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Yang M, Chen Y, Sun H, Li D, Li Y. A Simple Sandwich Electrochemical Immunosensor for Rapid Detection of the Alzheimer's Disease Biomarker Tau Protein. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:279. [PMID: 38920583 PMCID: PMC11202154 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
As a typical biomarker of Alzheimer's disease, rapid and specific detection of tau protein can help improve the early diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. In this study, a simple sandwich electrochemical immunosensor was developed for rapid detection of tau protein. Primary monoclonal antibodies (mAb1) against the middle domain of tau protein (amino acids 189-195) were immobilized on the gold electrode surface through a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 3,3'-dithiobis (sulfosuccinimidyl propionate) (DTSSP). Then the tau protein was captured through the specific adsorption between the antigen and the antibody, resulting in a change in the impedance. Secondary monoclonal antibodies (mAb2) against the N-terminal region of tau protein were used for further amplification of the binding reaction between mAb1 and tau protein. A linear correlation between the total change in impedance and the logarithm of tau concentration was found from 2 × 10-6 mg mL-1 to 2 × 10-3 mg mL-1, with a detection limit as low as 1 × 10-6 mg mL-1. No significant interference was observed from human serum albumin. Furthermore, the fabricated sandwich immunosensor successfully detected target tau protein in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) samples, indicating good potential for clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Yang
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, College of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (M.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Yihong Chen
- Zhejiang College of Construction, Hangzhou 311231, China;
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, College of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (M.Y.); (H.S.)
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dujuan Li
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, College of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (M.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Yanbin Li
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
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2
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Maru K, Singh A, Jangir R, Jangir KK. Amyloid detection in neurodegenerative diseases using MOFs. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4553-4573. [PMID: 38646795 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00373j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's), stemming from protein misfolding and aggregation, encompass a spectrum of disorders with severe systemic implications. Timely detection is pivotal in managing these diseases owing to their significant impact on organ function and high mortality rates. The diverse array of amyloid disorders, spanning localized and systemic manifestations, underscores the complexity of these conditions and highlights the need for advanced detection methods. Traditional approaches have focused on identifying biomarkers using imaging techniques (PET and MRI) or invasive procedures. However, recent efforts have focused on the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a versatile class of materials known for their unique properties, in revolutionizing amyloid disease detection. The high porosity, customizable structures, and biocompatibility of MOFs enable their integration with biomolecules, laying the groundwork for highly sensitive and specific biosensors. These sensors have been employed using electrochemical and photophysical techniques that target amyloid species under neurodegenerative conditions. The adaptability of MOFs allows for the precise detection and quantification of amyloid proteins, offering potential advancements in early diagnosis and disease management. This review article delves into how MOFs contribute to detecting amyloid diseases by categorizing their uses based on different sensing methods, such as electrochemical (EC), electrochemiluminescence (ECL), fluorescence, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), up-conversion luminescence resonance energy transfer (ULRET), and photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing. The drawbacks of MOF biosensors and the challenges encountered in the field are also briefly explored from our perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan Maru
- Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Ichchanath, Surat-395 007, Gujarat, India.
| | - Amarendra Singh
- Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Ichchanath, Surat-395 007, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ritambhara Jangir
- Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Ichchanath, Surat-395 007, Gujarat, India.
