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Shao X, Fang H, Li T, Yang L, Yang D, Pan L. Heterologous Expression and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase from Chitinilyticum aquatile CSC-1. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1381. [PMID: 39065150 PMCID: PMC11278713 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides. There are limited reports on LPMOs capable of concurrently catalyzing the oxidative cleavage of both cellulose and chitin. In this study, we identified and cloned a novel LPMO from the newly isolated bacterium Chitinilyticum aquatile CSC-1, designated as CaLPMO10. When using 2, 6-dimethylphenol (2, 6-DMP) as the substrate, CaLPMO10 exhibited optimal activity at 50 °C and pH 8, demonstrating good temperature stability at 30 °C. Even after a 6 h incubation at pH 8 and 30 °C, CaLPMO10 retained approximately 83.03 ± 1.25% residual enzyme activity. Most metal ions were found to enhance the enzyme activity of CaLPMO10, with ascorbic acid identified as the optimal reducing agent. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated that CaLPMO10 displayed oxidative activity towards both chitin and cellulose, identifying it as a C1/C4-oxidized LPMO. CaLPMO10 shows promise as a key enzyme for the efficient utilization of biomass resources in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Shao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.S.); (H.F.)
| | - Hongliang Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.S.); (H.F.)
| | - Tao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (T.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liyan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (T.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Dengfeng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (T.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lixia Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (T.L.); (L.Y.)
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Angeltveit CF, Várnai A, Eijsink VGH, Horn SJ. Enhancing enzymatic saccharification yields of cellulose at high solid loadings by combining different LPMO activities. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:39. [PMID: 38461298 PMCID: PMC10924376 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polysaccharides in lignocellulosic biomass hold potential for production of biofuels and biochemicals. However, achieving efficient conversion of this resource into fermentable sugars faces challenges, especially when operating at industrially relevant high solid loadings. While it is clear that combining classical hydrolytic enzymes and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) is necessary to achieve high saccharification yields, exactly how these enzymes synergize at high solid loadings remains unclear. RESULTS An LPMO-poor cellulase cocktail, Celluclast 1.5 L, was spiked with one or both of two fungal LPMOs from Thermothielavioides terrestris and Thermoascus aurantiacus, TtAA9E and TaAA9A, respectively, to assess their impact on cellulose saccharification efficiency at high dry matter loading, using Avicel and steam-exploded wheat straw as substrates. The results demonstrate that LPMOs can mitigate the reduction in saccharification efficiency associated with high dry matter contents. The positive effect of LPMO inclusion depends on the type of feedstock and the type of LPMO and increases with the increasing dry matter content and reaction time. Furthermore, our results show that chelating free copper, which may leak out of the active site of inactivated LPMOs during saccharification, with EDTA prevents side reactions with in situ generated H2O2 and the reductant (ascorbic acid). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that sustaining LPMO activity is vital for efficient cellulose solubilization at high substrate loadings. LPMO cleavage of cellulose at high dry matter loadings results in new chain ends and thus increased water accessibility leading to decrystallization of the substrate, all factors making the substrate more accessible to cellulase action. Additionally, this work highlights the importance of preventing LPMO inactivation and its potential detrimental impact on all enzymes in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla F Angeltveit
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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Chen X, Zhang X, Zhao X, Zhang P, Long L, Ding S. A novel cellulolytic/xylanolytic SbAA14 from Sordaria brevicollis with a branched chain preference and its synergistic effects with glycoside hydrolases on lignocellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129504. [PMID: 38228212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the novel auxiliary activity (AA) family 14 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) SbAA14 from Sordaria brevicollis was successfully characterized. It was active against heteroxylan, xyloglucan and cellulose in β-cellulose and released native oligosaccharides and corresponding C1- and/or C4-oxidized products. SbAA14 showed a branched chain preference, because partial removal of arabinosyl substituents from heteroxylan led to a decrease in activity. SbAA14 had synergistic effects with the debranching enzyme EpABF62C in an enzyme- and ascorbic acid-dependent manner. SbAA14 had synergistic effects with the GH10 endoxylanase EpXYN1, and the degree of synergy was greater with step-by-step addition than with simultaneous addition. SbAA14 could also synergize with Celluclast® 1.5 L on NaOH-pretreated wheat straw and on NaOH-pretreated and hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAC)-H2SO4-pretreated bamboo substrates. The greatest synergistic effect between SbAA14 and Celluclast® 1.5 L was observed for HPAC-H2SO4-200 mM pretreated bamboo, in which the degree of synergy reached approximately 1.61. The distinctive substrate preference of SbAA14 indicated that it is a novel AA14 LPMO that may act mainly on heteroxylan with numerous arabinosyl substituents between cellulose fibers rather than on recalcitrant xylan tightly associated with cellulose. These findings broaden the understanding of enigmatic AA14 LPMOs and provide new insights into the substrate specificities and biological functionalities of AA14 LPMOs in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Chen
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peiyu Zhang
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangkun Long
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaojun Ding
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China.
