.9% ± 4.6%, p=0.680). Those who had a “dry tap” during BM aspiration at admission had significantly worse OS than those without “dry tap” (33.3% ± 8.6% vs. 84.0% ± 3.6%, p=0.006). Moreover, the results also revealed that patients with CD34+ had significantly lower OS (50.0% ± 6.7% vs. 89.5% ± 3.5%, p=0.021), whereas patients with CD36+ had significantly higher OS than those who were negative (85.0% ± 4.0% vs. 54.5% ± 6.6%, p=0.048). In conclusion, intensive chemotherapy resulted in improved prognosis of non-DS-AMKL children and subclassification may base on “dry tap” and immunophenotypic. Although some progress has been made, outcomes of non-DS-AMKL children remain unsatisfactory, especially in HSCT group, when compared with other AML types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoli Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Lipeng Liu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Suyu Zong
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lixian Chang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ye Guo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao Zou
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingchi Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Ruan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Min Ruan, ; Xiaofan Zhu,
| | - Xiaofan Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Min Ruan, ; Xiaofan Zhu,
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Wang X, Dai C, Yin Y, Wu L, Jin W, Fu Y, Chen Z, Hao K, Lu B. Blocking the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK pathways suppresses the proliferation of gastrointestinal cancers by inducing apoptosis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:492-503. [PMID: 34128372 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated crosstalk between different signaling pathways contributes to tumor development, including resistance to cancer therapy. In the present study, we found that the mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitor trametinib failed to suppress the proliferation of PANC-1 and MGC803 cells by activating the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway, while the JAK2 inhibitor fedratinib failed to inhibit the growth of the PANC-1 cells upon stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. In particular, the most prominent enhancement of the anti-proliferative effect resulted from the concurrent blockage of the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways. Furthermore, the combination of the two inhibitors resulted in a reduced tumor burden in mice. Our evidence suggests novel crosstalk between JAK2/STAT3 and ERK signaling in gastric cancer (GC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and provides a therapeutic strategy to overcome potential resistance in gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Chunyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yifei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lin Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Weiyang Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Yufei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Ke Hao
- Research Center of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Blood Transfusion, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
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4
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Wang S, Xia D, Wang X, Cao H, Wu C, Sun Z, Zhang D, Liu H. C/EBPβ regulates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1250-1258. [PMID: 33660927 PMCID: PMC8016132 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C/EBPβ is a member of the CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein (C/EBP) family, which consists of a number of b‐ZIP transcription factors. Although C/EBPβ has been implicated in the development of certain cancers, including breast cancer, it remains unknown whether dysregulation of C/EBPβ in breast cancer is subtype‐specific. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms by which C/EBPβ regulates breast cancer carcinogenesis are not fully understood. Here, we present evidence that C/EBPβ is specifically overexpressed in human TNBC samples, but not in non‐TNBC samples. C/EBPβ depletion dramatically suppressed TNBC cell growth, migration, invasion, and colony formation ability. A subsequent mechanistic study revealed that the JAK/STAT signaling pathway was upregulated in C/EBPβ_high TNBC samples compared with C/EBPβ_low TNBC samples. C/EBPβ ChIP‐seq and qPCR were performed to demonstrate that C/EBPβ directly binds to and regulates JAK/STAT signaling pathway genes in TNBC. Taken together, our data indicate the oncogenic role of C/EBPβ in human TNBC and reveal a novel mechanism by which C/EBPβ promotes TNBC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Dian Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xianzhi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, China.,School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, China
| | - Haowei Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Chaoshen Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Zhaoran Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Daoyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, China
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5
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Favoino E, Prete M, Catacchio G, Ruscitti P, Navarini L, Giacomelli R, Perosa F. Working and safety profiles of JAK/STAT signaling inhibitors. Are these small molecules also smart? Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102750. [PMID: 33482338 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway is an important intracellular route through which many different extracellular soluble molecules, by reaching membrane receptors, can signal the nucleus. The spectrum of soluble molecules that use the JAK/STAT pathway through their corresponding receptors is quite large (almost 50 different molecules), and includes some cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of many immune-mediated diseases. Such diseases, when left untreated, present an evident hyperactivation of JAK/STAT signaling. Therefore, given the pathogenetic role of JAK/STAT, drugs known as JAK inhibitors (JAKi), that target one or more JAKs, have been developed to counteract JAK/STAT signal hyperactivation. As some hematological malignancies present an intrinsic JAK/STAT hyperactivation due to a JAK mutation, some JAKi have also been successfully used in this context. Regulatory agencies for drug administration in different countries have already approved a few JAKi in the setting of either immune-mediated diseases or hematological malignancies. Aim of this review is to describe the physiology of intracellular JAK/STAT pathway signaling and the pathological conditions associated to its dysregulation. Then, the rationale for targeting JAK in rheumatic autoimmune diseases is discussed, along with clinical data from registration studies showing the efficacy of these drugs. Finally, the excellent safety profile of JAKi is discussed in the context of the apparent poor specificity of JAK/STAT pathway signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Favoino
- Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Italy
| | - Marcella Prete
- Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Italy
| | - Giacomo Catacchio
- Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Italy
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Luca Navarini
- Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome 'Campus Biomedico', Italy
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome 'Campus Biomedico', Italy
| | - Federico Perosa
- Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Italy.
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Zhao P, Yang L, Li X, Lu W, Lu F, Wang S, Wang Y, Hua L, Cui C, Dong B, Yu Y, Wang L. Rae1 drives NKG2D binding-dependent tumor development in mice by activating mTOR and STAT3 pathways in tumor cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2234-2247. [PMID: 32333709 PMCID: PMC7385386 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) ligands (NKG2DLs) on tumor cells engage NKG2D and mediate killing by NKG2D+ immune cells. However, tumor cells with high levels of NKG2DLs are still malignant and proliferate rapidly. We investigated the reason for NKG2DL-expressing cell progression. Tumor cells in mice were assessed for their NKG2DL expression, ability to attract immune cells, tumorigenicity, mTOR, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling activation. Antibody blockade was used to determine the effect of NKG2DL-NKG2D interaction on signaling activation in vitro. Retinoic acid early inducible gene 1 (Rae1) was related to the expression of other NKG2DLs, the promotion of tumorigenicity, Mmp2 expression, mTOR and STAT3 phosphorylation in GL261 cells, and the recruitment of NKG2D+ cells in mice. Rae1 also induced NKG2DL expression, mTOR, and STAT3 phosphorylation in GL261 cells and LLC cells, but not in B16 and Pan02 cells, which did not express NKG2DLs, when cocultured with PBMCs; the induced phosphorylation was eliminated by Rae1-NKG2D blockade. Inhibition of mTOR and/or STAT3 decreased PBMC-induced migration and proliferation of GL261 cells in vitro. Rae1, a NKG2DL on tumor cells, plays a driving role in the expression of other NKG2DLs and in tumor development in mice by activating mTOR and STAT3 pathways, relying on its interaction with NKG2D on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenting Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fangjie Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Hua
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cuiyun Cui
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Boqi Dong
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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