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3
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Ansari MA, Tripathi T, Venkidasamy B, Monziani A, Rajakumar G, Alomary MN, Alyahya SA, Onimus O, D'souza N, Barkat MA, Al-Suhaimi EA, Samynathan R, Thiruvengadam M. Multifunctional Nanocarriers for Alzheimer's Disease: Befriending the Barriers. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3042-3089. [PMID: 37966683 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) have been increasing in incidence in recent years and are now widespread worldwide. Neuronal death is defined as the progressive loss of neuronal structure or function which is closely associated with NDDs and represents the intrinsic features of such disorders. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases (AD, PD, and HD, respectively) are considered neurodegenerative diseases that affect a large number of people worldwide. Despite the testing of various drugs, there is currently no available therapy that can remedy or effectively slow the progression of these diseases. Nanomedicine has the potential to revolutionize drug delivery for the management of NDDs. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) has recently been developed to improve drug delivery efficiency and is currently subjected to extensive studies. Nanoengineered particles, known as nanodrugs, can cross the blood-brain barrier while also being less invasive compared to the most treatment strategies in use. Polymeric, magnetic, carbonic, and inorganic NPs are examples of NPs that have been developed to improve drug delivery efficiency. Primary research studies using NPs to cure AD are promising, but thorough research is needed to introduce these approaches to clinical use. In the present review, we discussed the role of metal-based NPs, polymeric nanogels, nanocarrier systems such as liposomes, solid lipid NPs, polymeric NPs, exosomes, quantum dots, dendrimers, polymersomes, carbon nanotubes, and nanofibers and surfactant-based systems for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we highlighted nanoformulations such as N-butyl cyanoacrylate, poly(butyl cyanoacrylate), D-penicillamine, citrate-coated peptide, magnetic iron oxide, chitosan (CS), lipoprotein, ceria, silica, metallic nanoparticles, cholinesterase inhibitors, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, metal chelators, anti-amyloid, protein, and peptide-loaded NPs for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takshashila Tripathi
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alan Monziani
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Govindasamy Rajakumar
- Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad N Alomary
- Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutic Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Alyahya
- Wellness and Preventive Medicine Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oriane Onimus
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Naomi D'souza
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Md Abul Barkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtesam A Al-Suhaimi
- Research Consultation Department, Vice Presidency for Scientific Research and Innovation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramkumar Samynathan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Chudzik A, Śledzianowski A, Przybyszewski AW. Machine Learning and Digital Biomarkers Can Detect Early Stages of Neurodegenerative Diseases. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1572. [PMID: 38475108 DOI: 10.3390/s24051572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) are devastating conditions that can develop without noticeable symptoms, causing irreversible damage to neurons before any signs become clinically evident. NDs are a major cause of disability and mortality worldwide. Currently, there are no cures or treatments to halt their progression. Therefore, the development of early detection methods is urgently needed to delay neuronal loss as soon as possible. Despite advancements in Medtech, the early diagnosis of NDs remains a challenge at the intersection of medical, IT, and regulatory fields. Thus, this review explores "digital biomarkers" (tools designed for remote neurocognitive data collection and AI analysis) as a potential solution. The review summarizes that recent studies combining AI with digital biomarkers suggest the possibility of identifying pre-symptomatic indicators of NDs. For instance, research utilizing convolutional neural networks for eye tracking has achieved significant diagnostic accuracies. ROC-AUC scores reached up to 0.88, indicating high model performance in differentiating between PD patients and healthy controls. Similarly, advancements in facial expression analysis through tools have demonstrated significant potential in detecting emotional changes in ND patients, with some models reaching an accuracy of 0.89 and a precision of 0.85. This review follows a structured approach to article selection, starting with a comprehensive database search and culminating in a rigorous quality assessment and meaning for NDs of the different methods. The process is visualized in 10 tables with 54 parameters describing different approaches and their consequences for understanding various mechanisms in ND changes. However, these methods also face challenges related to data accuracy and privacy concerns. To address these issues, this review proposes strategies that emphasize the need for rigorous validation and rapid integration into clinical practice. Such integration could transform ND diagnostics, making early detection tools more cost-effective and globally accessible. In conclusion, this review underscores the urgent need to incorporate validated digital health tools into mainstream medical practice. This integration could indicate a new era in the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, potentially altering the trajectory of these conditions for millions worldwide. Thus, by highlighting specific and statistically significant findings, this review demonstrates the current progress in this field and the potential impact of these advancements on the global management of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Chudzik
- Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, Faculty of Computer Science, 86 Koszykowa Street, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Albert Śledzianowski
- Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, Faculty of Computer Science, 86 Koszykowa Street, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej W Przybyszewski
- Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, Faculty of Computer Science, 86 Koszykowa Street, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
- UMass Chan Medical School, Department of Neurology, 65 Lake Avenue, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Song Y, Song JY, Shim JE, Kim DH, Na HK, You EA, Ha YG. Highly Effective and Efficient Self-Assembled Multilayer-Based Electrode Passivation for Operationally Stable and Reproducible Electrolyte-Gated Transistor Biosensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46527-46537. [PMID: 37713500 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
To ensure the operational stability of transistor-based biosensors in aqueous electrolytes during multiple measurements, effective electrode passivation is crucially important for reliable and reproducible device performances. This paper presents a highly effective and efficient electrode passivation method using a facile solution-processed self-assembled multilayer (SAML) with excellent insulation property to achieve operational stability and reproducibility of electrolyte-gated transistor (EGT) biosensors. The SAML is created by the consecutive self-assembly of three different molecular layers of 1,10-decanedithiol, vinyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, and 1-octadecanethiol. This passivation enables EGT to operate stably in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) during repeated measurements over multiple cycles without short-circuiting. The SAML-passivated EGT biosensor is fabricated with a solution-processed In2O3 thin film as an amorphous oxide semiconductor working both as a semiconducting channel in the transistor and as a functionalizable biological interface for a bioreceptor. The SAML-passivated EGT including In2O3 thin film is demonstrated for the detection of Tau protein as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease while employing a Tau-specific DNA aptamer as a bioreceptor and a PBS solution with a low ionic strength to diminish the charge-screening (Debye length) effect. The SAML-passivated EGT biosensor functionalized with the Tau-specific DNA aptamer exhibits ultrasensitive, quantitative, and reliable detection of Tau protein from 1 × 10-15 to 1 × 10-10 M, covering a much larger range than clinical needs, via changes in different transistor parameters. Therefore, the SAML-based passivation method can be effectively and efficiently utilized for operationally stable and reproducible transistor-based biosensors. Furthermore, this presented strategy can be extensively adapted for advanced biomedical devices and bioelectronics in aqueous or physiological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Yu Song
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eul Shim
- Nanobiosensor Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyung Kim
- Nanobiosensor Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Na
- Bioimaging Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ah You
- Nanobiosensor Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Geun Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
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6
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Chakari-Khiavi F, Mirzaie A, Khalilzadeh B, Yousefi H, Abolhasan R, Kamrani A, Pourakbari R, Shahpasand K, Yousefi M, Rashidi MR. Application of Pt@ZIF-8 nanocomposite-based electrochemical biosensor for sensitive diagnosis of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16163. [PMID: 37758805 PMCID: PMC10533502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder characterized by the ongoing decline of brain functions. Studies have revealed the detrimental effects of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein fibrils in AD pathogenesis, highlighting the importance of this factor in the early-stage detection of AD conditions. We designed an electrochemical immunosensor for quantitative detection of the cis conformation of the p-tau protein (cis-p-tau) employing platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) supported on zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF) for modifying the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. Under optimum conditions, the immunosensor selectively and sensitively detected cis-p-tau within the broad linear range of 1 fg mL-1 to 10 ng mL-1 and the low limit of detection (LOD) of 1 fg mL-1 with desired reproducibility and stability. Furthermore, the fabricated immunosensor's performance was examined for the cis-p-tau analysis in the serum of AD patients, indicating its accuracy and feasibility for real-sample analysis. Notably, this is the first application of Pt@ZIF-8 nanocomposite in fabricating a valid immunosensor for selective cis-p-tau detection, even in the presence of trans-p-tau. It is worth mentioning that the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reference technique is not able to evaluate pico- or femtomolar concentrations of cis-p-tau, making the fabricated immunosensor superior for early-stage measurement and screening of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Chakari-Khiavi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 6446-14155, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Mirzaie
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Balal Khalilzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664-14766, Iran.
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hadi Yousefi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Rozita Abolhasan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Kamrani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Pourakbari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Koorosh Shahpasand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, 1665659911, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664-14766, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Rashidi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 6446-14155, Tabriz, Iran.