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Gao W, Li T, Zhou H, Ju J, Yin H. Carbohydrate-binding modules enhance H 2O 2 tolerance by promoting lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase active site H 2O 2 consumption. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105573. [PMID: 38122901 PMCID: PMC10825053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) oxidatively depolymerize recalcitrant polysaccharides, which is important for biomass conversion. The catalytic domains of many LPMOs are linked to carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) through flexible linkers, but the function of these CBMs in LPMO catalysis is not well understood. In this study, we utilized MtLPMO9L and MtLPMO9G derived from Myceliophthora thermophila to investigate the impact of CBMs on LPMO activity, with particular emphasis on their influence on H2O2 tolerance. Using truncated forms of MtLPMO9G generated by removing the CBM, we found reduced substrate binding affinity and enzymatic activity. Conversely, when the CBM was fused to the C terminus of the single-domain MtLPMO9L to create MtLPMO9L-CBM, we observed a substantial improvement in substrate binding affinity, enzymatic activity, and notably, H2O2 tolerance. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the CBM fusion enhances the proximity of the active site to the substrate, thereby promoting multilocal cleavage and impacting the exposure of the copper active site to H2O2. Importantly, the fusion of CBM resulted in more efficient consumption of H2O2 by LPMO, leading to improved enzymatic activity and reduced auto-oxidative damage of the copper active center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa Gao
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tang Li
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Haichuan Zhou
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Jiu Ju
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Dalian Technology Innovation Center for Green Agriculture, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Li J, Wang Y, Yang K, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang H, Huang H, Su X, Yao B, Luo H, Qin X. Development of an efficient protein expression system in the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:236. [PMID: 37974259 PMCID: PMC10652509 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila has been widely used in industrial applications due to its ability to produce various enzymes. However, the lack of an efficient protein expression system has limited its biotechnological applications. RESULTS In this study, using a laccase gene reporting system, we developed an efficient protein expression system in M. thermophila through the selection of strong constitutive promoters, 5'UTRs and signal peptides. The expression of the laccase was confirmed by enzyme activity assays. The results showed that the Mtpdc promoter (Ppdc) was able to drive high-level expression of the target protein in M. thermophila. Manipulation of the 5'UTR also has significant effects on protein expression and secretion. The best 5'UTR (NCA-7d) was identified. The transformant containing the laccase gene under the Mtpdc promoter, NCA-7d 5'UTR and its own signal peptide with the highest laccase activity (1708 U/L) was obtained. In addition, the expression system was stable and could be used for the production of various proteins, including homologous proteins like MtCbh-1, MtGh5-1, MtLPMO9B, and MtEpl1, as well as a glucoamylase from Trichoderma reesei. CONCLUSIONS An efficient protein expression system was established in M. thermophila for the production of various proteins. This study provides a valuable tool for protein production in M. thermophila and expands its potential for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China
| | - Yidi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China
| | - Honglian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China.
| | - Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10093, China.
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Gonçalves AL, Cunha PM, da Silva Lima A, Dos Santos JC, Segato F. Production of recombinant lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases and evaluation effect of its addition into Aspergillus fumigatus var. niveus cocktail for sugarcane bagasse saccharification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2023; 1871:140919. [PMID: 37164048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising alternative for producing biofuels, despite its recalcitrant nature. There are microorganisms in nature capable of efficiently degrade biomass, such as the filamentous fungi. Among them, Aspergillus fumigatus var. niveus (AFUMN) has a wide variety of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), especially hydrolases, but a low number of oxidative enzymes in its genome. To confirm the enzymatic profile of this fungus, this study analyzed the secretome of AFUMN cultured in sugarcane bagasse as the sole carbon source. As expected, the secretome showed a predominance of hydrolytic enzymes compared to oxidative activity. However, it is known that hydrolytic enzymes act in synergy with oxidative proteins to efficiently degrade cellulose polymer, such as the Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases (LPMOs). Thus, three LPMOs from the fungus Thermothelomyces thermophilus (TtLPMO9D, TtLPMO9H, and TtLPMO9O) were selected, heterologous expressed in Aspergillus nidulans, purified, and used to supplement the AFUMN secretome to evaluate their effect on the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse. The saccharification assay was carried out using different concentrations of AFUMN secretome supplemented with recombinant T. thermophilus LPMOs, as well as ascorbic acid as reducing agent for oxidative enzymes. Through a statistic design created by Design-Expert software, we were able to analyze a possible cooperative effect between these components. The results indicated that, in general, the addition of TtLPMO9D and ascorbic acid did not favor the conversion process in this study, while TtLPMO9O had a highly significant cooperative effect in bagasse saccharification compared to the control using only AFUMN secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Larissa Gonçalves
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Macedo Cunha
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Awana da Silva Lima
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Dos Santos
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Segato
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Qin X, Yang K, Zou J, Wang X, Tu T, Wang Y, Su X, Yao B, Huang H, Luo H. Heterologous expression and characterization of novel GH12 β-glucanase and AA10 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Streptomyces megaspores and their synergistic action in cellulose saccharification. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:89. [PMID: 37221623 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of cellulase and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is known to boost enzymatic saccharification of cellulose. Although the synergy between cellulases (GH5, 6 or 7) and LPMOs (AA9) has been extensively studied, the interplay between other glycoside hydrolase and LPMO families remains poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, two cellulolytic enzyme-encoding genes SmBglu12A and SmLpmo10A from Streptomyces megaspores were identified and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant SmBglu12A is a non-typical endo-β-1,4-glucanase that preferentially hydrolyzed β-1,3-1,4-glucans and slightly hydrolyzed β-1,4-glucans and belongs to GH12 family. The recombinant SmLpmo10A belongs to a C1-oxidizing cellulose-active LPMO that catalyzed the oxidation of phosphoric acid swollen cellulose to produce celloaldonic acids. Moreover, individual SmBglu12A and SmLpmo10A were both active on barley β-1,3-1,4-glucan, lichenan, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, phosphoric acid swollen cellulose, as well as Avicel. Furthermore, the combination of SmBglu12A and SmLpmo10A enhanced enzymatic saccharification of phosphoric acid swollen cellulose by improving the native and oxidized cello-oligosaccharides yields. CONCLUSIONS These results proved for the first time that the AA10 LPMO was able to boost the catalytic efficiency of GH12 glycoside hydrolases on cellulosic substrates, providing another novel combination of glycoside hydrolase and LPMO for cellulose enzymatic saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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8
