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Salleh KM, Zakaria S, Zainul Armir NA, Khairunnisa-Atiqah MK, Wang B. Electrovalent effects of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose on regeneration of empty fruit bunch cellulose to a superabsorbent hydrogel. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134816. [PMID: 39154673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The hydrogel regeneration process, involving various cellulose types, results in distinct chemical bonding patterns. Even minor variations in chemical interactions among polymers during regeneration significantly impact properties like hydrogel-forming ability, hydrophilicity, and swelling capacity. This study focuses on regenerating a superabsorbent hydrogel from the interplay of native empty fruit bunch cellulose (EFBC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) using epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a crosslinker. The hydrogel was formed from dissolved EFBC solutions in an aqueous NaOH/urea solvent, supplemented with different NaCMC and HEC weight ratios, and ECH chemically assisted the crosslinking process. EFBC provides the hydrogel's supporting skeletal structure, while NaCMC and HEC play vital roles in enhancing forming ability and its physical and mechanical properties through diverse chemical interactions based on their electrovalent properties. Notably, NaCMC imparts hydrophilicity, while HEC indirectly improves superabsorbent properties through the enhancement of the elastic network's retraction force. Hydrogels combining NaCMC and HEC show a remarkable water absorption capacity exceeding 30,000 %, surpassing those regenerated solely with EFBC and NaCMC. The highest swelling, over 130,000 %, is achieved with 0.75 % NaCMC and 0.25 % HEC. Regarding thermal stability, hydrogels with a higher NaCMC proportion outperform those with increased HEC content. The study highlights the critical role of tailored chemical interactions in successfully regenerating an improved superabsorbent hydrogel with enhanced water absorption properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushairi Mohd Salleh
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Sarani Zakaria
- Bioresource and Biorefinery Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Amira Zainul Armir
- Bioresource and Biorefinery Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Khalid Khairunnisa-Atiqah
- Bioresource and Biorefinery Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Beibei Wang
- Art and Design Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Yu K, Yang L, Zhang N, Wang S, Liu H. Development of nanocellulose hydrogels for application in the food and biomedical industries: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132668. [PMID: 38821305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
As the most abundant and renewable natural resource, cellulose has attracted significant attention and research interest for the production of hydrogels (HGs). To address environmental issues and emerging demands, the benefits of naturally produced HGs include excellent mechanical properties and superior biocompatibility. HGs are three-dimensional networks created by chemical or physical cross-linking of linear or branched hydrophilic polymers and have high capacity for absorption of water and biological fluids. Although widely used in the food and biomedical fields, most HGs are not biodegradable. Nanocellulose hydrogels (NC-HGs) have been extensively applied in the food industry for detection of freshness, chemical additives, and substitutes, as well as the biomedical field for use as bioengineering scaffolds and drug delivery systems owing to structural interchangeability and stimuli-responsive properties. In this review article, the sources, structures, and preparation methods of NC-HGs are described, applications in the food and biomedical industries are summarized, and current limitations and future trends are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejin Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China; Institute of Ocean Research, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
| | - Lina Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China; Institute of Ocean Research, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China; Institute of Ocean Research, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China; Institute of Ocean Research, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
| | - He Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China; Institute of Ocean Research, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China
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3
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Cellulose hydrogel development from unbleached oil palm biomass pulps for dermal drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:483-495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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4
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Drying Regimes on Regenerated Cellulose Films Characteristics and Properties. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050445. [PMID: 35629771 PMCID: PMC9145432 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abundant water content and its interaction with cellulose macromolecules through hydrogen bonding engenders a complex drying process, the circumstances of which have not yet been unveiled. For instance, excessive drying on regenerated cellulose membranes (RCM) causes cracking and severe shrinking, affecting the produced regenerated cellulose film (RCF). Thus, mathematical models in estimating the drying kinetics and required energy to dry RCM are necessary. This study evaluated two drying techniques of oven drying and infrared (IR) drying on RCM at different temperatures of 50–80 °C. Five mathematical models were used, namely Newton, Page, Handreson–Pabis, logarithmic, and Wang–Singh, to adjust the obtained experimental data and were statistically validated using ANOVA to review their effect on the quality of the produced RCF. A logarithmic model and a Wang–Singh model were the best models for oven drying and IR drying of RCM, respectively. It was found that the physical property of the RCF was similar to all drying types. Meanwhile, for mechanical properties, the high temperature of oven drying affected the tensile properties of RCF compared with IR drying. This study is beneficial by approximating the drying kinetics of RCM and defining appropriate drying conditions, which controls the quality of its predictive physical and mechanical properties.