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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7
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Tu Y, Wu J, Chai K, Hu X, Hu Y, Shi S, Yao T. A turn-on unlabeled colorimetric biosensor based on aptamer-AuNPs conjugates for amyloid-β oligomer detection. Talanta 2023; 260:124649. [PMID: 37167677 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β oligomers (AβO) have been identified as core biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). For the first time, a "turn-on" unlabeled colorimetric aptasensor based on aptamer-polythymine (polyT)-polyadenine (polyA)-gold nanoparticles (pA-pT-apt@AuNPs) was developed for highly sensitive and specific detection of amyloid-β1-40 oligomers (Aβ40-O). In this system, polyA sequence could preferentially anchor onto AuNPs surface as well as reduce the non-specific adsorption, and the aptamer could form upright conformation for the specific recognition of Aβ40-O. The aggregation of pA-pT-apt@AuNPs was induced by MgCl2. However, the addition of Aβ40-O enabled the aptamer fold adaptively upon recognition and aptamer-Aβ40-O complex formed surrounding AuNPs, effectively stabilizing pA-pT-apt@AuNPs against salt-induced aggregation, therefore the color of pA-pT-apt@AuNPs solution still retained red. Based on this principle, the proposed aptasensor exhibited high sensitivity with the limit of detection of 3.03 nM and a linear detectable range from 10.00 nM to 100.0 nM. The superb sensitivity was achieved via the optimization of the length of polyA and polyT spacer. This pA-pT-apt@AuNPs based colorimetric aptasensor provides a rapid, cost-effective, highly sensitive detection method for Aβ40-O, which is valuable for the early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping R.d., Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Junjie Wu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping R.d., Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Keke Chai
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping R.d., Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Hu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping R.d., Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yuan Hu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping R.d., Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Shuo Shi
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping R.d., Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Tianming Yao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping R.d., Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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8
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Peng L, Li P, Chen J, Deng A, Li J. Recent progress in assembly strategies of nanomaterials-based ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensors for food safety and disease diagnosis. Talanta 2023; 253:123906. [PMID: 36122432 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based biosensors have received considerable attention in food contaminants and disease diagnosis, due to their fascinating advantages such as low cost, fast analysis speed, wide linear range, high sensitivity, and excellent anti-interference ability. Meanwhile, with the vigorous development and improvement of nanotechnology, biosensor assembly strategies tend to diversify and be multifunctional. This review focuses on the representative ECL biosensors in food safety and disease diagnosis reported by our research group and other research groups based on nanomaterials assembly strategies in recent years. According to the different roles of nanomaterials played in the constitution of ECL biosensors, nanomaterials would be divided into the following two categories to be summarized: (1) Nanomaterials for signal amplification. (2) Nanomaterials as ECL emitters. Finally, this review prospects the perspectives on the future development direction of ECL biosensor in food safety and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jia Chen
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Anping Deng
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Jianguo Li
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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9
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Ranjan P, Khan R. Electrochemical Immunosensor for Early Detection of β-Amyloid Alzheimer's Disease Biomarker Based on Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Gold Nanocomposites. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12111059. [PMID: 36421177 PMCID: PMC9688776 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (βA) peptides accompanying the physiological change in brain induce Alzheimer's disease. In this work, a highly sensitive electrochemical (EC) immunosensor platform has been developed for the quantitative detection of βA peptides, using the gold nanoparticle functionalized chitosan-aligned carbon nanotube (CS-aCNT-Au) nanocomposites on glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). The immunosensor has been fabricated by immobilization of the anti-βA antibody upon CS-aCNT-Au/GCE. In the CS-aCNT nanocomposite, CS has high biocompatibility. Hydroxy and amine functionalities favor the antibody immobilization and prevent the leaching of nanocomposites of the modified electrode due to the adhesive environment. Moreover, aCNT offers high conductivity, stability, and a large surface area (the calculated effective surface area of the CS-aCNT/GCE is 8.594 × 10-2 cm2). However, the incorporation of AuNPs further enhances the conductivity of the CS-aCNT-Au nanocomposite based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) results, and also improves the effective surface area (9.735 × 10-2 cm2). The surface morphology and electrochemical studies of the nanocomposite, as well as its modifications by the anti-βA antibody and BSA, were carried out through field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and DPV. The quantitative immunosensing of the βA in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution is accomplished via DPV, which reveals that the immunosensor has a high sensitivity of 157.60 µA pg-1 mL cm-2 and a broad detection range of 10.0 pg mL-1-100.0 µg mL-1, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.87 pg mL-1. Subsequently, we detected the spiked βA in diluted serum with a linear detection range of 10.0 pg mL-1-1.0 ng mL-1 and LOD of 0.95 pg mL-1. Moreover, a selectivity study exhibited a high affinity of immunosensors towards βA. Thus, we propose that this highly efficient immunosensor can potentially be applied for the point-of-care (POC) sensing of βA in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpesh Ranjan