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Liu Y, Ma W, Fang X. The Role of the Residue at Position 2 in the Catalytic Activity of AA9 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098300. [PMID: 37176008 PMCID: PMC10179388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent metalloenzymes that play a major role in cellulose degradation and plant infection. Understanding the AA9 LPMO mechanism would facilitate the improvement of plant pathogen control and the industrial application of LPMOs. Herein, via point mutation, we investigated the role of glycine 2 residue in cellulose degradation by Thermoascus aurantiacus AA9 LPMOs (TaAA9). A computational simulation showed that increasing the steric properties of this residue by replacing glycine with threonine or tyrosine altered the H-bonding network of the copper center and copper coordination geometry, decreased the surface charge of the catalytic center, weakened the TaAA9-substrate interaction, and enhanced TaAA9-product binding. Compared with wild-type TaAA9, G2T-TaAA9 and G2Y-TaAA9 variants showed attenuated copper affinity, reduced oxidative product diversity and decreased substrate Avicel binding, as determined using ITC, MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and cellulose binding analyses, respectively. Consistently, the enzymatic activity and synergy with cellulase of the G2T-TaAA9 and G2Y-TaAA9 variants were lower than those of TaAA9. Hence, the investigated residue crucially affects the catalytic activity of AA9 LPMOs, and we propose that the electropositivity of copper may correlate with AA9 LPMO activity. Thus, the relationship among the amino acid at position 2, surface charge and catalytic activity may facilitate an understanding of the proteins in AA9 LPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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9
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Yu X, Zhao Y, Yu J, Wang L. Recent advances in the efficient degradation of lignocellulosic metabolic networks by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:529-539. [PMID: 37036250 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with long-term evolution, the plant cell wall generates lignocellulose and other anti-degradation barriers to confront hydrolysis by fungi. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is a newly defined oxidase in lignocellulosic degradation systems that significantly fuels hydrolysis. LPMO accepts electrons from wide sources, such as cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH), glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases, and small phenols. In addition, the extracellular cometabolic network formed by cosubstrates improves the degradation efficiency, forming a stable and efficient lignocellulose degradation system. In recent years, using structural proteomics to explore the internal structure and the complex redox system of LPMOs has become a research hotspot. In this review, the diversity of LPMOs, catalytic domains, carbohydrate binding modules, direct electron transfer with CDH, cosubstrates, and degradation networks of LPMOs are explored, which can provide a systematic reference for the application of lignocellulosic degradation systems in industrial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Junhong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Qingdao 266035, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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10
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Pentari C, Zerva A, Dimarogona M, Topakas E. The xylobiohydrolase activity of a GH30 xylanase on natively acetylated xylan may hold the key for the degradation of recalcitrant xylan. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 305:120527. [PMID: 36737185 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl substitutions are common on the hemicellulosic structures of lignocellulose, which up until recently were known to inhibit xylanase activity. Emerging data, however, suggest that xylanases are able to accommodate acetyl side-groups within their catalytic site. In the present work, a fungal GH30 xylanase from Thermothelomyces thermophila, namely TtXyn30A, was shown to release acetylated xylobiose when acting on pretreated lignocellulosic substrate. The released disaccharides could be acetylated at the 2-OH, 3-OH or both positions of the non-reducing end xylose, but the existence of the acetylation on the reducing end cannot be excluded. The synergy of TtXyn30A with acetyl esterases indicates that particular subsites within its active site cannot tolerate acetylated xylopyranose residues. Molecular docking showed that acetyl group can be accommodated on the 2- or 3-OH position of the non-reducing end xylose, unlike the reducing-end xylose (subsite -1), where only 3-OH decoration can be accommodated. Such insight into the catalytic activity of TtXyn30A could contribute to a better understanding of its biological role and thus lead to a more sufficient biotechnological utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pentari
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Zerva
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dimarogona
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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11
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The interplay between lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases and glycoside hydrolases. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:551-559. [PMID: 36876880 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
In nature, enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides such as chitin and cellulose takes place by a synergistic interaction between glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). The two different families of carbohydrate-active enzymes use two different mechanisms when breaking glycosidic bonds between sugar moieties. GHs employ a hydrolytic activity and LPMOs are oxidative. Consequently, the topologies of the active sites differ dramatically. GHs have tunnels or clefts lined with a sheet of aromatic amino acid residues accommodating single polymer chains being threaded into the active site. LPMOs are adapted to bind to the flat crystalline surfaces of chitin and cellulose. It is believed that the LPMO oxidative mechanism provides new chain ends that the GHs can attach to and degrade, often in a processive manner. Indeed, there are many reports of synergies as well as rate enhancements when LPMOs are applied in concert with GHs. Still, these enhancements vary in magnitude with respect to the nature of the GH and the LPMO. Moreover, impediment of GH catalysis is also observed. In the present review, we discuss central works where the interplay between LPMOs and GHs has been studied and comment on future challenges to be addressed to fully use the potential of this interplay to improve enzymatic polysaccharide degradation.