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Khairunnisa-Atiqah MK, Salleh KM, Ainul Hafiza AH, Nyak Mazlan NS, Mostapha M, Zakaria S. Impact of Drying Regimes and Different Coating Layers on Carboxymethyl Cellulose Cross-Linked with Citric Acid on Cotton Thread Fibers for Wound Dressing Modification. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061217. [PMID: 35335548 PMCID: PMC8949679 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The oldest preservation techniques used are drying techniques, which are employed to remove moisture and prevent microorganisms’ growths, prolonging a material’s shelf life. This study evaluates the effects of drying methods on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) + citric acid (CA) coating layers on cotton threads. For this reason, cotton threads were washed and then coated with different layers of CMC cross-linked with CA, followed by drying using an oven (OD), infrared (IR), and a combination of oven + IR (OIR) drying methods at 65 °C. Our investigations revealed that CMC + CA yields a pliable biopolymer. The differences in drying regimes and coating layers of CMC + CA have a significant effect on the coated cotton thread strength and absorption capability. The study concluded that the IR drying regime is more effective to dry a single-layered cotton thread with a single layer of CMC + CA coating to enhance desirable properties for wound dressing modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Khalid Khairunnisa-Atiqah
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.K.K.-A.); (A.H.A.H.); (N.S.N.M.)
| | - Kushairi Mohd Salleh
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.K.K.-A.); (A.H.A.H.); (N.S.N.M.)
- Correspondence: authors: (K.M.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - A. H. Ainul Hafiza
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.K.K.-A.); (A.H.A.H.); (N.S.N.M.)
- Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, Dengkil 43800, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nyak Syazwani Nyak Mazlan
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.K.K.-A.); (A.H.A.H.); (N.S.N.M.)
| | - Marhaini Mostapha
- Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Sarani Zakaria
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.K.K.-A.); (A.H.A.H.); (N.S.N.M.)
- Correspondence: authors: (K.M.S.); (S.Z.)
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Wong LC, Leh CP, Goh CF. Designing cellulose hydrogels from non-woody biomass. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 264:118036. [PMID: 33910744 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are an attractive system for a myriad of applications. While most hydrogels are usually formed from synthetic materials, lignocellulosic biomass appears as a sustainable alternative for hydrogel development. The valorization of biomass, especially the non-woody biomass to meet the growing demand of the substitution of synthetics and to leverage its benefits for cellulose hydrogel fabrication is attractive. This review aims to present an overview of advances in hydrogel development from non-woody biomass, especially using native cellulose. The review will cover the overall process from cellulose depolymerization, dissolution to crosslinking reaction and the related mechanisms where known. Hydrogel design is heavily affected by the cellulose solubility, crosslinking method and the related processing conditions apart from biomass type and cellulose purity. Hence, the important parameters for rational designs of hydrogels with desired properties, particularly porosity, transparency and swelling characteristics will be discussed. Current challenges and future perspectives will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ching Wong
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Cheu Peng Leh
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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Evyan CY, Salleh KM, Chong MY, Chia CH, Zakaria S. Effect of dimensionality of
nanosized TiO
2
embedded
in regenerated cellulose beads
as a
portable catalyst for reusable decomposition system. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Yan Yang Evyan
- School of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Technology Nilai University Nilai Malaysia
| | - Kushairi Mohd Salleh
- Bioresource & Biorefinery Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology University Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Malaysia
| | - Mee Yoke Chong
- Centre for American Education INTI International University Nilai Malaysia
| | - Chin Hua Chia
- Bioresource & Biorefinery Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology University Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Malaysia
| | - Sarani Zakaria
- Bioresource & Biorefinery Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology University Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Malaysia