- CSIR—Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Raju Khan
- CSIR—Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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10
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Navay Baghban H, Hasanzadeh M, Liu Y, Seidi F. Efficient Entrapment of Alpha-Synuclein Biotinylated Antibody in KCC-1-NH-CS 2 and Application for the Sensitive Diagnosis of Parkinson's Using Recognition of Biomarker: An Innovative Electrochemical Label-Free Immunosensor for the Biomedical Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:911. [PMID: 36291047 PMCID: PMC9599316 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The early detection of Parkinson's disease (PD) is a critical issue in terms of efficiency. Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a biomarker in PD checks. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is the major constituent of Lewy bodies and a pathogenic hallmark of all synucleinopathies, including PDs, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. In this study, KCC-1-NH-CS2 was conjugated with biotinylated Ab and entrapped in P(β-CD) polymer cavities. Using this approach, a novel electrochemical label-free immunosensor was designed for the quantification of α-syn in real human samples. For this purpose, the glassy carbon electrode electropolymerized with P(β-CD) biopolymer provided an excellent matrix for entrapping of KCC-1-NH-CS2 loaded with the biotinylated antibody of α-syn. Using the chronoamperometric technique, the proposed immunosensor shows a suitable range of 0.02 to 64 ng/mL for the determination of α-syn. Additionally, a low limit of quantification of the engineered biosensor was obtained at 0.02 ng/mL. The developed immunosensor's adequate stability, sensitivity, and selectivity, together with its ease of manufacture, make it a promising diagnostic technique for further research. This study also will pave the way for further applications of the synergetic effect of β-CD and KCC-1-NH-CS2 for biomedical analysis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Navay Baghban
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasanzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran
| | - Yuqian Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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11
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Monteiro JC, Yokomichi ALY, de Carvalho Bovolato AL, Schelp AO, Ribeiro SJL, Deffune E, Moraes MLD. Alzheimer's disease diagnosis based on detection of autoantibodies against Aβ using Aβ40 peptide in liposomes. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:223-229. [PMID: 35447142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.04.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and affect more than 50 million people worldwide. Thus, there is a high demand by non-invasive methods for an early diagnosis. This work explores the AD diagnostic using the amyloid beta 1-40 (Aβ40) peptide encapsulated into dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG) liposomes and immobilized on polyethylene imine previously deposited on screen-printed carbon electrodes to detect autoantibodies against Aβ40, a potential biomarker found in plasma samples. METHODS The immunosensor assembly was accompanied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) images that showed globular aggregates from 20 to 200 nm corresponding liposomes and by cyclic voltammetry (CV) through increase of the voltammogram area each material deposited. After building the immunosensor, when it was exposed to antibody anti-Aβ40, there was an increase in film roughness of approximately 9 nm, indicating the formation of the immunocomplex. RESULTS In the detection by CV, the presence of specific antibody, in the range of 0.1 to 10 μg/ml, resulted in an increase in the voltammograms area and current in 0.45 V reaching 3.2 µA.V and 5.7 μA, respectively, in comparison with the control system, which remained almost unchanged from 0.1 μg/ml. In patient samples, both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, was possible separated among positive and negative samples for AD using CV profile and area, with a difference of 0.1 μA.V from the upper error bar of healthy samples for CSF sample and 0.6 μA.V for plasma sample. CONCLUSIONS These results showed the feasibility of the method employed for the non-invasive diagnostic of Alzheimer's disease detecting natural autoantibodies that circulate in plasma through a simple and easy-to-interpret method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Monteiro
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna Laura Yuri Yokomichi
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Arthur Oscar Schelp
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Hemocentro de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Elenice Deffune
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Hemocentro de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marli Leite de Moraes
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Thakur N, Gupta D, Mandal D, Nagaiah TC. Ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors for dopamine and cholesterol: recent advances, challenges and strategies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13084-13113. [PMID: 34811563 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05271c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and accurate determination of the dopamine (neurotransmitter) and cholesterol level in bio-fluids is significant because they are crucial bioanalytes for several lethal diseases, which require early diagnosis. The level of DA in the brain is modulated by the dopamine active transporter (DAT), and is influenced by cholesterol levels in the lipid membrane environment. Accordingly, electrochemical biosensors offer rapid and accurate detection and exhibit unique features such as low detection limits even with reduced volumes of analyte, affordability, simple handling, portability and versatility, making them appropriate to deal with augmented challenges in current clinical and point-of-care diagnostics for the determination