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Uchiyama T, Uchihashi T, Ishida T, Nakamura A, Vermaas JV, Crowley MF, Samejima M, Beckham GT, Igarashi K. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase increases cellobiohydrolases activity by promoting decrystallization of cellulose surface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade5155. [PMID: 36563138 PMCID: PMC9788756 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Efficient depolymerization of crystalline cellulose requires cooperation between multiple cellulolytic enzymes. Through biochemical approaches, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and single-molecule observations using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM), we quantify and track synergistic activity for cellobiohydrolases (CBHs) with a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Increasing concentrations of LPMO (AA9D) increased the activity of a glycoside hydrolase family 6 CBH, Cel6A, whereas the activity of a family 7 CBH (Cel7D) was enhanced only at lower concentrations of AA9D. MD simulation suggests that the result of AA9D action to produce chain breaks in crystalline cellulose can oxidatively disturb the crystalline surface by disrupting hydrogen bonds. HS-AFM observations showed that AA9D increased the number of Cel7D molecules moving on the substrate surface and increased the processivity of Cel7D, thereby increasing the depolymerization performance, suggesting that AA9D not only generates chain ends but also amorphizes the crystalline surface, thereby increasing the activity of CBHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Uchiyama
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Department of Physics and Structural Biology Research Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Physics, Structural Biology Center, and Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishida
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakamura
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Josh V. Vermaas
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Michael F. Crowley
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Masahiro Samejima
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1, Wakasato, Nagano 380-8533, Japan
| | - Gregg T. Beckham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2019-2020. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21806. [PMID: 36468275 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2020. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review is basically divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of arrays. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other areas such as medicine, industrial processes and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. The reported work shows increasing use of incorporation of new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented nearly 40 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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14
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Controlled depolymerization of cellulose by photoelectrochemical bioreactor using a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Qin X, Zou J, Yang K, Li J, Wang X, Tu T, Wang Y, Yao B, Huang H, Luo H. Deciphering the efficient cellulose degradation by the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila focused on the synergistic action of glycoside hydrolases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128027. [PMID: 36174898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila as an efficient decomposer secretes various glycoside hydrolases and auxiliary oxidation enzymes to deconstruct cellulose. However, the core enzymes critical for efficient cellulose degradation and their interactions with other cellulolytic enzymes remain unclear. Herein, the transcriptomic analysis of M. thermophila grown on Avicel exhibited that cellulases from GH5_5, GH6 and GH7, and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) from AA9 contributed to cellulose degradation. Moreover, the peptide mass fingerprinting analysis of major extracellular proteins and corresponding gene-knockout strains studies revealed that MtCel7A and MtCel5A were the core cellulolytic enzymes. Furthermore, synergistic experiments found that hydrolytic efficiencies of MtCel7A and MtCel5A were both improved by mixture C1/C4 oxidizing MtLPMO9H, but inhibited by C1 oxidizing MtLPMO9E and C4 oxidizing MtLPMO9J respectively. These results demonstrated the potential application of C1/C4 oxidizing LPMOs for future designing novel cellulolytic enzyme cocktails on the efficient conversion of cellulose into biofuels and biochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiahuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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16
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Guo X, An Y, Liu F, Lu F, Wang B. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase - A new driving force for lignocellulosic biomass degradation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127803. [PMID: 35995343 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) can catalyze polysaccharides by oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds and have catalytic activity for cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin, starch and pectin, thus playing an important role in the biomass conversion of lignocellulose. The catalytic substrates of LPMOs are different and the specific catalytic mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Although there have been many studies related to LPMOs, few have actually been put into industrial biomass conversion, which poses a challenge for their expression, regulation and application. In this review, the origin, substrate specificity, structural features, and the relationship between structure and function of LPMOs are described. Additionally, the catalytic mechanism and electron donor of LPMOs and their heterologous expression and regulation are discussed. Finally, the synergistic degradation of biomass by LPMOs with other polysaccharide hydrolases is reviewed, and their current problems and future research directions are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Yajing An
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China.