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De Wever P, de Oliveira-Silva R, Marreiros J, Ameloot R, Sakellariou D, Fardim P. Topochemical Engineering of Cellulose-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Beads: A Low-Field NMR Relaxometry Study. Molecules 2020; 26:E14. [PMID: 33375128 PMCID: PMC7792948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for more ecological, highly engineered hydrogel beads is driven by a multitude of applications such as enzyme immobilization, tissue engineering and superabsorbent materials. Despite great interest in hydrogel fabrication and utilization, the interaction of hydrogels with water is not fully understood. In this work, NMR relaxometry experiments were performed to study bead-water interactions, by probing the changes in bead morphology and surface energy resulting from the incorporation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) into a cellulose matrix. The results show that CMC improves the swelling capacity of the beads, from 1.99 to 17.49, for pure cellulose beads and beads prepared with 30% CMC, respectively. Changes in water mobility and interaction energy were evaluated by NMR relaxometry. Our findings indicate a 2-fold effect arising from the CMC incorporation: bead/water interactions were enhanced by the addition of CMC, with minor additions having a greater effect on the surface energy parameter. At the same time, bead swelling was recorded, leading to a reduction in surface-bound water, enhancing water mobility inside the hydrogels. These findings suggest that topochemical engineering by adjusting the carboxymethyl cellulose content allows the tuning of water mobility and porosity in hybrid beads and potentially opens up new areas of application for this biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter De Wever
- Bio- & Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety Section, Department of Chemical engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, P.O. Box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Rodrigo de Oliveira-Silva
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Celestijnenlaan 200f, P.O. Box 2454, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.d.O.-S.); (J.M.); (R.A.); (D.S.)
| | - João Marreiros
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Celestijnenlaan 200f, P.O. Box 2454, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.d.O.-S.); (J.M.); (R.A.); (D.S.)
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Celestijnenlaan 200f, P.O. Box 2454, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.d.O.-S.); (J.M.); (R.A.); (D.S.)
| | - Dimitrios Sakellariou
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Celestijnenlaan 200f, P.O. Box 2454, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.d.O.-S.); (J.M.); (R.A.); (D.S.)
| | - Pedro Fardim
- Bio- & Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety Section, Department of Chemical engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, P.O. Box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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Gan S, Zakaria S, Salleh KM, Anuar NIS, Moosavi S, Chen RS. An improved physico-mechanical performance of macropores membrane made from synthesized cellulose carbamate. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:552-561. [PMID: 32335111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Under hydrothermal condition, kenaf cellulose carbamate (KCC) was synthesized using urea and kenaf core pulp (KCP) without catalyst and organic solvent. The KCC was prepared with various urea/KCP ratios (2:1, to 4:1 and 6:1) with the aid of autoclave and oil bath, whereas the regenerated KCC membranes were formed via solution casting method. The physical and thermal properties of KCC were studied. The urea/KCP ratio used in preparing KCC corresponds with the nitrogen percentage obtained in KCC. The formation of the regenerated KCC membranes could be confirmed by the existence of cellulose II through X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. As examined by Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), the regenerated KCC membranes possessed the greater pore size structures at higher urea concentration. Mechanical results showed the tensile strength and modulus of regenerated KCC membranes have improved up to 43.4% and 76.9%, respectively, as compared to native KCP membrane. It can be concluded from the findings that synthesizing KCC and its membranes with improved mechanical properties has broad prospects for potential industrial applications such as biomembranes and packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinyee Gan
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Research Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sarani Zakaria
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Research Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kushairi Mohd Salleh
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Research Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - Seyedehmaryam Moosavi
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (Nanocat), Institute of Postgraduate Studies (IPS), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ruey Shan Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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