of dopamine (DA) and cholesterol. This feature article focuses on the development of ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors for the detection of cholesterol and DA for real-time and onsite applications that can detect targeted analytes with reduced volumes and sub-picomolar concentrations with quick response times. Furthermore, the development of ultrasensitive biosensors via cost-effective, simple fabrication procedures, displaying high sensitivity, selectivity, reliability and good stability is significant in the impending era of electrochemical biosensing. Herein, we emphasize on recent advanced nanomaterials used for the ultrasensitive detection of DA and cholesterol and discuss in depth their electrochemical activities towards ultrasensitive responses. Key points describing future perspectives and the challenges during detection with their probable solutions are discussed, and the current market is also surveyed. Further, a comprehensive review of the literature indicates that there is room for improvement in the miniaturization of cholesterol and dopamine biosensors for lab-on-chip devices and overcoming the current technical limitations to facilitate full utilization by patients at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Divyani Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Debaprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Tharamani C Nagaiah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
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13
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Biosensors in Parkinson's disease. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 518:51-58. [PMID: 33753044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most critical disorders of the elderly and strongly associated with increased disability, and reduced quality of life. PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting more than six million people worldwide. Evaluation of clinical manifestations, as well as movement disorders by a neurologist and some routine laboratory tests are the most important diagnostic methods for PD. However, routine and old methods have several disadvantages and limitations such as low sensitivity and selectivity, high cost, and need for advanced equipment. Biosensors technology opens up new diagnoses approach for PD with the use of a new platform that allows reliable, repeatable, and multidimensional identification to be made with minimal problem and discomfort for patients. For instance, biosensing systems can provide promising tools for PD treatment and monitoring. Amongst biosensor technology, electrochemical techniques have been at the frontline of this progress, thanks to the developments in material science, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), quantum dots (QDs), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This paper evaluates the latest progress in electrochemical and optical biosensors for PD diagnosis.
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14
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Karki HP, Jang Y, Jung J, Oh J. Advances in the development paradigm of biosample-based biosensors for early ultrasensitive detection of alzheimer's disease. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:72. [PMID: 33750392 PMCID: PMC7945670 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights current developments, challenges, and future directions for the use of invasive and noninvasive biosample-based small biosensors for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with biomarkers to incite a conceptual idea from a broad number of readers in this field. We provide the most promising concept about biosensors on the basis of detection scale (from femto to micro) using invasive and noninvasive biosamples such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, urine, sweat, and tear. It also summarizes sensor types and detailed analyzing techniques for ultrasensitive detection of multiple target biomarkers (i.e., amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, tau protein, Acetylcholine (Ach), microRNA137, etc.) of AD in terms of detection ranges and limit of detections (LODs). As the most significant disadvantage of CSF and blood-based detection of AD is associated with the invasiveness of sample collection which limits future strategy with home-based early screening of AD, we extensively reviewed the future trend of new noninvasive detection techniques (such as optical screening and bio-imaging process). To overcome the limitation of non-invasive biosamples with low concentrations of AD biomarkers, current efforts to enhance the sensitivity of biosensors and discover new types of biomarkers using non-invasive body fluids are presented. We also introduced future trends facing an infection point in early diagnosis of AD with simultaneous emergence of addressable innovative technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Prakash Karki
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Yeongseok Jang
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Jinmu Jung
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
- Department of Nano-bio Mechanical System Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
| | - Jonghyun Oh
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
- Department of Nano-bio Mechanical System Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
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15
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Mora AK, Murudkar S, Shivran N, Mula S, Chattopadhyay S, Nath S. Monitoring the formation of insulin oligomers using a NIR emitting glucose-conjugated BODIPY dye. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1121-1130. [PMID: 33159943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein oligomers, which are formed due to the aggregation of protein molecules under physiological stress, are neurotoxic and responsible for several neurological diseases. Early detection of protein oligomers is essential for the timely intervention in the associated diseases. Although several probes have been developed for the detection of insoluble matured protein fibrils, fluorescent probes with emission in the near infrared (NIR) region for probing protein oligomers are very rare. In the present study we have designed and synthesized a glucose-conjugated BODIPY dye with emission in the NIR spectral range. Our detailed studies show that the new probe is not only capable of detecting matured fibrils but can also probe the formation of oligomers from the native protein. The new probe shows a large increase in its emission intensity upon association with oligomers and matured fibrils. Hence, the present probe has a great potential for the in vivo imaging of protein oligomers and matured fibrils. Detailed spectroscopic properties of the new probes in molecular solvents have been performed to understand its oligomers- and fibril- sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna K Mora