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Moon M, Lee JP, Park GW, Lee JS, Park HJ, Min K. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO)-derived saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 359:127501. [PMID: 35753567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Given that traditional biorefineries have been based on microbial fermentation to produce useful fuels, materials, and chemicals as metabolites, saccharification is an important step to obtain fermentable sugars from biomass. It is well-known that glycosidic hydrolases (GHs) are responsible for the saccharification of recalcitrant polysaccharides through hydrolysis, but the discovery of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO), which is a kind of oxidative enzyme involved in cleaving polysaccharides and boosting GH performance, has profoundly changed the understanding of enzyme-based saccharification. This review briefly introduces the classification, structural information, and catalytic mechanism of LPMOs. In addition to recombinant expression strategies, synergistic effects with GH are comprehensively discussed. Challenges and perspectives for LPMO-based saccharification on a large scale are also briefly mentioned. Ultimately, this review can provide insights for constructing an economically viable lignocellulose-based biorefinery system and a closed-carbon loop to cope with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myounghoon Moon
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Pyo Lee
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwon Woo Park
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Lee
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun June Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungseon Min
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Long L, Hu Y, Sun F, Gao W, Hao Z, Yin H. Advances in lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with the cellulose-degrading auxiliary activity family 9 to facilitate cellulose degradation for biorefinery. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:68-83. [PMID: 35931294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One crucial step in processing the recalcitrant lignocellulosic biomass is the fast hydrolysis of natural cellulose to fermentable sugars that can be subsequently converted to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Recent studies have shown that lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMOs) with auxiliary activity family 9 (AA9) are capable of efficiently depolymerizing the crystalline cellulose via regioselective oxidation reaction. Intriguingly, the catalysis by AA9 LPMOs requires reductant to provide electrons, and lignin and its phenolic derivatives can be oxidized, releasing reductant to activate the reaction. The activity of AA9 LPMOs can be enhanced by in-situ generation of H2O2 in the presence of O2. Although scientific understanding of these enzymes remains somewhat unknown or controversial, structure modifications on AA9 LPMOs through protein engineering have emerged in recent years, which are prerequisite for their extensive applications in the development of cellulase-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery processes. In this review, we critically comment on advances in studies for AA9 LPMOs, i.e., characteristic of AA9 LPMOs catalysis, external electron donors to AA9 LPMOs, especially the role of the oxidization of lignin and its derivatives, and AA9 LPMOs protein engineering as well as their extensive applications in the bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass. Perspectives are also highlighted for addressing the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Long
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fubao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Wa Gao
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS(, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhikui Hao
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Taizhou Vocational and Technical College, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS(, Dalian 116023, China
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19
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Sun P, de Munnik M, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Extending the diversity of Myceliophthora thermophila LPMOs: Two different xyloglucan cleavage profiles. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119373. [PMID: 35450635 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) play a key role in enzymatic conversion of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Continuous discovery and functional characterization of LPMOs highly contribute to the tailor-made design and improvement of hydrolytic-activity based enzyme cocktails. In this context, a new MtLPMO9F was characterized for its substrate (xyloglucan) specificity, and MtLPMO9H was further delineated. Aided by sodium borodeuteride reduction and hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric analysis, we found that both MtLPMOs released predominately C4-oxidized, and C4/C6-double oxidized xylogluco-oligosaccharides. Further characterization showed that MtLPMO9F, having a short active site segment 1 and a long active site segment 2 (-Seg1+Seg2), followed a "substitution-intolerant" xyloglucan cleavage profile, while for MtLPMO9H (+Seg1-Seg2) a "substitution-tolerant" profile was found. The here characterized xyloglucan specificity and substitution (in)tolerance of MtLPMO9F and MtLPMO9H were as predicted according to our previously published phylogenetic grouping of AA9 LPMOs based on structural active site segment configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Melanie de Munnik
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Zhang X, Chen K, Long L, Ding S. Two C1-oxidizing AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases from Sordaria brevicollis differ in thermostability, activity, and synergy with cellulase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8739-8759. [PMID: 34748039 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellulolytic fungi usually have multiple genes for C1-oxidizing auxiliary activity 9 (AA9) lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in their genomes, but their potential functional differences are less understood. In this study, two C1-oxidizing AA9 LPMOs, SbLPMO9A and SbLPMO9B, were identified from Sordaria brevicollis, and their differences, particularly in terms of thermostability, reducing agent specificity, and synergy with cellulase, were explored. The two enzymes exhibited weak binding to cellulose and intolerance to hydrogen peroxide. Their oxidative activity was influenced by cellulose crystallinity and surface morphology, and both enzymes tended to oxidize celluloses of lower crystallinity and high surface area. Comparably, SbLPMO9A had much better thermostability than SbLPMO9B, which may be attributed to the presence of a carbohydrate binding module 1 (CBM1)-like sequence at its C-terminus. In addition, the two enzymes exhibited different specificities and responsivities toward electron donors. SbLPMO9A and SbLPMO9B were able to boost the catalytic efficiency of endoglucanase I (EGI) on physically and chemically pretreated substrates but with different degrees of synergy. Substrate- and enzyme-specific synergism was observed by comparing the synergistic action of SbLPMO9A or SbLPMO9B with commercial Celluclast 1.5L on three kinds of cellulosic substrates. On regenerated amorphous cellulose and PFI (Papirindustriens Forskningsinstitut)-fibrillated bleached eucalyptus pulp, SbLPMO9B showed a higher synergistic effect than SbLPMO9A, while on delignified wheat straw, the synergistic effect of SbLPMO9A was higher than that of SbLPMO9B. On account of its excellent thermostability and boosting effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis of delignified wheat straw, SbLPMO9A may have high application potential in biorefineries for lignocellulosic biomass. KEY POINTS: • C1-oxidizing SbLPMO9A displayed higher thermostability than SbLPMO9B, probably due to the presence of a CBM1-like module. • The oxidative activity of the two SbLPMO9s on celluloses increased with decreasing cellulose crystallinity or increasing beating degree. • The two SbLPMO9s boosted the catalytic efficiency of cellulase, but the synergistic effect was substrate- and enzyme-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- The Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaixiang Chen
- The Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangkun Long
- The Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaojun Ding
- The Co‑Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
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Defining the Frontiers of Synergism between Cellulolytic Enzymes for Improved Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose has economic potential as a bio-resource for the production of value-added products (VAPs) and biofuels. The commercialization of biofuels and VAPs requires efficient enzyme cocktail activities that can lower their costs. However, the basis of the synergism between enzymes that compose cellulolytic enzyme cocktails for depolymerizing lignocellulose is not understood. This review aims to address the degree of synergism (DS) thresholds between the cellulolytic enzymes and how this can be used in the formulation of effective cellulolytic enzyme cocktails. DS is a powerful tool that distinguishes between enzymes’ synergism and anti-synergism during the hydrolysis of biomass. It has been established that cellulases, or cellulases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), always synergize during cellulose hydrolysis. However, recent evidence suggests that this is not always the case, as synergism depends on the specific mechanism of action of each enzyme in the combination. Additionally, expansins, nonenzymatic proteins responsible for loosening cell wall fibers, seem to also synergize with cellulases during biomass depolymerization. This review highlighted the following four key factors linked to DS: (1) a DS threshold at which the enzymes synergize and produce a higher product yield than their theoretical sum, (2) a DS threshold at which the enzymes display synergism, but not a higher product yield, (3) a DS threshold at which enzymes do not synergize, and (4) a DS threshold that displays anti-synergy. This review deconvolutes the DS concept for cellulolytic enzymes, to postulate an experimental design approach for achieving higher synergism and cellulose conversion yields.