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Sushant Murudkar
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Neelam Shivran
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Soumyaditya Mula
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | | | - Sukhendu Nath
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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16
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Bălașa AF, Chircov C, Grumezescu AM. Body Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease-An Up-To-Date Overview. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E421. [PMID: 33076333 PMCID: PMC7602623 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a highly complex process which is associated with a variety of molecular mechanisms related to ageing. Among neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common, affecting more than 45 million individuals. The underlying mechanisms involve amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) deposition, which will subsequently lead to oxidative stress, chronic neuroinflammation, neuron dysfunction, and neurodegeneration. The current diagnosis methods are still limited in regard to the possibility of the accurate and early detection of the diseases. Therefore, research has shifted towards the identification of novel biomarkers and matrices as biomarker sources, beyond amyloid-β and tau protein levels within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that could improve AD diagnosis. In this context, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of both conventional and novel biomarkers for AD found within body fluids, including CSF, blood, saliva, urine, tears, and olfactory fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Florian Bălașa
- Târgu Mures, Emergency Clinical Hospital, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, RO-540142 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Cristina Chircov
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, RO-060042 Bucharest, Romania;
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17
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Mocanu CS, Jureschi M, Drochioiu G. Aluminium Binding to Modified Amyloid-β Peptides: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194536. [PMID: 33022965 PMCID: PMC7582331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is clearly neurotoxic and considerable evidence exists that Al may play a role in the aetiology or pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nevertheless, the link between AD pathology and Al is still open to debate. Therefore, we investigated here the interaction of aluminium ions with two Aβ peptide fragments and their analogues. First, we synthesised by the Fmoc/tBu solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) strategy using an automated peptide synthesiser two new peptides starting from the Aβ(1–16) native peptide fragment. For this purpose, the three histidine residues (H6, H13, and H14) of the Aβ(1–16) peptide were replaced by three alanine and three serine residues to form the modified peptides Aβ(1–16)A36,13,14 and Aβ(1–16)S36,13,14 (primary structures: H-1DAEFRADSGYEVAAQK16-NH2 and H-1DAEFRSDSGYEVSSQK16-NH2). In addition, the Aβ(9–16) peptide fragment (H-9GYEVHHQK16-NH2) and its glycine analogues, namely Aβ(9–16)G110, (H-9GGEVHHQK16-NH2), Aβ(9–16)G213,14 (H-9GYEVGGQK16-NH2), and Aβ(9–16)G310,13,14 (H-9GGEVGGQK16-NH2), were manually synthesised in order to study Al binding to more specific amino acid residues. Both the peptides and the corresponding complexes with aluminium were comparatively investigated by mass spectrometry (MS), circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Al–peptide molecular ions and Al-fragment ions were unambiguously identified in the MS and MS/MS spectra. AFM images showed dramatic changes in the film morphology of peptides upon Al binding. Our findings from the investigation of N-terminal 1-16 and even 9-16 normal and modified sequences of Aβ peptides suggest that they have the capability to be involved in aluminium ion binding associated with AD.
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18
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Mobed A, Shakouri SK, Dolati S. Biosensors: A novel approach to and recent discovery in detection of cytokines. Cytokine 2020; 136:155272. [PMID: 32916473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines in tissues and physiological fluids can function as potentially suitable biomarkers. Cytokines are involved in stimulating different body responses including inflammatory response to external pathogens, regulating cell-to-cell communication, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Consequently, cytokines are extensively used to monitor and predict disease progression and to track the outcome of patient treatment. The critical diagnosis of cytokine and chemokine biomarkers has been the focus of attention and it has been continuously directing the trajectory of related research to developing a novel sensing platform. Given the major challenges and constraints of the older identification methods including their high costs, low sensitivity, and high specificity, the development of biosensor technology as a simple and inexpensive tool with high sensitivity is quite attractive and interesting. The fundamental aim of this study is to present the state-of-the-art biosensor systems in order to detect different types of cytokines and to emphasize the role of these systems in the prevention, monitoring, and treatment of various cytokine-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mobed
- Aging Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Kazem Shakouri
- Aging Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Dolati
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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