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Semenova MV, Gusakov AV, Telitsin VD, Sinitsyn AP. Enzymatic Destruction of Cellulose: Characteristics of the Kinetic Interaction of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases and Individual Cellulases. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821050136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chen K, Zhang X, Long L, Ding S. Comparison of C4-oxidizing and C1/C4-oxidizing AA9 LPMOs in substrate adsorption, H 2O 2-driven activity and synergy with cellulase on celluloses of different crystallinity. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118305. [PMID: 34294322 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two C1/C4-oxidizing AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (AA9 LPMOs), AoLPMO9A and AoLPMO9B, and one C4-oxidizing AoLPMO9C from Aspergillus oryzae, were characterized and compared with the well-studied C4-oxidizing NcLPMO9C. NcLPMO9C and AoLPMO9C harboring carbohydrate-binding module 1 (CBM1) exhibited much stronger adsorption capacity than AoLPMO9A and B without CBM1. The binding affinity is crucial for the efficacy of H2O2 as cosubstrate and oxidative activity of AA9 LPMOs on crystalline cellulose. C4-oxidizing AA9 LPMOs had a striking boosting effect on cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI), while C1/C4-oxidizing AA9 LPMOs boosted CBHII and endoglucanase I (EGI) activity. Our results indicated that two types of AA9 LPMOs with different modularities and regioselectivities varied in cellulose adsorption, H2O2-driven activity and synergy with cellulase on celluloses of different crystallinity which could complement each other in lignocellulose degradation. C4-oxidizing AA9 LPMOs with CBM1 were particularly essential in cellulase cocktail due to high H2O2-driven activity and a striking boosting effect on CBHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Chen
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangkun Long
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaojun Ding
- The Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China.
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A comparative biochemical investigation of the impeding effect of C1-oxidizing LPMOs on cellobiohydrolases. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100504. [PMID: 33675751 PMCID: PMC8047454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are known to act synergistically with glycoside hydrolases in industrial cellulolytic cocktails. However, a few studies have reported severe impeding effects of C1-oxidizing LPMOs on the activity of reducing-end cellobiohydrolases. The mechanism for this effect remains unknown, but it may have important implications as reducing-end cellobiohydrolases make up a significant part of such cocktails. To elucidate whether the impeding effect is general for different reducing-end cellobiohydrolases and study the underlying mechanism, we conducted a comparative biochemical investigation of the cooperation between a C1-oxidizing LPMO from Thielavia terrestris and three reducing-end cellobiohydrolases; Trichoderma reesei (TrCel7A), T. terrestris (TtCel7A), and Myceliophthora heterothallica (MhCel7A). The enzymes were heterologously expressed in the same organism and thoroughly characterized biochemically. The data showed distinct differences in synergistic effects between the LPMO and the cellobiohydrolases; TrCel7A was severely impeded, TtCel7A was moderately impeded, while MhCel7A was slightly boosted by the LPMO. We investigated effects of C1-oxidations on cellulose chains on the activity of the cellobiohydrolases and found reduced activity against oxidized cellulose in steady-state and pre-steady-state experiments. The oxidations led to reduced maximal velocity of the cellobiohydrolases and reduced rates of substrate complexation. The extent of these effects differed for the cellobiohydrolases and scaled with the extent of the impeding effect observed in the synergy experiments. Based on these results, we suggest that C1-oxidized chain ends are poor attack sites for reducing-end cellobiohydrolases. The severity of the impeding effects varied considerably among the cellobiohydrolases, which may be relevant to consider for optimization of industrial cocktails.
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Li K, Jiang C, Tan H, Li J, Xu Y, Tang D, Zhao X, Liu Q, Li J, Yin H. Identification and characterization of a novel glucomannanase from Paenibacillus polymyxa. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:129. [PMID: 33680694 PMCID: PMC7892656 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Konjac glucomannan oligosaccharide has attracted much attention due to its broad biological activities. Specific glucomannan degrading enzymes are effective tools for the production of oligosaccharides from konjac glucomannan. However, there are still few reports of commercial enzymes that can specifically degrade konjac glucomannan. The gene ppgluB encoding a glucomannanase consisting of 553 amino acids (61.5 kDa) from Paenibacillus polymyxa 3-3 was cloned and heterologous expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant PpGluB showed high specificity for the degradation of konjac glucomannan. Moreover, the hydrolytic products of PpGluB degrade konjac glucomannan were a series of oligosaccharides with degrees of polymerisation of 2-12. Furthermore, the biochemical properties indicated that PpGluB is the optimal active at 45 to 55 °C and pH 5.0-6.0, and shows highly pH stability over a very broad pH range. The present characteristics indicated that PpGluB is a potential tool to be used to produce oligosaccharides from konjac glucomannan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuikui Li
- Key Laboratory of Se-enriched Products Development and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Se-enriched Food Development, Ankang, 725000 Shaanxi China
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Dalian, 116023 China
| | - Chaofeng Jiang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Dalian, 116023 China
| | - Haidong Tan
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Dalian, 116023 China
| | - Junyan Li
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Dalian, 116023 China
| | - Yali Xu
- Key Laboratory of Se-enriched Products Development and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Se-enriched Food Development, Ankang, 725000 Shaanxi China
| | - Dejian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Se-enriched Products Development and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Se-enriched Food Development, Ankang, 725000 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Se-enriched Products Development and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Se-enriched Food Development, Ankang, 725000 Shaanxi China
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Dalian, 116023 China
| | - Qishun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Se-enriched Products Development and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Se-enriched Food Development, Ankang, 725000 Shaanxi China
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Dalian, 116023 China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Se-enriched Products Development and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Se-enriched Food Development, Ankang, 725000 Shaanxi China
- Ankang Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Ankang, 725000 Shaanxi China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Dalian, 116023 China
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Zhou X, Xu Z, He J, Li Y, Pan C, Wang C, Deng MR, Zhu H. A myxobacterial LPMO10 has oxidizing cellulose activity for promoting biomass enzymatic saccharification of agricultural crop straws. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124217. [PMID: 33096440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Myxobacteria are soil microorganisms with the ability to break down biological macromolecules due to the secretion of a large number of extracellular enzymes, but there has been no research report on myxobacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). In this study, two LPMO10s, ViLPMO10A and ViLPMO10B, from myxobacterium Vitiosangium sp. GDMCC 1.1324 were characterized. Of which, ViLPMO10B is a C1-oxidizing cellulose-active LPMO. Moreover, ViLPMO10B could decrease the degree of polymerization of crop straws cellulose and synergize with commercial cellulase to promote the saccharification. When the weight ratio of commercial cellulase to ViLPMO10B was 9:1, the conversion efficiency of corn stalk, sugarcane bagasse, and rice straw into reducing sugar was improved by 17%, 16%, and 22%, respectively, compared with commercial cellulase without ViLPMO10B. These results indicate that ViLPMO10B has the potential to be a component of a high-efficient cellulase cocktail and has application value in the saccharification of agricultural residual biomasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jia He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yueqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Chengxiang Pan
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Ming-Rong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Honghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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Tuveng TR, Jensen MS, Fredriksen L, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH, Forsberg Z. A thermostable bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase with high operational stability in a wide temperature range. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:194. [PMID: 33292445 PMCID: PMC7708162 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are oxidative, copper-dependent enzymes that function as powerful tools in the turnover of various biomasses, including lignocellulosic plant biomass. While LPMOs are considered to be of great importance for biorefineries, little is known about industrial relevant properties such as the ability to operate at high temperatures. Here, we describe a thermostable, cellulose-active LPMO from a high-temperature compost metagenome (called mgLPMO10). RESULTS MgLPMO10 was found to have the highest apparent melting temperature (83 °C) reported for an LPMO to date, and is catalytically active up to temperatures of at least 80 °C. Generally, mgLPMO10 showed good activity and operational stability over a wide temperature range. The LPMO boosted cellulose saccharification by recombinantly produced GH48 and GH6 cellobiohydrolases derived from the same metagenome, albeit to a minor extent. Cellulose saccharification studies with a commercial cellulase cocktail (Celluclast®) showed that the performance of this thermostable bacterial LPMO is comparable with that of a frequently utilized fungal LPMO from Thermoascus aurantiacus (TaLPMO9A). CONCLUSIONS The high activity and operational stability of mgLPMO10 are of both fundamental and applied interest. The ability of mgLPMO10 to perform oxidative cleavage of cellulose at 80 °C and the clear synergy with Celluclast® make this enzyme an interesting candidate in the development of thermostable enzyme cocktails for use in lignocellulosic biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Rise Tuveng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Marianne Slang Jensen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Lasse Fredriksen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway.
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway.
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In-situ lignin drives lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases to enhance enzymatic saccharification. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:308-314. [PMID: 32526300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently low-molecular lignin was reported to activate lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) to oxidize cellulose. However, whether lignin formed in cell wall can play the role as electron donor for LPMOs is still largely unknown due to the complex ultrastructure of lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, we presented a new strategy to elucidate in-situ lignin function in LPMOs reaction. A lignocellulosic mimicking model was used as substrate, which was equipped with a polysaccharide template of self-assembled bacterial cellulose film and synthesized lignin. Remarkably, it has been demonstrated that lignin polymer deposited on cellulose can reduce LPMOs in-situ for cellulose oxidation and then boost cellulose hydrolysis, and the cellulose conversion ratio of the mimicked lignocellulosic film was increased by 26.0%. More importantly, lignin in-situ might exceed the well-known reductant of ascorbic acid to drive LPMOs for cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis with equivalent cellulose oxidation efficiency and extremely lower H2O2 generation, avoiding the inactivation of enzymes. The maximum H2O2 yield from lignin-driven LPMO reaction was 75.8% lower than that from ascorbic acid-driven reaction. Therefore, by using the lignocellulosic mimicking model, we have elucidated the function of in-situ lignin in boosting enzymatic hydrolysis. Such understanding could significantly promote current utilization of LPMOs in lignocellulosic biorefinery.
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Guo X, Sang J, Chai C, An Y, Wei Z, Zhang H, Ma L, Dai Y, Lu F, Liu F. A lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Myceliophthora thermophila C1 and its characterization in cleavage of glycosidic chain of cellulose. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yang G, Chen W, Tan H, Li K, Li J, Yin H. Biochemical characterization and evolutionary analysis of a novel pectate lyase from Aspergillus parasiticus. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:180-188. [PMID: 32109469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel pectate lyase (ApPel1) was identified and characterized from Aspergillus parasiticus. The ApPel1 hydrolysed oligogalacturonides (OGs) effectively and produced 4,5-unsaturated OGs from low-methoxyl (LM) pectin, with DP 2 to DP 5 as the major products. Furthermore, the multiple sequence alignments, structure model and phylogenetic analyses of the ApPel1 indicated that its catalytic active sites were highly conserved with other pectin lyases (PLs) and the Ca2+ binding amino acid residues are different compared with pectate lyases (Pels). N187D, N191D and N187D/N191D mutants were constructed to test for both Ca2+ binding properties and the effects on catalytic ability. The three mutations sharply decreased the activity of ApPel1 and Ca2+ tolerance, indicating that the Ca2+ binding amino acid residues are different from the other Pels. Based on the sequence and structure comparison between PLs and Pels, and mutation analysis, the ApPel1 may be direct evolution from PLs. Thus, this enzyme has potential for use in producing unsaturated OGs for biological activity study, and contributes to an improved understanding of the evolutionary relationships between PLs and Pels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Yang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haidong Tan
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Kuikui Li
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Junyan Li
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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31
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Tokin R, Ipsen JØ, Westh P, Johansen KS. The synergy between LPMOs and cellulases in enzymatic saccharification of cellulose is both enzyme- and substrate-dependent. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1975-1984. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhou H, Zhang Y, Li T, Tan H, Li G, Yin H. Distinct Interaction of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase with Cellulose Revealed by Computational and Biochemical Studies. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3987-3992. [PMID: 32352790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A distinct interaction pattern of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) with their insoluble substrate, cellulose, was revealed through the combination of computational and biochemical approaches. The results indicated that the enzymes can stably bind on the flat hydrophobic surface of cellulose via the interactions of the key residues located in the axis across the conserved distal tyrosine residue and copper ion with two adjacent cellulose chains. Further studies on the correlation of substrate binding and H2O2 accumulation suggested that LPMOs involved in the productive binding on the insoluble polysaccharides not only fail to accumulate H2O2 but also consume the H2O2 produced by the unbound molecules under the lab condition. This was further substantiated by quantum-mechanical calculations. These findings broadened our knowledge of the interaction between enzymes and insoluble substrates and deepened our understanding of the role that H2O2 plays in LPMO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichuan Zhou
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tang Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haidong Tan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Zhou X, Zhu H. Current understanding of substrate specificity and regioselectivity of LPMOs. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-0300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRenewable biomass such as cellulose and chitin are the most abundant sustainable sources of energy and materials. However, due to the low degradation efficiency of these recalcitrant substrates by conventional hydrolases, these biomass resources cannot be utilized efficiently. In 2010, the discovery of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) led to a major breakthrough. Currently, LPMOs are distributed in 7 families in CAZy database, including AA9–11 and AA13–16, with different species origins, substrate specificity and oxidative regioselectivity. Effective application of LPMOs in the biotransformation of biomass resources needs the elucidation of the molecular basis of their function. Since the discovery of LPMOs, great advances have been made in the study of their substrate specificity and regioselectivity, as well as their structural basis, which will be reviewed below.
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Zhang R. Functional characterization of cellulose-degrading AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases and their potential exploitation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3229-3243. [PMID: 32076777 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose-degrading auxiliary activity family 9 (AA9) lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are known to be widely distributed among filamentous fungi and participate in the degradation of lignocellulose via the oxidative cleavage of celluloses, cello-oligosaccharides, or hemicelluloses. AA9 LPMOs have been reported to have extensive interactions with not only cellulases but also oxidases. The addition of AA9 LPMOs can greatly reduce the amount of cellulase needed for saccharification and increase the yield of glucose. The discovery of AA9 LPMOs has greatly changed our understanding of how fungi degrade cellulose. In this review, apart from summarizing the recent discoveries related to their catalytic reaction, functional diversity, and practical applications, the stability, expression system, and protein engineering of AA9 LPMOs are reviewed for the first time. This review may provide a reference value to further broaden the substrate range of AA9 LPMOs, expand the scope of their practical applications, and realize their customization for industrial utilization.Key Points• The stability and expression system of AA9 LPMOs are reviewed for the first time.• The protein engineering of AA9 LPMOs is systematically summarized for the first time.• The latest research results on the catalytic mechanism of AA9 LPMOs are summarized.• The application of AA9 LPMOs and their relationship with other enzymes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Department of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, No. 278 Xueyuannan Road, Huainan, 232038, China.
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